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A. within B. integrated C. terms D. fundamental E. influenced F. portfolios G. quickly H. institutional I. dominant J. weighed K. motion L. pamphlet M. between N. immediately O. emphasized
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened （1）______. As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the （2）______ pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the （3）______ and the book and in the company of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railways and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and （4）______ pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in perspective. It is important to do so.
It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the （5）______ circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not （6）______ apparent. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became personal too, as well as （7）______, with display becoming sharper and storage capacity increasing. They were thought of, like people, in （8）______ of generations, with the distance between generations much smaller.
It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. The communications revolution has （9）______ both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been controversial views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. Benefits have been （10）______ against “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.
A. doubt B. active C. system D. offer E. unfairly F. unfortunately G. motive H. assert I. peace J. demand K. ask L. superior M. overcome N. confidence O. roar
Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated （1）______? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask someone for a date?
Many people are afraid to assert themselves. Dr. Alberti thinks it's because their self-respect is low. “Our whole （2）______ is designed to make people distrust themselves,” says Alberti. “There's always ‘（3）______’ around—a parent, a teacher, a boss—who ‘knows better’. These superiors often gain when they chip away at your self-image.”
But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people （4）______ themselves. They （5）______ “assertiveness training” courses—AT for short. In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be more （6）______ without hurting other people.
In one way, learning to speak out is to （7）______ fear. A group taking a course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But AT uses an even stronger （8）______—the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how he feels.
Whether or not you speak up for yourself depends on your self-image. If someone you face is more “important” than you, you may feel less of a person. You start to （9）______ your own good sense. You go by the other person's （10）______. But, why should you? AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.
A. frequently B. adolescence C. separate D. complexion E. unformed F. set G. genealogy H. appearance I. commonly J. single K. alike L. populated M. produced N. startling O. genetics
Perhaps the most （1）______ theory to come out of kinetics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell. He believes that physical （2）______ is often culturally programmed. In other words, we learn our looks—we are not born with them. A baby has generally （3）______ facial features. A baby, according to Birdwhistell, learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around—family and friends. This helps explain why the people of some regions of the United States look so much （4）______. New Englanders or Southerners have certain similar facial characteristics that cannot be explained by （5）______. The exact shape of the mouth is not （6）______ at birth; it is learned after. In fact, the final mouth shape is not formed until well after permanent teeth are set. For many, this can be well into （7）______. A husband and wife together for a long time often come to look somewhat alike. We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a（n） （8）______ country there are areas where people smile more than those in other areas. In the United States, for example, the South is the part of the country where people smile most （9）______. In New England they smile less, and in the western part of New York state still less. Many southerners find cities such as New York cold and unfriendly, partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia. People in densely （10）______ urban areas also tend to smile and greet each other in public less than people in rural areas and small towns do.
A. disturbing B. escape C. punishment D. contemplate E. unfound F. staff G. reap H. stuff I. undetected J. in K. escort L. hesitate M. by N. glowing O. procedures
More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can （1）______ big rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without （2）______.
It's easy for computer crimes to go （3）______ if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a （4）______ recommendation from his former employers.
Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's （5）______ to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected （6）______ accident, not by systematic inspections or other security （7）______. The computer criminals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck.
Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes （8）______ punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.
Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They （9）______ at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security （10）______. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.
A. casual B. retirement C. carry D. paid E. subjective F. formal G. overseas H. objectives I. standardized J. ever K. qualified L. never M. commercial N. taking O. cause
There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organizations to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service （1）______ for young people before they take up full-time employment, there are opportunities for overseas service for （2）______ technicians in developing countries. Some people, particularly those who retire early, offer their technical and business skills in countries where there is a special need.
So in considering voluntary or （3）______ community service there are more opportunities than there （4）______ were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time staff, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in （5）______ organizations, and values may be different. In some ways they may seem more （6）______ and less efficient, but one should not judge them by commercial criteria.
The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different （7）______, both personal and organizational. One should not join them expecting to arm them with professional expertise; they must be joined with commitment to the （8）______, not business efficiency. Because salaries are small or non-existent, many voluntary bodies offer modest expenses. But many retired people take part in community service for free, simply because they enjoy the work.
Many community activities possible in （9）______ were also possible during one's working life but they are to be undertaken no less seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider （10）______ community service.
A. balanced B. developed C. affect D. contain E. consistently F. creatures G. shifted H. agricultural I. chemicals J. occur K. attractive L. significance M. direct N. comparatively O. industrial
Water pollution affects man's health, recreational use of water, industrial use of water and sense of beauty. The spread of water-carried disease is of great concern. In highly （1）______ countries in particular, emphasis has （2）______ from concern over bacterial disease to concern over water-carried viral disease. Viral hepatitis, for example, has been found to （3）______ more frequently in cities whose water supplies have （4）______ high levels of water impurity. Poisonous chemicals found in streams that are ultimately used for water supplies also create an important public health problem.
It is clear that poisonous （5）______ must be excluded from water, but more and more chemicals from new pesticides, fertilizers, and other new products have been found in water. Since the public health （6）______ of these chemicals is not yet fully known, they are of increasing concern. The chemicals from fertilizers are also finding their way into water supplies from groundwater pollution.
As man's desire for water-based recreation increases, greater demands are placed on the quality of water. The water must not only be （7）______ in appearance but also meet certain other conditions. Sports such as swimming involve （8）______ contact with water, and so water standards are raised higher.
The range of water quality necessary for （9）______ processes varies greatly with the intended use of water. The water used in steel mills, for example, must have a lower chloride （氯化物） level than that accepted for drinking water. Cooling water can often be of comparatively low sanitary quality. A large part of the water used in the paper-making industry can be of relatively low quality in some aspects, but must （10）______ little iron and carbon dioxide.