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1.3 质子导体固体电解质

传统的SOFC的工作温度较高,造成对密封材料、连接体材料的选择异常苛刻,电解质与电极之间的界面化学扩散加剧,双极板材料的稳定性降低,使材料价格昂贵,操作成本过高,电池的寿命减小等,严重影响其商业化发展。因此,SOFC的中低温化是当前商业化发展的趋势。但是,SOFC的中低温化并不能以牺牲燃料电池的性能为代价,发展高性能和低成本的SOFC是研究者们追求的目标。电解质材料是整个SOFC的核心部分,电解质材料的性能不仅直接影响电池的工作温度、输出性能等,还能影响与之匹配的电极材料的设计与制备。因此,要降低SOFC的工作温度,就要开发在中低温下具有高电导率的电解质材料。

目前,在中低温范围内性能较好且广泛研究的有氧离子传导的掺杂ZrO 2 、掺杂CeO 2 、掺杂LaGaO 3 、掺杂Bi 2.3 [51-57,105-110] 和质子传导的钙钛矿结构的掺杂BaCeO 3 和BaZrO 3 、烧绿石型化合物、稀土掺杂的钽酸盐等材料 [1 -23,36 -50]

Sc 2.3 稳定的ZrO 2 (SCSZ)在 750℃时电导率就可达到 0.1 S·cm -1 ,而传统的YSZ在 950℃时才能达到这一电导率,且SCSZ在氧化和还原性气氛中都具有良好的稳定性。但是SCSZ在高温处理后会迅速老化,且Sc的价格昂贵,使得Sc 2.3 稳定的ZrO 2 的发展受到限制。掺杂的CeO 2 体系(DCO)曾被认为是中温电解质材料的首选,因为无论是使用哪一种稀土掺杂元素,DCO在中低温条件下的电导率都要比传统的YSZ电解质高一个数量级。但是DCO材料最大的问题是其在还原性气氛下部分的Ce 4 + 会被还原成Ce 3 + ,使得体系中产生电子电导,引起单电池部分内短路,这不仅会降低电池的开路电压,还会导致燃料能量的额外损失,带来电池功率的损耗。另外,Ce 4 + 还原成Ce 3 + 还会引起晶格膨胀而导致电解质薄膜机械性能及强度变差,大大影响SOFC长期运行的稳定性。自从Ishihara等 [113-115] 发现Sr、Mg共掺杂的LaGaO 3 (LSGM)具有很高的氧离子电导率,LSGM体系就成为氧离子导体电解质材料研究的热点之一。但是,由于Ga的挥发性使得制备纯相的LSGM相对较困难,且在高温煅烧的过程中常会有杂质相的生成,不利于氧离子传导。同时,由于SOFC通常使用的大多是Ni基阳极,而LSGM易于与NiO发生反应生成LaNiO 3 ,使得LSGM与阳极之间要加一个过渡层,这些都制约了Sr、Mg掺杂的LaGaO 3 体系的发展。

而与氧离子传导相比,质子传导更容易,且大多数质子导体具有更低的电子电导率,有利于提高电池输出功率和效率 [116] ;作为质子导体,水是在阴极产生的,这有利于电池机械性能的提高 [117] ;质子传导在临近的 2 个氧原子之间,具有相对较低的活化能 [118,119] ,在相对较低的温度下就可以完成质子的产生和氧化反应,极大地降低SOFC的工作温度,减少热损失,降低对其他元件及材料的要求,并可拓宽密封连接材料的选择范围,降低电池成本 [120] ;导体质子化程度可随着温度降低而升高,这有利于质子电导和电池性能提高 [121] 。所有这些使得质子导体材料有望成为中低温SOFC的电解质材料而备受关注。

由于固体氧化物质子导体基电解质具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的发展空间,且作为中低温SOFC的重要组成部分,它必须具有较高的质子电导率和质子迁移数来保证H-SOFC高效率的运行,同时还需具有较高的机械强度与化学相容性,除此之外,还需要有一定的化学稳定性来保证电池的长时间运行,各国研究者对中低温质子导体从制备方法、物化性质、质子导电机理和工业应用等方面进行了广泛的研究,以期发现和优选一些新型、性能稳定、电导率高的质子导体电解质材料,为这类材料在燃料电池、气体传感器等电化学装置的应用提供重要依据。

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