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第五节 儿童肥胖与糖尿病的关系

糖尿病分为1型和2型。1型糖尿病是自身免疫性疾病,又被称为“胰岛素依赖性糖尿病”,也被称为幼年起病型糖尿病,最常见于儿童及年轻人,而2型糖尿病的特点是胰岛素抵抗,也可以从儿童期起病,但目前T2DM在儿童及青少年中日益增多,甚至有超过1型糖尿病的趋势。这与母亲和儿童自身的肥胖密切相关。北大第一医院内分泌科郭晓蕙教授指出:现在医学界认为,糖尿病是由基因、宫内环境、出生早期营养和成年期生活习惯4个因素决定的。正常体重的母亲怀孕期增重如果超过16kg,即属于营养过剩,不仅会造成自身患妊娠期糖尿病,也会因高糖的宫内环境,给胎儿造成一定的影响 [49]

遗传也是一个重要因素,双亲肥胖的后代的肥胖危险度是体重正常父母的2倍,尽管儿童当时是比较瘦或仅为超重,但他们到了成年期则发展为肥胖的风险很大。一般在较大的儿童期或青少年时开始发胖,但程度不如父母严重 [47] 。双亲患有糖尿病是儿童糖尿病的重要因素,有统计,双亲中有一人患糖尿病,下一代糖尿病的发生率为3%~7%,如双亲均为糖尿病,则下一代的发生率达30%~50%。提示儿童后天肥胖受到环境和遗传因子的作用,或者二者同时作用于机体 [53,55]

种族与社会经济因素,在成人的群体社会,生活在低社会经济下的儿童和某些少数民族群体中,儿童肥胖处于高风险。例如,在墨西哥裔美国人和非洲裔美国人,儿童中超重的发生率高达13%和23% [24]

最为关键的是儿童的饮食营养结构和缺乏运动,久坐少动已如前述,父母总担心孩子营养不够,总是恨不得孩子平时能多吃一些,采取“填鸭式”的方式来喂养孩子。一些父母还认为“小时候胖点没关系,大了体重自然会正常”,“孩子胖点才健康,养一个胖孩子,自己脸上才光彩”,正是由于这些错误想法,造成儿童营养过盛,特别是高糖、高脂、洋快餐、果汁和碳酸饮料的过度摄入。有一项调查显示碳酸饮料使儿童发生肥胖的风险增加了60% [24] 。父母的生活方式和饮食习惯对儿童和青少年的影响最大,因此预防儿童和青少年肥胖与糖尿病首先是父母应该有健康的生活方式。

国内对以上肥胖导致儿童和青少年的风险因素作了调查,其中如钟宇华等研究了68例12~22岁的青少年肥胖者发生T2DM的高危因素,进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,测定空腹和2小时血糖、胰岛素水平并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛素β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β),并对糖代谢异常者中的8例进行干预治疗。结果:①68例肥胖者中发现2例T2DM(2.9%),糖耐量异常(IGT)11例(16.2%),高胰岛素血症(HINS)28例(41.2%);②肥胖组其餐后2小时血糖、胰岛素水平,2小时胰岛素与葡萄糖之比,HOMA-IR及HOMA-β都显著高于非肥胖组( P < 0.05~0.01);③糖代谢异常者各项指标均高于单纯性肥胖者( P < 0.05~0.01);④8例糖代谢异常者经干预治疗(2.3±1.2个月),糖代谢指标获得改善。由此提出对青少年肥胖者应及时进行糖尿病的筛查,对伴有糖代谢异常者应及时干预治疗,以降低青少年T2DM的发生率 [50] 。儿童和青少年肥胖发生胰岛素抵抗是发展为T2DM的关键病理生理过程 [56] ,而发生肥胖后由于体重过高、运动不便,孩子不愿活动,从而导致恶性循环,也是导致糖尿病的原因之一 [57] 。因此预防是关键,早期筛查是积极手段,发现糖代谢异常应及时干预是必需措施。

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