并列连词连接彼此是并列关系的词、短语、从句或者句子,被连接的两个部分彼此是独立的,在句法上是平等的。
(1)表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有but、however、nevertheless、yet、whereas和while等。例如:
He is very rich, but he still lives a very simple life.
他很有钱,但是仍然过着非常简朴的生活。
Some people like sports, whereas others don't.
有些人喜欢运动,而有些人则不喜欢。
(2)表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有for、so、therefore和hence等。例如:
The ground is wet, for it rained last night.
地面是湿的,因为昨天晚上下雨了。
He lost his way in the strange city, so he turned to the police for help.
在这座陌生的城市里,他迷路了,因此,他向警察求助。
(3)其他并列连词,表示并列关系或者选择关系的并列连词,主要有and、not only...but (also)、not only...but...as well、both...and、as well as、or、either...or、neither...nor等。例如:
This foreigner can speak either English or Chinese.
这个外国人既会说英语也会说汉语。
Both my wife and I enjoy music very much.
我和我妻子都很喜欢音乐。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时不我待。
This girl is lovely as well as gentle.
这个女孩既可爱又温柔。
You can go out, or stay at home.It depends on you.
你可以出去,或者待在家里。你自己决定。
He dislikes tea and I dislike it either.
他不喜欢茶,我也不喜欢。
(4)在其他并列连词中,有的词或者短语还有一些特殊用法。
* 1) and和祈使句或者名词词组连用表示条件。例如:
Study hard and you will make great progress.
努力学习,你就会取得更大的进步。
Five minutes earlier, and you would have seen her.
要是早五分钟的话,你就会看到她的。
Turn off the main road here and you will come late.
从这里的大路拐过去,你会迟到的。
Show me the man you honor and I will know what kind of a man you are.
让我看看你尊敬的人,我就知道你是什么样的人。
2)除了表示选择外, or和either...or...还可以表示否定的条件,译为“否则”。例如:
Be quick, or you will miss the train.
快点,否则你就会错过这趟火车。
You should either work hard, or you will never get promoted.
你要么努力工作,否则永远得不到提升。
* 3)在not only...but also...中,当not only位于句首时,第一个分句要部分倒装;not only...but also...连接两个主语时,谓语动词必须与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如:
Not only does she like singing, but she also likes dancing.
她不但喜欢唱歌,而且还喜欢跳舞。
Not only the mother but also her children were saved in the earthquake.
不但这位母亲而且她的孩子们,在这次地震中都得救了。
4)在neither...nor...中, neither和nor分别位于分句句首,两个分句都要倒装;只有nor位于分句句首时, nor引导的分句要倒装。例如:
Neither have I forgotten my promise, nor have I given up my hope.
我没有忘记我的许诺,也没有放弃我的希望。
In the old days, the working people neither had enough to eat, nor did they have warm clothes to wear.
在旧社会,劳动人民吃不饱、穿不暖。
从属连词主要引导状语从句和名词性从句。
(1)引导状语从句,包括九种状语从句。
1)引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when、while、as (当……时候,每当);before (在……之前)、after (在……之后);since (自从)、till/until (直到);whenever (无论何时)等;表示“一……就……”的有as soon as、the moment、the minute、the second、the instant、immediately、directly、instantly、once等。 hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than表示“刚刚……就……”,所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时,当hardly/barely/scarcely和no sooner放在句首时,句子用倒装语序,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。表示“上次”“下次”“每次”等的时间连词有every time (每次)、each time (每次)、(the) next time (下次)、any time (随时)、(the) last time (上次)、the first time(第一次)等。例如:
When it is fine, they always do sports on the playground.
天气好的时候,他们总是在操场上做运动。
We should strike while the iron is hot and try to persuade her to accept our advice.
我们应该趁热打铁,设法说服她接受我们的建议。
Since he came here, he has done much work.
自从他来到这里,他已经做了许多工作。
After she has finished/finishes her housework, she will send her children to school by car.
做完家务活,她要开车送孩子们上学。
It will be at least one week before we finish the task.
至少要一周时间,我们才能完成任务。
Never trouble troubles till trouble troubles you.
不要无事惹事。
The moment I see him, I will return the book to him.
我看到他的时候,我就把书还给他。
Once you make a decision, you should keep on.
一旦你做了决定,就应该坚持下去。
He had hardly/barely/scarcely entered the classroom when the bell rang.
他刚一进教室,铃就响了。
I was attracted by its beauty the first time I saw the building.
我第一次看到这座建筑,就被它的美丽所吸引。
You grow more gorgeous every time I see you!
每次见你,你都越来越漂亮!
2)引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where、wherever、everywhere、anywhere等。例如:
You can work where you want to.
你想在哪工作,就在哪工作。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
You can go anywhere you like, but you had better keep in touch with us all the time.
你想到哪儿就去哪儿,但是你最好时刻与我们保持联系。
Everywhere I go, I will never forget my hometown.
无论我走到哪里,我都不会忘记我的家乡。
(3)引导条件状语从句,有从属连词if (如果,假如)、unless (除非)、if only, as/so long as (只要)、in case (万一,以防)、provided(that)/providing (that)(只要)、suppose/supposing (that)(假如)、on condition (that)(只要)等。例如:
If you love your country, you should try to do something for her.
如果你热爱你的国家,你应该努力为她做点什么。
You'd better not go out alone at night unless someone accompanies you.
除非有人陪着你,你晚上最好不要单独外出。
As/So long as you insist on your dream, it will come true.
只要你坚持,你的梦想总会实现。
Take an umbrella with you in case it rains when you go out.
你出门时带上雨伞,以防下雨。
4)引导目的状语从句的从属连词,表示“为了,以便”,用in order that (较为正式,也可放在句首), so和(so) that;其中引导否定的状语从句用in case、for fear that和lest,表示“以防”“免得”“以免”“唯恐”,从句中用(should)+动词原形。例如:
I tried to speak loudly so that/in order that everyone should/may/might hear me.
我试图大声说话,以便每个人都能听见。
Take your umbrella (just) in case it (should) rain.
带上雨伞,以防下雨。
He repeated the words constantly lest he (should) forget them.
他不断地重复这些话,唯恐忘记。
5)引导结果状语从句的从属连词,主要有so (因此)、so that (以至于)、so...that (如此……以至于)、such...that (如此……以至于)、otherwise (否则的话)。例如:
He violated the traffic regulations, so that he was fined.
他违反了交通规则,因此被处罚。
We hurried to the bus station, so that we could catch the bus.
我们急忙赶到汽车站,以便赶上公共汽车。
She is so lovely that everyone likes her.
她很可爱,大家都喜欢她。
He has experienced such many failures that he now feels disappointed.
他经历了许多失败,现在感到失望。
6)引导原因状语从句的从属连词,主要有because、as、since、seeing(that)、now (that)、considering (that)和in that等,表示“由于”“既然”“鉴于”。例如:
He did not attend the class this morning because he was sick.
因为他病了,今天上午他没来上课。
As you have finished your homework, you can go out and play football.
既然你已经完成作业,你可以出去踢足球。
Since the people cannot learn through legitimate channels all that they are anxious to learn, they pick up“news” wherever they can.
由于人们无法通过合法渠道了解所有他们渴望了解的东西,他们就会在任何可能的地方获取“新闻”。
Seeing (that) she has realized her mistake, we will forgive her.
既然她已经意识到自己的错误,我们将原谅她。
Now (that) I've got my own car I don't get as much exercise as I used to.
现在我有了自己的车,就不像以前那样经常锻炼了。
He was late for the train in that he got lost.
他迷路了,所以没有赶上火车。
Considering (that) the debtor has no property, I abandon my claim.
既然债务人没有财产,我放弃我的要求。
7)引导让步状语从句的从属连词,表示“虽然”“尽管”“即使”“纵然”的有although、though、even if、even though、much as、as、while、whereas;表示“无论什么”“无论哪一个”“无论何时”“无论在或者到哪里”“无论谁”“无论如何……”的有no matter what (which、when、where、who、how)、whatever、whichever、whenever、wherever、whoever、however、whether...or (not)等。例如:
He did not give up even though he has failed.
即使是失败了,他也不放弃。
Much as she missed the chance, yet she will have another chance to be promoted.
虽然她错过了这次机会,但是她还有一次晋升的机会。
We cannot forget our duty and commitment wherever we stay.
无论身在何处,我们都不会忘记我们的责任和义务。
Whatever we do, we should obey our law.
无论做什么,我们都应该遵守法律。
Whoever we are, we should keep a good heart.
不管我们是谁,我们都应该保持一颗善良的心。
She shows everything on her face, whether she is angry or pleased.
她什么都写在脸上,不管是生气还是高兴。
However dull his life may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.
不管他的生活多么无聊,他确实是个很成功的高层主管。
8)引导方式状语从句的从属连词,表示“好像”“仿佛”的有as if和as though;表示“按照”“以……方式”的有as/the way等。例如:
You'd better do as I have told you to.
你最好按照我告诉你的去做。
He speaks English as if/as though he were a native English speaker.
他讲英语就好像他是地道的英国人一样。
It seems as if/as though it is going to snow.
看来要下雪了。
He walks as if/as though he is drunk.
他走路的样子好像喝醉了。
9)引导比较状语从句的从属连词,主要有than (比)、as...as、not so/as...as和the +比较级(形容词或者副词)(+其他)...the...+比较级(形容词或者副词)(+其他)。例如:
Usually girl students study harder than boy ones in university.
在大学里,通常女生比男生学习更刻苦。
This novel is not so interesting as that one.
这本小说不像那本有趣。
I feel that this yard is not as big as that one.
我感觉这个院子不如那个院子大。
It seems that he does not work so hard as he used to five years ago.
他似乎不像五年前那样努力工作了。
The warmer it is becoming, the faster the plants grow.
天气越暖和,植物长得越快。
(2)引导名词从句
有从属连词that、whether和if,用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中, that不充当句子成分,没有词义,只起连接作用;if和whether不充当句子成分,有词义,表示“是否”, if引导的主语从句不能放在句首。 whether后面还可以跟不定式短语。例如:
He told me (that) he would go abroad for further study.
他告诉我他要出国深造。
Whether the meeting will be held has not decided yet.
是否召开会议还没有决定。
Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.
这是否是一个好的解决方案取决于你如何看待它。
My dream is that I will become a doctor.
我的梦想是我将成为一名医生。
The news that our football team won the match was inspiring.
我们的足球队赢了这场比赛的消息令人鼓舞。
I do not know whether to choose this.
我不知道是否选择这个。