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一个概念、意思的表达可以有多种手段，最简单的办法就是加词语、修饰语，如形容词、副词等，还可以用我们学到的基本句型，对其加以改变、扩充。扩充后的句子，句式变化了，信息量增大，内容也更加丰富。
请比较下面的句子。
例1：
First draft China is a great country.
Second draft China is a great country in the world.
Final draft China is a great country in the world, creating and developing her unique culture.
例2：
First draft Gentleness or a tender care is often associated with love and kindness.
Second draft It is true that Gentleness or a tender care is often associated with love and kindness.
Final draft I don't know whether you believe it or not, but it is true that Gentleness or a tender care is often associated with love and kindness.
英语句子扩展的主要方法有添加法、并列法和从属法。
添加法，即在句子中添加修饰词或短语以对简单句加以扩展，如加入形容词、副词、代词、数词、分词、名词及其词组等。
——The girl unwrapped her gift box.
女孩打开了她的礼品盒。
——The innocent girl unwrapped her delicate gift box.
那个天真的女孩打开了她精致的礼品盒。
——Curious and excited, the girl unwrapped her gift box.
女孩既好奇又兴奋，打开了礼品盒。
——Yuan Longping is a Chinese agricultural scientist.
袁隆平是一位中国农业科学家。
——Yuan Longping is a Chinese agricultural scientist famous for developing the hybrid rice varieties.
袁隆平是一位以开发杂交水稻品种而闻名的中国农业科学家。
当多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词—数词—描绘词（大小、长短、形状、新旧、颜色）—出处—材料性质—类别—名词。［熟记规则：大小形状和新老，颜色国籍出（处）材料。］
例：
——David bought a beautiful new black Italian leather jacket.
大卫买了一件新的、漂亮的意大利黑色皮夹克。
——In the comer of the spacious and luxurious sitting room stands a charming small round old French padauk table.
在宽敞豪华的客厅一角，摆放着一张漂亮而古老的法国紫檀木小圆桌。
例：
——I went to the theater with her.
我和她去了剧院。
——Reluctantly, I went to the theater with her.
我不情愿地和她去了剧院。
——They're unmusical.
他们五音不全。
——They're completely unmusical.
他们彻底是五音不全。
——Cities such as Berlin and Dresden were razed to the ground.
诸如柏林和德累斯顿这样的城市被夷为平地。
——Cities such as Berlin and Dresden were virtually razed to the ground.
诸如柏林和德累斯顿这样的城市基本上被夷为平地。
副词在句中位置比较灵活。一般来说，程度副词放在所修饰词的前面，而频率副词放在主要谓语动词前、系动词后。如果句子中同时有几个副词做修饰语，其位置应按以下顺序排列：程度副词→方式副词→地点副词→时间副词。
例：
——The instructions were rather complicated.
这些说明相当复杂。
——We lived quite grandly .
我们生活得相当快乐。
——They work terrifically fast.
他们工作极快。
表于时间和频度的副词有：now，then，often，always，usually，early，lately，already，generally，frequently，seldom，ever，never，yet，soon，immediately，hardly，finally，shortly，before，ago，sometimes等。
表示地点的副词有：here，there，everywhere，anywhere，in，out，inside，outside，above，below，down，back，forward，home，upstairs，downstairs，across，along，round，around，near，off，past，up，away，on等。
表示方式的副词有：carelessly，carefully，properly，anxiously，urgently，suddenly，normally，fast，well，calmly，politely，proudly，softly，warmly等。
表示程度的副词有：much，little，very，rather，so，too，still，quite，perfectly，enough，extremely，entirely，almost，slightly等。
表示疑问的副词有：how，when，where，why等。
表示关系的副词有：when，where，why等。
表示连接的副词有：how，when，where，why，whether等。
在句子中加修饰短语，如加介词短语、非限定动词短语（不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）进行修饰，使句式灵活多样。
——“Did she make those cakes?”he asked slowly, having finished the one that I had offered him.
“是她做的这些点心？”他吃了我给他的一块蛋糕后，不紧不慢地问。
介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。做定语时置于所修饰词之后；做状语时位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句中或句尾，有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。
例：
—— For the sake of simplicity , let's divide the discussion into two parts.
为了方便起见，我们把讨论分成两部分。
——We pay homage to Qu Yuan by celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival.
我们过端午节以缅怀屈原。
——He secretly tried to help her at work .
他试图悄悄地在工作上帮助她。
——He predicted that up to four million people would be in need of assistance during the winter as a consequence of ever more brutal violence.
他预测，由于暴力行动愈发凶残，冬季将有多达400万人需要援助。
不定式在句子里可以做许多成分，有主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语，用途比较广泛。不定式短语起名词作用时，在句中可做主语、表语和宾语；起形容词作用时，在句中可做定语；起副词作用时，在句中可做状语，表示目的、原因、结果等，也可用作独立成分。此外，不定式短语在句中还可做宾语补足语和主语补足语。
例：
——It may take some time to get the economy back on the rails .
可能要花一些时间使经济重回正轨。
—— To be economically prosperous, China will carry out more flexible policies of opening-up to the world.
为了繁荣经济，中国将实行更为灵活的开放政策。
——My mother taught me how to sew .
我母亲教我做针线。
——I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make matters worse , it began to rain.
我在一片漆黑中迷路了，更糟的是，天开始下雨了。
——He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
他又喊又挥，以引起注意。
——It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.
它是赢得所有这三项大奖的第一部戏。
——She was thrilled to get the key.
他拿到钥匙很激动。
—— To save the child, he laid down his life.
为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。
动名词是动词ing形式的一种，兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词（即非谓语动词）。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰，动名词有时态和语态的变化。动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语，但是不能充当状语。
例：
—— Doing regular exercise helps burn excess fat and improve the muscle strength.
经常锻炼有助于燃烧多余的脂肪，增强肌肉力量。
——She wanted to continue working until she was 60.
她想要继续工作到60岁。
—— By adhering to the general policy of“dynamic zero” , we can better prevent and control the epidemic.
采取坚持“动态清零”的总方针，我们可以更好地预防和控制疫情。
——You will have a hard/ difficult time getting a train ticket in the coming holiday.
在即将到来的假期里，你将很难买到火车票。
——A walking stick can offer support when people climb Mount Tai.
当人们攀登泰山时，手杖可以提供支撑。
——Tom really needs a driving lesson before he takes the test.
汤姆考试前确实需要上一堂驾驶课。
分词短语有现在分词（present participle）短语和过去分词（past participle）短语两种形式。现在分词短语含有主动的意义，常表示动作正在进行，在表现形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”。过去分词短语含有被动的意义，表示动作已发生或完成。
分词短语在句中可以做定语和状语，其位置基本与介词短语相同。
例：
——Framed and hung, the painting lit up the room.
将这幅画装裱好、挂好，使房间亮堂。
——He arrived in San Francisco, having left New Jersey on January 19th.
他1月19号离开新泽西后，到达了圣弗朗西斯科。
——The war was a forbidden subject.
这场战争是一个忌讳话题。
——The phone was almost out of battery power, blinking in the dark.
手机电池电量几乎耗尽，在黑暗中闪烁。
——Quickly opening the bag, Carrie found her favorite notebook.
嘉莉很快打开包，找到了她最喜欢的笔记本。
——Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.
赢得冠军后，他获得了一百万美元的奖金。
在英语的独立主格结构中，分词与主语和代词一起构成独立主格结构，在句子中常用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况或补充说明等，一般置于句首或句末，偶尔也置于句中，多用于书面语。
例：
——The man lay there, his hands trembling.
那个男子躺在那儿，双手在颤抖。
——His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
做完作业后，汤姆睡着了。
——The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
男孩仰卧着，双手交叉放在头下。
——It being a Sunday, the old men had the day off.
因为是星期天，老人们休了一天假。
用并列法是扩展句子的一种方法，即将两个或两个以上的简单句使用并列连词或副词连接在一起，这种简单句常叫作独立分句；另一种方法是运用平行结构，即排比结构。
把独立分句连成并列句有3种方法。
——I believed her— for surely she would not lie to me.
我相信她的话——因为她肯定不会向我撒谎。
——It isn't that he lied exactly, but he did tend to exaggerate.
他不见得是真的说谎，但他的确是有意夸大。
在第一个分句后一般使用逗号，并列连词包括：for、and、nor、but、or、yet、so，可以通过它们的首字母缩写FAN BOYS来帮助记忆。
——She saw that there was indeed a man immediately behind her; moreover , he was observing her strangely.
她看到的确有个男人紧跟在她身后，而且还在怪异地观察着她。
——We have a different background, a different history; accordingly , we have the right to different futures.
我们拥有不同的背景、不同的历史，因此，我们有权拥有不一样的将来。
——He was late; therefore, he missed the train.
他迟到了，所以没有赶上车。
用连接副词连接并列分句时，通常在第一个分句后用分号，而在连接副词后用逗号。连接副词主要有：furthermore，besides，moreover，also，however，nevertheless，still，nonetheless，otherwise，therefore，consequently，thus，accordingly，hence 等。
当两个分句的意义密切相关时，并列句也可以只用分号连接。其句式为：
——Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只需大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。
——He asked his way to the workyard of the stone-mason whose name had been given him at Alfredston; and soon heard the familiar sound of the rubbers and chisels.
他向路人打听该怎么去那儿，不一会儿，就听见了那头传来了熟悉的石头打磨声。
句子的平行结构是指在同一个句子中，单词、短语或从句具有相同的语法形式并表达同等重要的信息。平行句式能使句子自然流畅，常用于列举或比较各元素，造成一种排比效果。
例：
——Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last. （Francis Bacon: of Beauty ）
美者犹如夏日蔬果，易腐难存。
——The programme aims to educate and prepare students for a challenging career.
这个项目旨在教育学生为一个具有挑战性的工作做好准备。
——Mayhew is a man of rock-solid integrity .
梅休是一个正直可靠的男人。
——He is conscientious and diligent , and is never idle .
他是个勤谨的人，整天闲不住。
—— On the one hand, they'd love to have kids, but on the other hand, they don't want to give up their freedom.
一方面，他们想要孩子，但另一方面，他们又不想放弃自由自在的生活。
——It is a strange desire, to seek power and to lose liberty: or to seek power over others, and to lose power over a man's self.
追逐权力，而失自由，有治人之权，而无律己之力，此种欲望诚可怪也。
——Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
——One ought, every day at least, to hear a little song, read a good poem, see a fine picture, and, if it were possible, to speak a few reasonable words.
一个人应该每天至少听一首歌，读一首诗，看一幅精美的画，如果可能的话，说一些理性的话。
——Engineers spend much time and energy developing brilliant solutions.
工程师们花了大量时间和精力开发出色的解决方案。
——Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don't matter, and those who matter don't mind.（Bernard M.Baruch.）
做最真实的自己，说出自己的心声。那些介意的人并不重要，而重要的人不会介意。
——You've gotta dance like there's nobody watching, love like you'll never be hurt, sing like there's nobody listening, and live like it's heaven on earth.（William W.Purkey）
去舞蹈吧，犹如无人在一旁观看；去爱他人，犹如你从未曾被伤害；去歌唱吧，犹如无人在一旁聆听；去好好生活，犹如这里是人间乐土。
从属法即把两个意思相关但地位不同等重要的句子用主句加从句的方式连接起来，构成一个复合句。这种扩展句子的方法称为从属法。从属法需要连接词、连接代词、连接副词。从属法扩展句子有三种主要方式，它们分别是：名词性从句扩展、形容词性从句扩展和副词性从句扩展。
主语从句是在句中充当句子主语的从句，主语从句是整个句子的一个成分。
例：
——I need two volunteers now.
—— What I need now is two volunteers.
我现在需要的是两位志愿者。
——The regimen should be rigorously followed.
—— Whatever regimen has been prescribed should be rigorously followed.
不管制订的是什么样的养生计划，都要严格遵守。
it作形式主语的主语从句包括以下句式：
It is/was + n./adj.+ that...
It is + past participle + that...
It + link verb + that...
这种结构的句式，是为了保持句子平衡，避免句子头重脚轻，句中的it作形式主语并置于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。这类用法已形成比较固定的结构。
例：
—— It is a great pity that all students in the city cannot have the same chances.
很遗憾的是，并非该市所有学生都能拥有同样的机会。
—— It is estimated that the gross annual value of industrial and agricultural output will be quadrupled.
工农业总产值预计翻两番。
—— It is essential that your diet is varied and balanced.
重要的是你的饮食应当是多样而平衡的。
在主从复合句中充当宾语，位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句。
例：
——We know what movie ratings mean.
我们知道电影分级别是什么意思。
——It depends on how you define the term“hostile”.
那得看你怎么定义hostile这个词。
——Tom should know where his friend has gone.
汤姆应该知道他的朋友去哪儿了。
在时态使用方面，主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态；主句用过去时，从句可用过去某个时态；主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether。连接代词主要有：who，whom，whose，what，whoever，whomever，whoever，whatever，whichever等，连接代词一般指疑问，但what、whatever除了指疑问，也可以指陈述。连接副词主要有：when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等。
当从句意思完整，主句意思肯定时，连接词用that，且可以省去。
——The point is you shouldn't have to wait so long to see a doctor.
关键是你不该等那么长时间才看病。
——The question is why the federal government is doing this.
为什么联邦政府会采取这样的行动？
可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：answer，news，idea，conclusion，fact，promise，question，opinion，doubt，thought，hope，message，possibility，suggestion，word（消息），decision，wish等。引导同位语从句的连词有that、whether等，连接代词what、who等，连接副词how、when、where等。（注：if不能引导同位语从句。）
例：
——The two things are connected.
——This leads to the inescapable conclusion that the two things are connected.
这就必然得出一个结论：这两件事互有关联。
——She felt uncomfortable.
——She couldn't disguise the fact that she felt uncomfortable .
她无法掩饰她那不安的心情。
——They are getting married.
——I heard a rumour that they are getting married.
我听到传闻，说他们要结婚了。
例：
——His best movie was about the life of Gandhi.
——His best movie, which won several awards, was about the life of Gandhi.
他最优秀的电影，就是荣获几项大奖的那一部，是关于甘地生平的。
——I can relax on Sunday.
——Sunday is the only day when I can relax.
星期日是我唯一可以休息的日子。
注意下列定语从句：
——The people （who）we met in France have sent us a card.
我们在法国结识的人给我们寄来了一张贺卡。
that在某些词后面的使用：
——Is there anything（that） in particular you'd like for dinner?
晚饭你有特别想吃的吗？
——There's no point wailing about something that happened so long ago.
事情早已发生，痛哭流涕也于事无补。
先行词为序数词所修饰时，关系代词必须用that。
——She said the first thing that came into her head.
她想到了什么说什么。
——Coney Island was one of the first places that exploited electricity for profit and pleasure.
康尼岛是最早利用电力获利和娱乐的地方之一。
先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时，关系代词必须用that。
——“ You Don't Know Paris ”is one of the most beautiful ballads that he ever wrote.
《你不了解巴黎》是他写过的最优美的流行情歌之一。
例：
——She started pitching into me.
——She started pitching into me as soon as I arrived.
我一到她就劈头盖脸地批评起我来。
——He survived.
——He survived although he had suffered grievous injuries .
虽然遭受重伤，他仍然活下来了。
——You hang around here.
——You hang around here in case he comes , and I'll go on ahead.
你在这附近等着，以防他来了我还在往前走。
—— Granted that it is a simple test to perform, it should be easy to get results quickly.
因为这化验做起来简单，所以应该不难很快得出结果。
——Fasten your scarf correctly so that it will not be blown away by the strong wind.
正确系好围巾，以免被大风吹走。
1.Expand the following sentences in different ways.
(1)David has stopped smoking cigarettes.
(2)Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
(3)God helps those who help themselves.
(4)He has a passionate throat.
(5)Albert Einstein was a quiet boy.
(6)The company's sales increased last year.
(7)Constant practice is essential.
(8)Reading makes us wise.
(9)He looks pale.
(10)He never boasted of his cleverness.
2.Study the following passage and pay attention to the devices of expanding sentences, such as adjectives, prepositional phrases, the compound and complex sentences, etc..
Wushu , Chinese martial arts, known in the West as kongfu, is a traditional folk sport characterized by various barehand and armed combat techniques.
Wushu has a long history.Far back in primitive society about four thousand years ago, hard living conditions compelled the ancient people to use their stone and wooden tools as weapons to hunt and to defend themselves.Their fighting skills with bare hands and in using weapons formed the basis of primitive Wushu .During the Shang (c.16th-lth century BC) and Zhou (c.llth century-221 BC) dynasties, with the development of productive forces, especially that of the techniques in bronze casting the variety of weapons increased and their quality improved.
In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), Wushu became quite popular.A wushu competition, held in the spring of 108 BC, attracted thousands of spectators.Through competitions Wushu further developed.There appeared various forms of martial arts such as sword-play, broadsword-play and halberd-play.During the Tang Dynasty (618-907) both military men and scholars were required to practise wushu.Sword-play was often performed at parties and other social gatherings.The boxing style of Shaolin Temple became very popular because in the early period of the dynasty the Shaolin monks had helped Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) conquer Wang Shichong (King of the Zheng Kingdom); the emperor gave the temple special permission to train monks in wushu.
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) saw the all-round development of Chinese martial arts.Various boxing schools appeared, each named after its master.In addition, scores of routines of weapon-play movements evolved.Many high-ranking officers and wushu masters such as Tang Shunzhi, Yu Dayou, Zheng Ruozeng and Qi Jiguang wrote treatises and books on wushu.Among those works two books by Qi Jiguang are better-known; they are New Martial Arts and Military Training Record.
In order to keep its ruling position，the government of the Qing Dynasty（1644-1911）once restricted wushu practice，but that could not prevent wushu from spreading among the people.Many popular schools of boxing styles including taijiquan，nanquan （南拳）and xingyiquan （形意拳）were formed and each had its own guiding theories.
In spite of its rich variety, wushu has four main types: bare handed boxing, the wielding of weapons combat, and collective performances.There are over one hundred schools of boxing in the Yellow River valley area and about eighty in the Yangtze River basin.Each school has its own characteristics. Changquan demands quickness and valour, and it is liked by young people. Taijiquan , characterized by its slow rhythm and gentle movements, is suitable for people of all ages, especially elderly people. Xingyiquan , vigorous in its balanced motions and poised steps, is popular with young and middle-aged people.Nanquan is wide-spread in China's southern areas.Its practitioners utter shouts and cries now and then to make their movements more forceful.Shaolinquan, popular in the north, is known for its short routines of movements and swiftness and vigour.In certain styles such as tanglangquan (the Mantis Boxing) and zuiquan " (the Drunkard Boxing), the practitioner imitates animals and birds as well as drunken humans.
The weapons used in wushu fall into three categories: long weapons including spears and broadswords; short weapons such as short swords, daggers and hooks; and flexible weapons which include nine-section cudgels and three-section cudgels.
All the basic movements of wushu such as dodging, turning, tumbling, jumping, and leaping require the coordination of the hands, the eyes, the body, and the feet.When“combat”is practised the practitioners have to perform with dexterity and accuracy and in such a way as if they were in a real fight.Swift movements should be as quick as sound, poised postures as firm as mountains, and continuous movements as smooth and natural as floating clouds and flowing water.