The final source of difficulty is that CG results from non-standard ways of thinking language and linguistic investigation.（2019年专八改错真题）

The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least the first century BC. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favoured some kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the word; the message not the form; the matter not the manner.（2012年专八改错真题）

This view culminated the statement of the extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nabokov.（2012年专八改错真题）

I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world where I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life.（2011年专八改错真题）

But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have asked for plush, and this is particularly true in the case of a foreign language.（2015年专八改错真题）

Mass media is media that is intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in the case of television and radio, or print media, as newspapers and magazines .（2018年专八改错真题）

Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for the two individuals .（2016年专八改错真题）

What is the role of the language teaching in the acquisition of an additional language?（2014年专八改错真题）

One reason why we take language for granted is that it usually happens so effortlessly, and, most of time, so accurately .（2013年专八改错真题）

Then at the turn of the 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was entirely the product of culture, the view that translation was impossible gained some currency, and with it that, if attempted at all, it must be as literal as possible.（2012年专八改错真题）

Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life .（2010年专八改错真题）

Learning about Cognitive Grammar（CG）, an approach to the analysis and description of language structure, is not easy. One reason is vast literature that now exists in CG and in cognitive linguistics more generally; owing to its limited accessibility, and its being situated in the Western linguistic tradition, this poses special problems for Chinese scholars.（2019年专八改错真题）

In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to have and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another.（2016年专八改错真题）

Some local media outlets that cover state or provincial news may raise to prominence thanks to their investigative journalism , and to the clout that their particular regions have in the national politics.（2018年专八改错真题）

In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, habits, and customs that give that relationship a special character—a character that differs it in various ways from other relationships.（2016年专八改错真题）

The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinctions as important .（2010年专八改错真题）

Then at the turn of the 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that language was entirely the product of culture, the view that translation was impossible gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as literal as possible.（2012年专八改错真题）

Another factor is that CG, though is not implemented computationally or presented as a formal model, nonetheless involves considerable technical detail.（2019年专八改错真题）

From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far have one thing in common: ...（2014年专八改错真题）

That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involved, what psychological factors play a role in the learning or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the classroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers .（2014年专八改错真题）

Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books.（2011年专八改错真题）

“Plush” was clearly intended as a complimentary , a positive evaluation; that much I could tell from the tone of voice and the context.（2015年专八改错真题）

I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued.（2011年专八改错真题）

I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued.（2011年专八改错真题）

While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain same functions .（2016年专八改错真题）

For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays.（2011年专八改错真题）

Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, such as the entire population of a country. By contrast, local media covers a much small population and area, focusing on regional news of interest, while specialty media is provided for particular demographic groups.（2018年专八改错真题）

The only constant in life is change, and the more one accepts one's strengths and works towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of communication skills, the better will be their interactions and the more their social popularity.（2017年专八改错真题）

There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition（SLA）emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.

There is a high level of agreement that the following questions have attracted the most attention of researchers in this area: ...（2014年专八改错真题）

The Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language（one of those sometimes mis-called “primitive”）is inherently more precise and subtle than English.（2010年专八改错真题）

Although it only introduces the basic notions, its main purpose is to illustrate the framework's descriptive and explanatory potential through extensive discussions of their application to diverse facets of language structure .（2019年专八改错真题）

So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say .（2010年专八改错真题）

...if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else who is.（2013年专八改错真题）

The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going on since at least the first century BC. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favoured certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the word; the message not the form; the matter not the manner.（2012年专八改错真题）

Then in the turn of the 19th century , when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that language was entirely the product of culture, the view that translation was impossible gained some currency, and with it that, if attempted at all, it must be as literal as possible.（2012年专八改错真题）

Understanding it at depth, or with any degree of accuracy, requires precision of thought and analysis as well as the mastering of many terms and notions.（2019年专八改错真题）

All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops in time .（2016年专八改错真题）

Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favoured some kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not the manner.（2012年专八改错真题）

Mass media is media that is intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in case of television and radio, or print media, like newspapers and magazines.（2018年专八改错真题）

It（mass media）may also be educational in the nature, as in the instance of public broadcasting stations that provide educational programs to a national audience.（2018年专八改错真题）

From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew I should be a writer .（2011年专八改错真题）

In particular, it departs away from tradition by viewing meaning as the starting point for analyzing grammar, and conceptualization as the basis for describing meaning.（2019年专八改错真题）

But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have asked about plush, and this is particularly true in the aspect of a foreign language .（2015年专八改错真题）

Through the sessions they not only facilitate better communication skills in the workplace, but also look into the problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively .（2017年专八改错真题）

If you are continually surrounded by speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly, but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English. So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap .（2015年专八改错真题）

This example does not come to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected “primitiveness”.（2010年专八改错真题）

There are also experts, who conduct workshops and seminars based on communication skills of men and women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing in trainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.（2017年专八改错真题）

There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition（SLA）emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.

There is also a high level of agreement that the following questions have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area : ...（2014年专八改错真题）

As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, listening, writing, and reading.（2013年专八改错真题）

Understanding mass media is usually the key to understand a population and culture, which is why the field of media studies is so huge.（2018年专八改错真题）

The perspective adopted to view the acquiring of an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do so .（2014年专八改错真题）

Moreover, with the easy and quick communications of modern times encouraging the spread of a “neutral”, “normal” pronunciation, the accompanied sociological changes have reduced the prestige of Received Pronunciation. （2021年专八改错真题）

When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show on ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the rink, my friend's mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had been given.（2015年专八改错真题）

Even in England it is difficult to speak of a standard in pronunciation. For one thing, pronunciation is infinitely variable, so that even giving the will to adopt a single pronunciation, it would be difficult to achieve.（2021年专八改错真题）

Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughly means, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both new words and new meanings for familiar words, especially in our own first language.（2015年专八改错真题）

In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special character—a character that differentiates it in various ways from other relationships.（2016年专八改错真题）

Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics are created and shared.（2016年专八改错真题）

I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life .（2011年专八改错真题）

In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledge the fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time. They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction in which their work and personal relations are going.（2017年专八改错真题）

What is the explanation for the fact adults have more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?（2014年专八改错真题）

Then at the turn of the 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that language was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible gained some currency, and with it that, if attempted at all, it must be as literal as possible.（2012年专八改错真题）

There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter.（2010年专八改错真题）

The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human beings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which distinguishes one individual from another .（2017年专八改错真题）

It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it...（2013年专八改错真题）

It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.（2016年专八改错真题）

My friend's mother was very polite to correct me , but I could tell from her expression that I had not got the word quite right.（2015年专八改错真题）

So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say the things its speakers want to say.（2010年专八改错真题）

Psycholinguists study understanding, production , and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.（2013年专八改错真题）

Indeed, when you listen to someone speaking, or looking at this page, you normally cannot help but understand it.（2013年专八改错真题）

Understanding it in depth, or with any degree of accuracy, required precision of thought and analysis as well as the mastering of many terms and notions.（2019年专八改错真题）

Political communications including propaganda are also frequently distributed through the media, as were public service announcements and emergency alerts.（2018年专八改错真题）

There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made programs on the subject.（2017年专八改错真题）

But given that language processes were normally so automatic , we also need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.（2013年专八改错真题）

Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favoured some kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the word; the message not the form; the matter not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who wanted the truth to be read and understood.（2012年专八改错真题）

That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involving , what psychological factors play a role in the learning or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the classroom or acquired through social interaction with native speakers.（2014年专八改错真题）

The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in different environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinctions important.（2010年专八改错真题）

The only constant in life is change, the more one accepts one's strengths and works towards dealing with their shortcomings, especially in the area of communication skills, the better will be their interactions and the more their social popularity.（2017年专八改错真题）

The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex intimate one .（2016年专八改错真题）

Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual.（2014年专八改错真题）

People often think of mass media as the news, it also includes entertainment like television shows, books, and films.（2018年专八改错真题）

I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context.（2015年专八改错真题）

The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, the nature of the readership, the type of text, was not discussed. Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. （2012年专八改错真题）

I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore , the volume of serious—i.e. seriously intended—writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages.（2011年专八改错真题）

The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to be equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is what will make one a happy and successful social being.（2017年专八改错真题）

In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to preserve and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, furthermore , that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication.（2016年专八改错真题）

This book is hardly sufficient for a thorough knowledge of CG but may at least contribute to the process of learning about it. As it only introduces the basic notions, its main purpose is to illustrate the framework's descriptive and explanatory potential through extensive discussions of its application to diverse facets of language structure.（2019年专八改错真题）

When elitists may be tempted to sneer at mass media, referring to it as the “opiate of the masses”, it is a critical part of human societies.（2018年专八改错真题）

The Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with much more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language（one of those sometimes mis-called “primitive”）is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not bring to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected “primitiveness”. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments .（2010年专八改错真题）