购买
下载掌阅APP,畅读海量书库
立即打开
畅读海量书库
扫码下载掌阅APP

总结

如你所见,天然食物给你带来的营养上的益处是孕期维生素无法匹敌的。完整食物中各种营养素的协同作用也不应该被低估。从脂溶性维生素到胆碱和DHA间的相互作用,大自然把一切都给你准备好了。当然,正如我在前文中指出的一样,这些有助于妊娠健康的富含营养素的食物中,有相当一部分是一些人在证据不充分的情况下限制你食用的。很有可能你的医疗团队并不知道这些知识,请大方与他们分享吧。在有疑问或是面对两难选择时,你可以重新阅读本章中所介绍的食物相关研究。如果你在孕期曾刻意规避某些食物或吃素,我希望阅读本章后你能更加了解它们在营养上的利与弊,以及你做出的这些选择可能造成的后果。

当然,本章只是重点介绍了有利于妊娠健康的食物中最重要的几种。毫无疑问,除了这里列举的食物,你的饮食中还应该包含其他各种各样的食物。第五章的饮食方案示例将为你展示我是如何将这些营养丰富的食物以及其他辅助食物纳入日常饮食的。你可能还需要服用某些补充剂,我将在第六章介绍相关内容。但先阅读下一章了解一下在孕期你需要限制食用或戒掉的食物吧,我所提及的这些食物可能与你从他处看到的不太一样。

【本章参考文献】

[1] Shaw, Gary M et al. "Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and betaine and neural tube defects in offspring." American Journal of Epidemiology 160.2 (2004): 102-109.

[2] Jiang, Xinyin et al. "Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humans." The FASEB Journal 26.8 (2012): 3563-3574.

[3] Zeisel, Steven H. "Nutritional importance of choline for brain development." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23.sup6 (2004): 621S-626S.

[4] Wallace, Taylor C., and Victor L. Fulgoni III. "Assessment of total choline intakes in the United States." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 35.2 (2016): 108-112.

[5] Cohen, Joshua T., et al. "A quantitative analysis of prenatal intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive development." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29.4 (2005): 366-366.

[6] West, Allyson A et al. "Choline intake influences phosphatidylcholine DHA enrichment in nonpregnant women but not in pregnant women in the third trimester." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97.4 (2013): 718-727.

[7] Thomas Rajarethnem, Huban, et al. "Combined Supplementation of Choline and Docosahexaenoic Acid during Pregnancy Enhances Neurodevelopment of Fetal Hippocampus." Neurology research international (2017).

[8] Karsten, HD et al. "Vitamins A, E and fatty acid composition of the eggs of caged hens and pastured hens." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25.01 (2010): 45-54.

[9] Ratliff, Joseph et al. "Consuming eggs for breakfast influences plasma glucose and ghrelin, while reducing energy intake during the next 24 hours in adult men." Nutrition Research 30.2 (2010): 96-103.

[10] Lemos, Bruno S., et al. "Consumption of up to Three Eggs per Day Increases Dietary Cholesterol and Choline while Plasma LDL Cholesterol and Trimethylamine N-oxide Concentrations Are Not Increased in a Young, Healthy Population." The FASEB Journal 31.1 Supplement (2017): 447-3.

[11] Geiker, Nina Rica Wium, et al. "Egg consumption, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes." European journal of clinical nutrition (2017).

[12] Kishimoto, Yoshimi, et al. "Additional consumption of one egg per day increases serum lutein plus zeaxanthin concentration and lowers oxidized low-density lipoprotein in moderately hypercholesterolemic males." Food Research International (2017).

[13] Fernandez, Maria Luz, and Mariana Calle. "Revisiting dietary cholesterol recommendations: does the evidence support a limit of 300 mg/d?." Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12.6 (2010): 377-383.

[14] Volek, Jeff S et al. "Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet." Lipids 44.4 (2009): 297-309.

[15] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, United States, 2012, Annual Report. Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2014.

[16] Painter, John A., et al. "Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak data, United States, 1998–2008." Emerging infectious diseases 19.3 (2013): 407.

[17] Alali, Walid Q et al. "Prevalence and distribution of Salmonella in organic and conventional broiler poultry farms." Foodborne pathogens and disease 7.11 (2010): 1363-1371.

[18] Ebel, Eric, and Wayne Schlosser. "Estimating the annual fraction of eggs contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis in the United States." International journal of food microbiology 61.1 (2000): 51-62.

[19] Wallace, Taylor C., and Victor L. Fulgoni. "Usual Choline Intakes Are Associated with Egg and Protein Food Consumption in the United States." Nutrients 9.8 (2017): 839.

[20] Breymann, Christian. "Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy." Seminars in hematology . Vol. 52. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2015.

[21] Perez, Eva M., et al. "Mother-infant interactions and infant development are altered by maternal iron deficiency anemia." The Journal of nutrition 135.4 (2005): 850-855.

[22] Greenberg, James A., and Stacey J. Bell. "Multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy: emphasis on folic acid and l-methylfolate." Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4.3-4 (2011): 126.

[23] Molloy, Anne M et al. "Effects of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy on fetal, infant, and child development." Food & Nutrition Bulletin 29.Supplement 1 (2008): 101-111.

[24] Rogne, Tormod, et al. "Associations of Maternal Vitamin B12 Concentration in Pregnancy With the Risks of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data." American journal of epidemiology (2017).

[25] Bae, Sajin, et al. "Vitamin B-12 status differs among pregnant, lactating, and control women with equivalent nutrient intakes." The Journal of Nutrition 145.7 (2015): 1507-1514.

[26] Masterjohn, Christopher. "Vitamin D toxicity redefined: vitamin K and the molecular mechanism." Medical Hypotheses 68.5 (2007): 1026-1034.

[27] Buss, NE et al. "The teratogenic metabolites of vitamin A in women following supplements and liver." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13.1 (1994): 33-43.

[28] Strobel, Manuela, Jana Tinz, and Hans-Konrad Biesalski. "The importance of β-carotene as a source of vitamin A with special regard to pregnant and breastfeeding women." European Journal of Nutrition 46.9 (2007): 1-20.

[29] National Institutes of Health. "Vitamin A—Health Professional Fact Sheet." (2016).

[30] Van den Berg, H., K. F. A. M. Hulshof, and J. P. Deslypere. "Evaluation of the effect of the use of vitamin supplements on vitamin A intake among (potentially) pregnant women in relation to the consumption of liver and liver products." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 66.1 (1996): 17-21.

[31] Strobel, Manuela, Jana Tinz, and Hans-Konrad Biesalski. "The importance of β-carotene as a source of vitamin A with special regard to pregnant and breastfeeding women." European Journal of Nutrition 46.9 (2007): 1-20.

[32] Harrison, Earl H. "Mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1821.1 (2012): 70-77.

[33] Tang, Guangwen. "Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91.5 (2010): 1468S-1473S.

[34] Novotny, Janet A et al. "β-Carotene conversion to vitamin A decreases as the dietary dose increases in humans." The Journal of Nutrition 140.5 (2010): 915-918.

[35] van Stuijvenberg, Martha E., et al. "Serum retinol in 1–6-year-old children from a low socio-economic South African community with a high intake of liver: implications for blanket vitamin A supplementation." Public health nutrition 15.4 (2012): 716-724.

[36] Rodahl, K., and T. Moore. "The vitamin A content and toxicity of bear and seal liver." Biochemical Journal 37.2 (1943): 166.

[37] Hoffman, Jay R., and Michael J. Falvo. "Protein-Which is best." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 3.3 (2004): 118-130.

[38] Foster, Meika, et al. "Zinc status of vegetarians during pregnancy: a systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis of zinc intake." Nutrients 7.6 (2015): 4512-4525.

[39] Hunt, Janet R. "Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 633S-639S.

[40] Wang, Hua, et al. "Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: a population-based birth cohort study." Scientific reports 5 (2015).

[41] Morris, M.S.; Picciano, M.F.; Jacques, P.F.; Selhub, J. Plasma pyridoxal 5’-phosphate in the US population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1446–1454.

[42] Ho, Chia-ling, et al. "Prevalence and Predictors of Low Vitamin B6 Status in Healthy Young Adult Women in Metro Vancouver." Nutrients 8.9 (2016): 538.

[43] Godfrey, Keith, et al. "Maternal nutrition in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental and fetal growth." Bmj 312.7028 (1996): 410.

[44] Rees, William D, Fiona A Wilson, and Christopher A Maloney. "Sulfur amino acid metabolism in pregnancy: the impact of methionine in the maternal diet." The Journal of Nutrition 136.6 (2006): 1701S-1705S.

[45] Persaud, Chandarika et al. "The excretion of 5-oxoproline in urine, as an index of glycine status, during normal pregnancy." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 96.4 (1989): 440-444.

[46] Morrione, Thomas G, and Sam Seifter. "Alteration in the collagen content of the human uterus during pregnancy and postpartum involution." The Journal of Experimental Medicine 115.2 (1962): 357-365.

[47] Aziz, Jazli, et al. "Molecular mechanisms of stress-responsive changes in collagen and elastin networks in skin." Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 29.4 (2016): 190-203.

[48] Dasarathy, Jaividhya et al. "Methionine metabolism in human pregnancy." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91.2 (2010): 357-365.

[49] Rees, William D, Fiona A Wilson, and Christopher A Maloney. "Sulfur amino acid metabolism in pregnancy: the impact of methionine in the maternal diet." The Journal of Nutrition 136.6 (2006): 1701S-1705S.

[50] Jackson, Alan A., Michael C. Marchand, and Simon C. Langley-Evans. "Increased systolic blood pressure in rats induced by a maternal low-protein diet is reversed by dietary supplementation with glycine." Clinical Science 103.6 (2002): 633-639.

[51] Rees, William D. "Manipulating the sulfur amino acid content of the early diet and its implications for long-term health." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61.01 (2002): 71-77.

[52] El Hafidi, Mohammed, Israel Perez, and Guadalupe Banos. "Is glycine effective against elevated blood pressure?." (2006): 26-31.

[53] Austdal, Marie, et al. "Metabolomic biomarkers in serum and urine in women with preeclampsia." PloS one 9.3 (2014): e91923.

[54] Friesen, Russell W et al. "Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants." The Journal of Nutrition 137.12 (2007): 2641-2646.

[55] Kalhan, Satish C. "One-carbon metabolism, fetal growth and long-term consequences." Maternal and Child Nutrition: The First 1,000 Days . Vol. 74. Karger Publishers, 2013. 127-138.

[56] Leite, Isabel Cristina Gonçalves, Francisco José Roma Paumgartten, and Sérgio Koifman. "Chemical exposure during pregnancy and oral clefts in newborns." Cadernos de saude publica 18.1 (2002): 17-31.

[57] Brown, Melody J et al. "Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80.2 (2004): 396-403.

[58] Fabbri, Adriana DT, and Guy A. Crosby. "A review of the impact of preparation and cooking on the nutritional quality of vegetables and legumes." International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science 3 (2016): 2-11.

[59] Baker, Brian P., et al. "Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets." Food Additives & Contaminants 19.5 (2002): 427-446.

[60] Ralston, Nicholas VC, and Laura J Raymond. "Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity." Toxicology 278.1 (2010): 112-123.

[61] Hibbeln, Joseph R., et al. "Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study." The Lancet 369.9561 (2007): 578-585.

[62] Burger, Joanna, and Michael Gochfeld. "Mercury and selenium levels in 19 species of saltwater fish from New Jersey as a function of species, size, and season." Science of the Total Environment 409.8 (2011): 1418-1429.

[63] Bodnar, Lisa M et al. "High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates." The Journal of Nutrition 137.2 (2007): 447-452.

[64] Zimmermann, Michael B. "The effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy and infancy." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 26.s1 (2012): 108-117.

[65] Stagnaro-Green, Alex, Scott Sullivan, and Elizabeth N Pearce. "Iodine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation." JAMA 308.23 (2012): 2463-2464.

[66] Mozaffarian, Dariush, and Eric B Rimm. "Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits." JAMA 296.15 (2006): 1885-1899.

[67] Cabello, Felipe C., et al. "Aquaculture as yet another environmental gateway to the development and globalisation of antimicrobial resistance." The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16.7 (2016): e127-e133.

[68] Conti, Gea Oliveri, et al. "Determination of illegal antimicrobials in aquaculture feed and fish: an ELISA study." Food Control 50 (2015): 937-941.

[69] Hossain, M. A. "Fish as source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which one is better-farmed or wild?." Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 3.6 (2011): 455-466.

[70] Tsuchie, Hiroyuki et al. "Amelioration of pregnancy-associated osteoporosis after treatment with vitamin K2: a report of four patients." Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 117.3 (2012): 336-341.

[71] Choi, Hyung Jin et al. "Vitamin K2 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity via osteocalcin metabolism: a placebo-controlled trial." Diabetes Care 34.9 (2011): e147-e147.

[72] "Iodine—Health Professional Fact Sheet - Office of Dietary Supplements." National Institutes of Health. 24 Jun. 2011.

[73] Bertelsen, Randi J et al. "Probiotic milk consumption in pregnancy and infancy and subsequent childhood allergic diseases." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 133.1 (2014): 165-171. e8.

[74] Myhre, Ronny et al. "Intake of probiotic food and risk of spontaneous preterm delivery." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93.1 (2011): 151-157.

[75] Cordain, Loren, et al. "Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets." The American journal of clinical nutrition 71.3 (2000): 682-692.

[76] Price, Weston A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects. New York: Hoeber. 1939. Print.

[77] Chmurzynska, Agata. "Fetal programming: link between early nutrition, DNA methylation, and complex diseases." Nutrition Reviews 68.2 (2010): 87-98.

[78] Molloy, Anne M et al. "Effects of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy on fetal, infant, and child development." Food & Nutrition Bulletin 29.Supplement 1 (2008): 101-111.

[79] Rogne, Tormod, et al. "Associations of Maternal Vitamin B12 Concentration in Pregnancy With the Risks of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data." American Journal of Epidemiology (2017).

[80] Pawlak, Roman, et al. "How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians?." Nutrition reviews 71.2 (2013): 110-117.

[81] Koebnick, Corinna, et al. "Long-term ovo-lacto vegetarian diet impairs vitamin B-12 status in pregnant women." The Journal of nutrition 134.12 (2004): 3319-3326.

[82] Smulders, Y. M., et al. "Cellular folate vitamer distribution during and after correction of vitamin B12 deficiency: a case for the methylfolate trap." British journal of haematology 132.5 (2006): 623-629.

[83] Bae, Sajin, et al. "Vitamin B-12 status differs among pregnant, lactating, and control women with equivalent nutrient intakes." The Journal of Nutrition 145.7 (2015): 1507-1514.

[84] Black, Maureen M. "Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children." Food and nutrition bulletin 29.2_suppl1 (2008): S126-S131.

[85] "The ethical case for eating oysters and mussels | Diana Fleischman." 20 May. 2013.

[86] Zeisel SH. Nutrition in pregnancy: the argument for including a source of choline. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:193-199.

[87] Wallace, Taylor C., and Victor L. Fulgoni. "Usual Choline Intakes Are Associated with Egg and Protein Food Consumption in the United States." Nutrients 9.8 (2017): 839.

[88] Davenport, Crystal, et al. "Choline intakes exceeding recommendations during human lactation improve breast milk choline content by increasing PEMT pathway metabolites." The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 26.9 (2015): 903-911.

[89] Jiang, Xinyin, et al. "Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humans." The FASEB Journal 26.8 (2012): 3563-3574.

[90] Jiang, Xinyin, et al. "A higher maternal choline intake among third-trimester pregnant women lowers placental and circulating concentrations of the antiangiogenic factor fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT1)." The FASEB Journal 27.3 (2013): 1245-1253.

[91] Caudill, Marie A., et al. "Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study." The FASEB Journal (2017): fj-201700692RR.

[92] Ganz, Ariel B., et al. "Genetic impairments in folate enzymes increase dependence on dietary choline for phosphatidylcholine production at the expense of betaine synthesis." The FASEB Journal 30.10 (2016): 3321-3333.

[93] Meléndez-Hevia, Enrique, et al. "A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis." Journal of biosciences 34.6 (2009): 853-872.

[94] Lewis, Rohan M., et al. "Low serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity in the human placenta has important implications for fetal glycine supply." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90.3 (2005): 1594-1598.

[95] Lewis, Rohan M., et al. "Low serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity in the human placenta has important implications for fetal glycine supply." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90.3 (2005): 1594-1598.

[96] Meléndez-Hevia, Enrique, et al. "A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis." Journal of biosciences 34.6 (2009): 853-872.

[97] Meléndez-Hevia, Enrique, et al. "A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis." Journal of biosciences 34.6 (2009): 853-872.

[98] Solomons NW. Vitamin A and carotenoids. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, D.C.: ILSI Press; 2001:127-145.

[99] Ross AC. Vitamin A and retinoids. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease . Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:305-327.

[100] Novotny, Janet A et al. "β-Carotene conversion to vitamin A decreases as the dietary dose increases in humans." The Journal of Nutrition 140.5 (2010): 915-918.

[101] Elder, Sonya J., et al. "Vitamin K contents of meat, dairy, and fast food in the US diet." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 54.2 (2006): 463-467.

[102] Maresz, Katarzyna. "Proper calcium use: vitamin K2 as a promoter of bone and cardiovascular health." Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal 14.1 (2015): 34.

[103] Innis, Sheila M. "Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development." The Journal of Nutrition 137.4 (2007): 855-859.

[104] Singh, Meharban. "Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain." The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 72.3 (2005): 239-242.

[105] Gerster, H. "Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20: 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6n-3)?." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 68.3 (1997): 159-173.

[106] Creighton, C. "Vegetarian diets in pregnancy: RD resources for consumers." Vegetarian Nutrition DPG of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2010).

[107] Kim, Hyejin, et al. "Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: results of the MOCEH cohort study." Nutrition journal 16.1 (2017): 23.

[108] Sakayori, Nobuyuki, et al. "Maternal dietary imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids impairs neocortical development via epoxy metabolites." Stem Cells 34.2 (2016): 470-482.

[109] Sanders, T. A., Frey R. Ellis, and J. W. Dickerson. "Studies of vegans: the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls." The American journal of clinical nutrition 31.5 (1978): 805-813.

[110] Sanders, Thomas AB. "DHA status of vegetarians." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 81.2 (2009): 137-141.

[111] dos Santos Vaz, Juliana, et al. "Dietary patterns, n-3 fatty acids intake from seafood and high levels of anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children." PLoS One 8.7 (2013): e67671.

[112] da Rocha, Camilla MM, and Gilberto Kac. "High dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated acids during pregnancy and prevalence of postpartum depression." Maternal & child nutrition 8.1 (2012): 36-48.

[113] Marangoni, Franca, et al. "Maternal Diet and Nutrient Requirements in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. An Italian Consensus Document." Nutrients 8.10 (2016): 629.

[114] Hurrell, Richard F., et al. "Degradation of phytic acid in cereal porridges improves iron absorption by human subjects." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77.5 (2003): 1213-1219.

[115] Haddad, Ella H., et al. "Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians." The American journal of clinical nutrition 70.3 (1999): 586s-593s.

[116] Hunt, Janet R. "Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 633S-639S.

[117] Breymann, Christian. "Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy." Seminars in hematology . Vol. 52. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2015.

[118] Breymann, Christian. "Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy." Seminars in hematology . Vol. 52. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2015.

[119] Hunt, Janet R. "Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 633S-639S.

[120] Schüpbach, R., et al. "Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland." European journal of nutrition 56.1 (2017): 283-293.

[121] Wang, Hua, et al. "Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: a population-based birth cohort study." Scientific reports 5 (2015).

[122] Uriu-Adams, Janet Y., and Carl L. Keen. "Zinc and reproduction: effects of zinc deficiency on prenatal and early postnatal development." Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 89.4 (2010): 313-325.

[123] Hunt, Janet R. "Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 633S-639S.

[124] Gibson, Rosalind S., Leah Perlas, and Christine Hotz. "Improving the bioavailability of nutrients in plant foods at the household level." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65.2 (2006): 160-168.

[125] Gilani, G. Sarwar, Kevin A. Cockell, and Estatira Sepehr. "Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods." Journal of AOAC International 88.3 (2005): 967-987.

[126] Janelle, K. Christina, and Susan I. Barr. "Nutrient intakes and eating behavior see of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95.2 (1995): 180-189.

[127] Haddad, Ella H., and Jay S. Tanzman. "What do vegetarians in the United States eat?." The American journal of clinical nutrition 78.3 (2003): 626S-632S.

[128] "The ethical case for eating oysters and mussels | Diana Fleischman." 20 May. 2013.

[129] Lopez, Hubert W., et al. "Making bread with sourdough improves mineral bioavailability from reconstituted whole wheat flour in rats." Nutrition 19.6 (2003): 524-530.

[130] Hurrell, Richard F., et al. "Degradation of phytic acid in cereal porridges improves iron absorption by human subjects." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77.5 (2003): 1213-1219. VQVNTKGwhlqGvegziLtoiKhODQ31t2kkALxldo9Tr46ummDkXIm/gJ9gD6BqmEw4

点击中间区域
呼出菜单
上一章
目录
下一章
×