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Designed by Ms Zhang Jinqiu， China's well-known architect， the Shaanxi History Museum is a sizable national museum with a wide range of modern facilities. It is located one kilometer away northwest of the Dayan Pagoda. The entire building complex assumes the architectural features of the Tang Dynasty. It covers an area of 70，000 square meters with a floor space of over 50，000 square meters. It houses the cultural heritage of Shaanxi Province and shows the development of the Chinese civilization.The national central government invested 144 million yuan in the establishment of the Shaanxi History Museum. It was completed and open to the public in June， 1991.
The museum shows a great deal of elegance and originality in style. It assumes the architectural features of ancient Chinese palaces and courtyard. The harmonious tone of the museum reflects the traditional architectural style of the Chinese nation， as well as the local characteristics and the spirit of different times.
It houses 113，000 historical and cultural artifacts unearthed in Shaanxi. Its exhibition halls cover an area of 1，100 square meters. The museum has established a science and technology center for the preservation of cultural artifacts. The museum has advanced laboratory， testing technology， cultural relics protection and restoration technology. To meet the needs of cultural exchange， it has also built a computer-controlled international symposium hall where simultaneous interpretation can be conducted in six different languages.
When visitors enter the museum hall， the first thing they see is a statue of giant lion. It was originally erected in front of Shunling Mausoleum， the tomb of Empress Wu Zetian's mother of the Tang Dynasty. With its exquisite craftsmanship and imposing appearance， the lion is believed to rank the first in Asia. Stone lions and their carving skills were introduced to China from Afghanistan in ancient times. So this lion represents both the local civilization and the cultural exchange between China and other countries.
The Shaanxi History Museum chiefly displays the historic artifacts excavated in this province. The exhibition may be divided into seven major sections： the Prehistoric Age， the Zhou， the Qin， the Han， Wei， Jin， Southern and northern dynasties， the Sui and the Tang， the Song， the Yuan， the Ming and the Qing. All the exhibits vividly and systematically depict the history of Shaanxi Province， ranging from 1，700，000 years ago to the year 1840. Back in history， 13 dynasties established their capitals in Shaanxi Province， with the duration of more than 1，200 years. This area was established as the national capital by more dynasties and for longer periods than any other place in China. In a way， the ancient history of Shaanxi is a microcosm of Chinese history.
The first section focuses on the history of Shaanxi Province during the Prehistoric Age， which ranges from 1，700，000 years ago to the 21st century BC Shaanxi is an important source of information on the origin of the human race in Asia. The fossil of a man's skull discovered in Lantian County， Shaanxi Province was the earliest known Homo erectus in North Asia. The results of the latest research program prove that Lantian Man lived about 1，150，000 years ago.
After the discovery of the man's fossil in Lantian， the fossil of a rather complete hominid skull was found in Dali County， Shaanxi Province in 1978. The hominid lived about 100，000 years ago， and belonged to a new stage of human evolution， known as the stage of “Homo Sapiens”. The fossil of the Dali Man's skull is intact， compared with those of the hominid skulls excavated in China. The stone implements ever used by the Dali Man are relatively small in size.
The earliest Neolithic cultural heritage in Shaanxi is known as Laoguantai Culture，which originated about 8，000 years ago. Laoguantai Culture is so named because it was first discovered at Laoguantai， Huaxian County in 1955. The Neolithic Culture is different from the Paleolithic Culture in three major respects： the use of polished stone implements， the invention of pottery utensils， and the emergence of settled habitation and primitive farming. The polished stone spades and knives on display indicate that our ancestors made a living not solely by gathering and hunting， but by means of slashand-burn.
Yangshao Culture dates about 7，000 -5，000 years back. On display here are tipbottomed bottles， stone balls， pottery plummets， bone arrows， harpoons and painted pottery utensils ， which indicate that Banpo men lived in the matriarchal clan community and had a relatively high level of productivity during Yangshao Culture period.With the progress of material civilization， they began to strive for a spiritual civilization. The pottery wind instrument unearthed from the site of Banpo Village is the earliest musical instrument in China. In 1985， a Chinese folk musician played pieces of music on it， and aroused the wide attention of the international musical circles.
China went into the Longshan Culture period about 5，000 years ago. Longshan Culture was named after Longshan Township， Zhangqiu County， Shandong Province，where it was first discovered. The village ruins typical of Longshan Culture are scattered extensively in Shaanxi Province and chiefly centered in the area of the Weihe River. Starting from the period of the Longshan Culture， mankind moved into the age of patriarchal clan community. With social and economic development， men began to play a dominant role in social activities instead of women. With the invention of the fast potter's wheel， the earthenware ever made was uniform in thickness and varied in style. In addition， painted pottery wares gave way to their grey pottery counterparts of Yangshao Gulture.
The Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum is located in Huangling County in Northern Shaanxi. The Yellow Emperor was born about 4，700 years ago. He was a legendary leader of Huaxia tribesmen in the patriarchal clan community society during the Longshan Culture period. Shaanxi was then the central area of their activities. Under his leadership， the Huaxia tribesmen unified the Huanghe River Reaches after fighting 52 battles.Therefore， the Yellow Emperor was worshipped as the forefather of the Chinese nation.Every year on the Qingming Festival， the people of Chinese origin come from different parts of the world to search for their roots and offer sacrifices to the Yellow Emperor.
The Zhou experienced three different stages of historical development： the Zhou Clan， the Zhoufang State and the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Clan was formed by several small tribes that resided along the banks of the Jinghe and the Weihe rivers during the later period of Longshan Culture. The clan was adept at farming. Archaeologists call the cultural ruins of this period the Early Zhou Culture. The cultural relics in this museum are from the Early Zhou period. They were mostly unearthed in Wugong and Changwu counties.
There is a oracle bone in the museum which is a well-preserved scapula of an ox.Divination had to be practiced in preparation for all major activities at that time. The way to practice divination was to chisel holes into a tortoise-shell or animal bone， twisted mugwort into a thread， and applied the burning thread to the holes. The tortoiseshell or animal bone would crack under heat. The diviner would interpret the cracks in the bones according to their shapes and directions， and decide whether it was lucky or ominous to do certain things. A record of the divination results was then carved onto the tortoise-shell or animal bone， which formed China's earliest written script， known as“oracle bone inscriptions”.
To avoid the nomadic tribe's invasion and harassment in the 16th century BC， the Zhou Clan settled down in the present-day Fufeng and Qishan counties， and established a capital， an official ranking system and a governing body. The Zhou Clan was acknowledged by the Shang Dynasty and appointed as the “Fang State”. The capital of the Fang State was Zhouyuan. There are many building ruins in the museum， such as hollow bricks， plain tiles， roofing tiles， tile-ends and pottery sewer pipes.
In the 11th century BC， the Shang Dynasty perished and the Western Zhou Dynasty came into existence instead. It established its twin capital cities in Feng and Hao，which were separated by the Feng River. This marked the emergence of the ancient city of Xi'an.
The development of China's bronze culture reached its peak during the Western Zhou. Thousands of bronze vessels have been found in Shaanxi， and out of 2，000 are housed now in the Shaanxi History Museum. There are many cultural relics in the museum such as ritual and musical instruments， daily utensils， farming implements and weapons as well.
Chime bell is an ancient Chinese musical instrument—a set of bells of different sizes and scales. The bells are arranged in order and tied to the supporter. When it comes to performance， the musician taps the small bells with wooden or metal bars.Both classical and modern folk music can be played with the chime bells.
The bronze vessels represented the system of rites in the slavery society. They were the symbol of power and social strata. Tripod is a cooking utensil of ancient times. It was used for stewing meat. Bronze tripods were derived from the pottery ones in the primitive society. During the Xia， Shang and Zhou dynasties， bronze tripods were ritual wares only possessed by slave owners and aristocrats， and they were mainly used on sacrificial occasions or at banquets. Legend goes that King Yu of the Xia Dynasty once had nine tripods made， which symbolized his control over the nine kingdoms. The administrative power was then referred to as a“seizure of the tripod”. The caste system was very strict in Western Zhou Dynasty， and the tripod was a symbol of privileged identity. Bronze utensils made in this period were elaborately shaped， decorated with various patterns， and inscribed with “epigraphs”. Some of the epigraphs even had 500 characters. They are valuable data for the study of the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
With the development of agriculture and handicraft， exchange of goods was on the increase. This sort of “shell” was used as a medium in trade.“Shell money” was the earliest form of currency in kind. The Chinese characters that symbolize valuable things have the character“贝”（shell） as their radicals.
The bronze vessels with decorative designs and patterns provide an important source of information for the study of the art of bronze wares. The decorations can be classified into two major categories： animal designs and geometric patterns. Both of them generally look mysterious and weird， and difficult to understand. This is because the vessel makers intended to use these vessels to offer sacrifices to the Heaven， the Earth， God and their ancestors. Making them difficult for the ordinary people to understand proves the success of its artistic conception.
The Qin people were an ancient tribal clan that used to live in Tianshui， Gansu Province. In 770 BC， King Ping of the Zhou Dynasty bestowed a favor on Qin Xianggong and appointed him an imperial duke. Later， Qin Xianggong established Yongcheng as his own capital in the present-day Fengxiang County， Shaanxi Province.The artifacts on display were excavated from the site of Yongcheng.
Farming was an important factor in the economy of the Qin Kingdom. The iron implements unearthed from the site of the kingdom indicate that iron wares were widely used instead of the bronze wares.
The palaces and ancestral temples in Yongcheng were sizable and spacious.“Jingang”was used as bronze woodwork joints in architecture. Before the discovery of“jingang”， scholars believed that the evolution of China's early woodwork joints must have included the use of metal devices in its progress from the tying-up of woodwork members to the use of mortice and tenon joints. Their belief was justified by the discovery of the bronze woodwork joints.
The imperial mausoleums of the early Qin Dynasty were chie fly centered in Yongcheng. Up till now， 13 of these tombs have been discovered. No. 1 Tomb for the Duke of the Qin is the largest tomb excavated so far in China. It is 24 meters deep，and 5，334 square meters in size. Altogether， 166 people were buried alive with the dead. Archaeologists believe that the dead monarch may be Duke Qin Jinggong. Unfortunately， the tomb has suffered many serious robberies. But in spite of this fact，more than 3，500 cultural artifacts have been unearthed.
In 350 BC， the Qin kingdom relocated its capital Xianyang. After the First Qin Emperor rose to power， he annexed the six kingdoms in ten years.time， and founded the first multi-national， autocratic and centralized feudal empire in Chinese history.Hence， the Qin Dynasty came into existence. Xianyang， the capital of the Qin Empire， witnessed the construction of many magnificent palaces. The archaeologists have unearthed No.1 and No.3 palaces in Xianyang and discovered large quantities of valuable cultural artifacts. The museum displays a picture of the restored Palace No.1 in E'pang Palace.
As a result of the national unification， the First Qin Emperor enforced a single currency， standardized units of weight and measure， and popularized a unitary written script， thereby making valuable contribution to the development of the feudal economy and culture in China. Take currency for example. Before the standardization， currencies of various forms， sizes， face values and weight had been in circulation， and the calculation had been quite difficult. All this caused a serious inconvenience to the people. Once in power， the First Qin Emperor issued a round coin pierced with a square hole in the centre as the national currency. The later dynasties and the imperial rulers followed the pattern of Qin's coins for the next 2，000 years until the Qing Dynasty.
The various weapons， terracotta warriors and horses， tile ends， and bronze chariots and horses discovered around the First Qin Emperor's Mausoleum show the unprecedented prosperity and progress of the Qin Dynasty in its military affairs， economy， science and technology and culture.
The Han Dynasty constitutes a very important episode in Chinese history. The Han nationality took shape during this historical period. The Han was one of the most powerful empires in the world. It exerted a far-reaching influence on the development of the succeeding dynasties in Chinese history. That is why “Han” is often referred to as a synonym for the Chinese people and civilization in the world today.
The Han city of Chang'an （present-day Xi'an） was the first international metropolis in Chinese history. Chang'an was twice the size of Rome in the West. The ceramic drainage pipes are very close in shape to those of the present day. This indicates that there was already an advanced sewage system in Chang'an.
The eve tiles of the Han Dynasty are very famous. Compared with the Qin tiles，the Han tiles are larger and greyer with wider edges， and there was an increase in the number of tiles that were inscribed with characters. The characters on the tiles tell of their uses， and are also of great calligraphic value.
The Han Dynasty attached great importance to the development of agriculture.Oxen were widely employed across the Central Shaanxi Plain， and gradually introduced into the northwestern frontiers. The iron farm tools and pottery utensils with grain in them were excavated from the Han tombs. They indicate a high level of agricultural development in the Han Dynasty.
Animal husbandry was well developed too. Various domestic animals and fowls were bred in great numbers. The museum displays pottery oxen， chicks， ducks and pigsties which are all burial objects excavated from Han tombs.
The Han Dynasty outstripped the previous dynasties both in scale and skill in the fields of metallurgy， textile， pottery-manufacture and paper-making. Metallurgy was conducted on a large scale. This stone-relief rubbing vividly depicts the operations in an iron smelting workshop in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The Han pottery includes two principal types： painted and glazed. The museum displays painted pottery tripods， square pots， incense burners and glazed pot. Green and yellow colors were commonly used at that time.
This sort of paper made in the Western Han Dynasty was discovered in a Western Han tomb at Baqiao， Xi'an， in 1957. It was previously believed that paper was invented by Cai Lun in 105 AD But this sort of paper may date back to 118 BC. Therefore，the discovery of the Baqiao paper indicates that paper-making started in China at least 200 years earlier than the generally known time.
During the reign of Emperor Wu Di， the Silk Road， which ran across the Asian continent， was formally opened. It enabled Chinese silk to be exported to various countries in the Western Regions. In return， horses of fine breeds， plants， music and dance were introduced into China. At that time， Chang'an became the largest centre of international exchange in Asia.
The museum displays a plump and sturdy horse which is a typically fine breed brought back to the interior of China through the Silk Road. Seeking horses of fine breeds was one of the important motives for the Han Dynasty to open the Silk Road.
China experienced a long period of social upheavals and national amalgamation from 220 AD to 581 AD. It was also a period of frequent dynastic changes when several regimes co-existed. The historical artifacts of these turbulent years obviously assume military and regional features.
No matter how you throw the cal-traps， they will fall to the ground on three of their studs， with a fourth one pointing upward. The weapon was effectively used to attack cavalrymen on the battlefield. It is said that the cal-trap was invented by Zhuge Liang，the Prime Minister of the Shu Kingdom.
During the Sixteen States period， a number of minority nationality regimes， such as the Former Zhao， the Former Qin， the Latter Qin， and the Daxia， established and exercised authority in Shaanxi Province. This is the domain where battles for power frequently took place.
The museum displays a picture of Tongwan City， the capital of the Daxia regime，established in Jingbian County in Northern Shaanxi. The city is as strong and firm as stone， and looks as splendid as ever. It is one of the best-preserved castle cities in China.
Shaanxi was a center of national amalgamation from 220 AD to 581 AD， as is evidenced by these pottery figures. From the “ Evolution Chart of Minority Nationality Family Names” which displays in the museum， we can find many of the family names were derived. In fact， many of the Han family names in Shaanxi derived their origin from those of the minority nationalities.
Tomb-guarding animals were divine beasts of prey placed inside tombs to fend off evil spirits and ensure the spiritual tranquility of the dead. There are two tomb guardians with the face of a man and the body of the beast. Their artistic style is similar to that of the Sphinx in Egypt. This means that such semi-human and semi-beast objects reflect a common mythological conception shared by both the East and the West.
Religion-related art works were one of the most characteristic forms of art in the dynasties of the The Wei， Jin， Southern and Northern. Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty， and was popularized by several ethnic minority regimes. Those who suffered greatly from the unceasing wars and upheavals wished to seek relief and comfort by worshipping gods and Buddha. Therefore， both Buddhism and Buddhist statues was a major form of Buddhist art which underwent tremendous changes. The making of Buddhist statues was a major form of Buddhist art. The statues were made of a number of materials such as gold， silver， bronze and jade. Among many of the Buddhist statues on display， the one made of iron is the most eye-catching.The statue of Buddha is said to have been modeled on Yang Jian， Emperor Wen Di of the Sui Dynasty. Yang Jian was born in a Buddhist nunnery， and was brought up by the nuns. He showed fanatic enthusiasm for Buddhism. He posed as the embodiment of the Buddha in order to tell his people that he was ruling the whole country just by the order of Buddha. Under his influence， Buddhism reached its zenith in the Sui and Tang dynasties.
The Sui and Tang dynasties were China's feudal society at the height of their power and splendor. They also marked a golden era in the history of Shaanxi. Chinese residing overseas today still regard themselves as the “ descendents of the Tang” and the place where they live as the “streets of the Tang”（China Town）. This， to some extent， reflects the enormous impact the Tang Dynasty has had on its descendants.
The Sui Dynasty was founded in 581 AD It began to construct its capital city， the Daxing City， in the following year. Yu Wenkai， the master architect of minority nationality， designed and oversaw the construction of the city. In the Tang Dynasty， its name was changed to Chang'an. The new city was built on the basis of Sui's Daxing City with further improvement and expansion. As a magnificent and well-planned city，Chang'an was divided into three areas： the palace city， the imperial city and the outer city. With the Scarlet Bird Street as the axis， the city was crisscrossed with 11 vertical and 14 horizontal streets， dividing Chang'an into 108 rectangular compounds known as Fang. This layout of Chang'an has had far-reaching influence on later， and has served as a model for capital cities in some other Asian countries such as Japan and Korea.The Tang's Chang'an City covered an area of 84.1 square kilometers， seven times the size of Byzantine， capital of the Eastern Roman Empire； six times the size of the Arabian capital Baghdad； and over nine times the size of the Ming city of the same name.Chinese porcelain originated far back to ancient times. Archaeological studies have proven that China began her primitive porcelain manufacturing in the Shang Dynasty 3，000 years ago. In the Tang Dynasty， china ware was exported far away to foreign countries as major handicraft product. It is well-known that China was famed as a“nation of china.” Here on display are Tang tri-colored glazed potteries， all being burial objects. In the prime of the period， the Tang Dynasty produced glazed pottery of brown， yellow and green colors. Colord glaze brought Chinese pottery craft into a new stage. However， the craft prevailed only in a rather short period in limited areas.Therefore， the small number of tri-colored glazed pottery is of priceless value today.
The Tang Dynasty marked another period of rapid development of Chinese bronze mirrors after the Han Dynasty. Li Longji， Emperor Xuan Zong of the Tang Dynasty offered bestowed bronze mirrors on his civil and military officials on the fifth day of the eighth lunar month， his birthday. The practice was soon imitated by the public， which further stimulated the production of bronze mirrors. The bronze mirrors， engraved with the designs of the four deities and of the 12 zodiac animals and those engraved with Confucius.questions and answers or with a design of the Eight Diagrams， are lovely and stylistically various. They are the most exquisite bronze mirrors in the Tang Dynasty.
Gold and silver ware was beautifully made and served as a symbol for the Tang Dynasty. These exquisite and gorgeous gold bowls， silver plates and pomegranate-shaped vessels were mostly discovered at Hejia Village in the southern suburb of Xi'an in 1970. More than 1，000 cultural relics of various kinds were unearthed. These relics included 270 gold and silver vessels， representing the largest excavation of Tang gold and silver ware.
The museum displays gold and silver ware which was excavated at the Famen Temple in Fufeng County. It included food and drinking vessels， containers， medical tools and daily utensils. They were of various shapes and were made with a combined technique of casting， welding， cutting， polishing， riveting， gilding， and gold-plating， etc.They depict a very high technological standard of gold and silver ware in the Tang Dynasty.
During the Tang Dynasty， people led a relatively plentiful and stable life and abided by social rules and orders. Consequently， they enjoyed more leisure and entertainment. Hunting， polo， swing， tug-of-war， acrobatics， music and dance became very popular.
The Silk Road enabled the Tang Dynasty to be even more prosperous. The Sino-overseas exchanges reached their peak during this period. Over 300 nations and regions had friendly relations with the Tang Dynasty. The museum displays a picture of the route of the Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. These pottery figurines of horse and camel riders in the picture look like the Northern nomads. The vessel made of precious stones was brought into China from Rome. The ox-headed agate cup is made of high quality material and beautifully shaped， featuring strong Persian influence.
In the display case are the white porcelain statues of a nomad's head， the pottery of black man and white porcelain wine container of a human figurine， which strongly prove the friendly exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Central Asia， and Africa.
Since the Song Dynasty， Shaanxi lost its position as the national capital， but it remained a place of strategic importance for the feudal dynasties to maintain control of the Northwest and Southwest of the country. On the other hand， it was still the military，political， economic， and cultural centre in the Northwest.
The museum displays a set of bronze chess pieces of the Song Dynasty. They are exactly the same to their contemporary counterparts in both the number and name.
There is also a Song brick unearthed in Ganquan County， Shaanxi. It is engraved with a design of the yangge （folk dance）. This verifies that the yangge dance， popular in Northern Shaanxi today must have originated at least from the Song Dynasty.
When the army of the Kingdom of Jin in the north swept southwards with the purpose of overthrowing the Song Dynasty， it advanced along three routes， one of which led to the capture of Shaanxi. These pottery figurines of Sumo wrestlers， the mouldboard to print jiao Tzu， a kind of money， are all Jin relics unearthed in Shaanxi. Chinese Sumo began in Han Dynasty. It was not regarded as a competitive sport at the time， but a combat exercise in the military， aimed at body building and willpower tempering. Jiao Tzu is actually a kind of paper currency， the most important currency in the Jin Dynasty that was circulated in wide area. The mould-board on display here was used to print this kind of currency.
The museum displays the Yuan cultural artifacts unearthed in Shaanxi. The Mongolians founded the Yuan Cultural artifacts. Displayed in the case are the pottery figurines of cavalrymen of the Yuan Dynasty.
The magic iron plate was unearthed from the ruins of the Anxi Palace of the Yuan Dynasty. This magic plate is engraved with 36 Arabic numbers. The magic about this plate is that the sum of any of the six horizontally， vertically and diagonally aligned numerals equals 111. This was regarded as mysterious in ancient times， and the plate was thus called “a magic plate”. It was placed under the foundations of the palace to fend off evil spirits and disasters. This magic plate is the earliest material proof of the use of Arabic numerals in Chinese mathematics.
The Ming Dynasty took over Shaanxi in 1369 AD and changed Fengyuan Road to Xi'an prefectural government. This was the first time that the City of Xi'an used its present name. The museum displays a record of land measurements in the Ming Dynasty， called “ fish-scale book” The Ming government collected taxes according to the book. It is the earliest fish-scale book that has been discovered thus far.
There is a provincial level examination paper during the reign of Emperor Guang Xu of the Qing Dynasty. The imperial examination system， which began in the Sui Dynasty， sought to recruit civil officials through examinations， which were normally held once every three years. There was always an exception. If such case arose， extra examination would be given. This is called “Bestowed Exam”. This examination paper is from an additional examination in order to congratulate Emperor Guang Xu on his ascending the throne.
Clothing is a comprehensive indicator of the level of material production and ideological and cultural development during a particular social period. The museum displays a set of porcelain figurines from the Song and Ming dynasties which feature characteristics of their own times. They provide us with valuable data for the study of social life and social customs during that time. The Song rulers advocated Cheng Zhu's neoConfucianism. As a result of its influence， clothing tended to be reserved and conservative in style， colors being simple and plain. In the Yuan Dynasty， the males wore narrow-sleeved and tight fitting clothes， the robes reaching to their knees. With belts at their waists， and boots on their feet， these clothes bear typical Mongolian style.
The massive guard of honor was unearthed from the tomb of Zhu Shuang， Zhu Yuanzhang's son. Zhu Yuanzhang was the founder and the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Members of the guard wore different uniforms which indicate their different ranks and different responsibilities. The art of Chinese pottery figurines decreased after the Tang Dynasty. It was thought to have， more or less， come to an end by the Ming Dynasty. The discovery of this large number of pottery figurines filled a blank in the history of Chinese art.
The Song and Yuan dynasties saw rapid development of Chinese porcelain. Apart from the government-run porcelain kilns， privately-run kilns began to emerge to form a system of eight different porcelain kilns， among which the Yaozhou kilns at Tongchuan，Shaanxi Province are representative of the celadon vessels in the northern part of China.Chinese porcelain became most prosperous in the Song Dynasty. Among the exhibits the Song porcelain vessels offer visitors a new and fresh impression. On display are pots， jars， tea sets， boxes， bowls etc. Most of the glaze colors are blue， some dark reddish brown. The dominant designs and patterns take the shape of lotus flowers. Besides， peonies twining branches， flying cranes， flying phoenixes， fish and ducks， etc.are also employed. Their high technology and simple and unsophisticated modelings are so attractive and enchanting.
Religion was an important part in the life of the ancient society. From the Song Dynasty onward， the carving of Buddhist statues and construction of grottoes in Northern Shaanxi became popular. The Buddhist statues on display are unearthed from the scattered grottoes in Northern Shaanxi.