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三 五类常考虚拟语气

为了便于考生复习和记忆,编者根据历年真题将常考的虚拟语气分为了五类:虚拟条件句的基本类型、错综时间条件句、虚拟条件句中的省略和倒装、含蓄条件句以及wish后的虚拟语气。

1 虚拟条件句的基本类型

虚拟条件句,即条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。主要包括三种基本类型:

表示对现在的虚拟,从句用一般过去时,主句用“would+ v. ”。

例:If I were you, I would study hard. 如果我是你,我会努力学习。

表示对过去的虚拟,从句用过去完成时,主句用“would have+ v. -ed”。

例:If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. 如果我当初努力学习,我就能通过考试了。

表示对将来的虚拟,从句用“were to+ v. ”或者“should+ v. ”,主句用“would+ v. ”。

例:If you were to go to the party, you would enjoy yourself. 如果你去参加派对,你会玩得很开心的。

以下面这道题为例:

If you explained the situation to your lawyer, he ______ able to advise you much better than I can.

A. will be

B. was

C. would be

D. were

解析 句意为:如果你向你的律师解释这种情况,他能比我提出更好的建议。本题中从句用了一般过去时,所以主句应是对现在的虚拟。在对现在虚拟的条件句中,从句为一般过去时,主句用过去将来时,故选C。

2 错综时间条件句

错综时间条件句指虚拟条件句中的从句与主句所表达的时间不一致。这种情况下,不能照搬某种形式,应该按照句中所表达的时间选择相应的虚拟形式。

例:If I had studied hard, I would pass the exam now. (条件句说明过去的情况,主句说明现在的情况) 如果我当时努力学习,现在就能通过考试了。

3 虚拟条件句中if的省略和句型的倒装

当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were、should、had时,if可以省略,此时条件状语从句要用部分倒装语序,即把were、should、had等词置于句首。

例: Were she alive, she would feel relieved.=If she were alive, she would feel relieved.

如果她还活着,她会感到很欣慰的。

若虚拟条件句为否定句,那么部分倒装时,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were、should、had等缩略成weren't、shouldn't、hadn't置于句首。

例: Had it not been for your help, we should have failed.=If it had not been for your help, we should have failed. 要不是你的帮助,我们早就失败了。

以下面这道题为例:

Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ______ much better results now.

A. would be getting

B. could have got

C. must get

D. would get

解析 句意为:如果朱迪在数学考试中更仔细一些的话,她就能比现在考得更好。本句考查虚拟语气中的倒装和错综时间条件句。从句与过去的事实相反,且省略了if,谓语为部分倒装形式;主句是对现在情况的虚拟,所以主句用would do的形式,故选D。

4 含蓄条件句

含蓄条件句,指句子中没有条件状语从句,但是条件隐含在上下文中,此时要用虚拟语气。常见的标志词有otherwise、without、but for等。

例: Without/But for your help, I would not have succeeded. 如果没有你的帮助,我是不会成功的。

5 wish后的虚拟语气

wish后的宾语从句中需要使用虚拟语气。表示对现在的虚拟,用一般过去时;表示对过去的虚拟,用过去完成时。类似的词还有would rather、would sooner、would as soon等。

例:I wish I had never got involved in the whole affair. 我真希望我从未卷入这件事中。

I would rather I were not here. 我宁愿我不在这里。

真题回放

19. At that moment, with the crowd watching me, I was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as I ______ if I ______ alone. (2017年真题)

A. would have been, had been

B. should be, had been

C. could be, were

D. might have been, were

解析 考查虚拟语气。该句是if引导的虚拟条件句,由was not afraid可知,表示对过去的虚拟。与过去发生的事实相反,因此主句用would have done,从句用had done,故选A。

译文 那一刻,周围的人都看着我,我没有那种通常意义上的害怕。但如果我一个人的话, 我会害怕。

12. ______ the attempted rescue mission, the hostages might still be alive. (2019年真题)

A. If it not had been for

B. If had it not been for

C. Had it not been for

D. Had not it been for

解析 考查虚拟条件句中的省略和倒装,以及错综时间条件句。由主句的might still be可以确定,本句要用虚拟语气。主语与现在情况相反,使用了might be,从句与过去发生的情况相悖,要用过去完成时态,句子应为“If it had not been for...”。在虚拟条件句中,如果从句中含有were、had或should等助动词时,可将if省去,并把were、had或should等提到主语之前,引起倒装,即“Had it not been for...”。故选C。

译文 要不是那次营救任务失败,人质也许还活着。

19. ______ your advice, I would have made the wrong decision. (2016年真题)

A. Hadn't it been for

B. Had it not been for

C. Had it been for

D. Had not it been for

解析 考查虚拟条件句中的省略和倒装。在虚拟条件句中,如果从句中含有were、had、should等词时,可将if省去,把were、had、should等提到主语之前,引起谓语部分倒装。If it hadn't been for...省略if时,只需把had提前,否定词not不用提前。故选B。

译文 要是没有你的建议,我就会做出错误的决定了。

17. The bad news was that he could be a very dangerous person ______ he choose to be. (2019年真题)

A. might

B. could

C. should

D. must

解析 考查虚拟条件句中的省略和倒装。由he could be a very dangerous person可以判断,此处要用虚拟语气。分析题干可知,表语从句中又包含一个虚拟条件句。根据选项可知,该虚拟条件句为包含部分倒装的句子。在虚拟条件句中,如果从句中含有were、had或should等词时,可将if省去,并把were、had或should等提到主语之前。故选C。

译文 坏消息是,如果他选择成为危险人物,那么他将会变得很危险。

14. Writers often coupled narration with other techniques to develop ideas and support opinions that otherwise ______ abstract, unclear, or unconvincing. (2019年真题)

A. may remain

B. could remain

C. must have remained

D. might have remained

解析 考查虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句。本句的otherwise (否则)表示一种虚拟情况。主句谓语coupled为过去时,因此定语从句中的内容应与过去事实相反,其谓语应为:would/could/might/should+have done,因而可以排除A、B、C三项,选D项。

译文 作家经常把叙述和其他写作手法结合起来,以组织思路和支撑观点,否则,这些思路和观点就可能会十分抽象、含糊或者缺乏说服力。

20. The sentence “I wish I had been more careful in spending money” expresses the speaker's ______. (2016年真题)

A. hope

B. joy

C. regret

D. relief

解析 考查虚拟语气。动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。“had+过去分词”表示对过去的虚拟假设。句意表明说话人对自己之前乱花钱感到非常后悔,因此C项regret (遗憾)为正确答案。A项hope“希望”、B项joy“开心”、D项relief“安慰”,均可排除。

译文 “我多么希望自己花钱能够谨慎一点”,这个句子表达了说话者的______。

20. My mother was determined to help those in need and she would have been immensely proud of what has been achieved these last 20 years. The italicized part in the sentence expresses ______. (2018年真题)

A. a hypothesis

B. a suggestion

C. a contradiction

D. a surprise

解析 考查虚拟语气。当表示一种纯假设的情况或主观愿望时,句子需要用虚拟语气。当表示与过去事实相反的情况时,主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might have+过去分词”。“她一定会为过去20年所取得的成就感到无比自豪”只是基于前一分句“我母亲决心要帮助那些需要帮助的人”得出的合理假设,故选A“假设”。B项“建议”、C项“矛盾”、D 项“惊讶”都不是would have been表达的意思。

译文 我母亲决心帮助那些需要帮助的人,她一定会为过去20年所取得的成就感到无比自豪。这句话中的斜体部分表示______。

15. “If I were you, I wouldn't wait to propose to her.” The subjunctive mood in the sentence is used to ______. (2017年真题)

A. alleviate hostility

B. express unfavorable feelings

C. indicate uncertainty

D. make a suggestion

解析 考查虚拟语气。根据句意“如果我是你,我会迫不及待地向她求婚”可知,“我”是在建议“你”马上求婚,因此D项“提出建议”正确。A项“减少敌意”、B项“表达不快”、C项“表示不确定性”,这三项均不是虚拟语气的作用。

译文 “如果我是你,我会迫不及待地向她求婚。”这句话中的虚拟语气用于______。 JmxUKFjJ80n47w4u6E9iuqAUveqHyxGRACY2Zabb2COE0ECpkB58rR7xJTOFykpk

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