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句子的种类通常按照两种方式划分：一种基于功能，另一种基于语法结构。按照功能可划分为：陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句。按照语法结构可划分为：简单句、并列句和复合句。
陈述句是用来描述一个事实、表达观点的句子。它是英语中最常见的句子之一，有肯定结构和否定结构，以句号结尾。
例：
——Today I watched a drama on TV for three hours.
今天我看了三个小时的电视剧。
——I won't go outside for it's raining.
天在下雨，我不出去。
——China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east.
中国是一个地形多样的国家，西部是高地，东部是平原。
疑问句是用来提问的句子，句尾用问号。它有四种类型：一般疑问句（general questions）、特殊疑问句（special question）、选择疑问句（alternative question）和附加疑问句（tag question）。
例：
——Did you visit this university?
你参观过这个大学吗？
——How many students are there in your class?
你班里有多少学生？
——May I sit here?
我可以坐在这里吗？
——Would you like some tea or coffee?
你要茶水还是咖啡？
——Which would you like best, English、Chinese or Math?
你最喜欢哪门学科，英语、语文还是数学？
——I wish to have a word with you, may I?
我希望可以和你说话，可以吗？
——You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
你最好亲自阅读，不是吗？
——She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
她很少去电影院，不是吗？
祈使句是表达建议、指示、命令或请求的句子。句子中的主语“你”经常被省略。根据表达的情绪，句子以句号或感叹号结尾。
例：
——Get off the collapsing building!
下来，楼要塌陷啦！
——Drink a little water before you take the tablets.
服药前先喝点水。
——Turn left at the intersection.
在十字路口左转。
——Pack enough clothing for your long journey.
为你的长途旅行准备足够的衣服。
——Do not hesitate to give me a call if you have any problem!
如果你有任何问题，请随时给我打电话！
感叹句是一种表达强烈情感的句子，常用来问候、赞扬、警告或号召。它以感叹号结尾。
例：
——The design and the colours!
多美丽的图案和色彩啊！
——How beautiful the mountain is!
这山太美啦！
——High voltage! Do not touch!
高压！不要碰！
——Keep it up!（used in the sports）!
坚持下去！（在体育运动中使用）
——He said,“Hurrah! My friend is coming”.
他说道，“好哇！我的朋友来了。”
感叹句还以“What”和“How”开头，结尾为感叹号。
例：
——What a great idea it is!
主意太棒啦！
——How warm the weather is!
天气真暖和！
简单句是最基本的句型。它由一个独立的分句组成，传达一个完整的意思，包含一个主语和一个谓语动词。
例：
——Traditional calligraph is a vital part of contemporary culture.
传统书法是当代文化的重要组成部分。
——A resume generally consists of personal information, educational background and work experience.
简历一般包括个人信息、教育背景和工作经验。
——I am trying to write a letter to one of our clients.
我在试着给我们的一个客户写封信。
简单句可以是短句，也可以是长句，只要句中只包含一个主谓结构。
例：
——Last night, I ate dinner at a restaurant with my brother and sister.
昨晚，我和我的哥哥、妹妹在一家餐馆吃晚饭。
——Equality, unity, and common prosperity are the basic principles of the Chinese government in handling the relation between ethnic groups.
平等、团结、共同繁荣是中国政府处理民族关系的基本原则。
句子即使包含一个复合主语或并列谓词（或两者兼有），仍是简单句。如，有的句子包含一个主语、两个或两个以上的动词；有的句子包含一个动词、两个或两个以上的主语。
例：
——The dog barked and ran（compound predicate）
那只狗狂吠乱窜。（复合谓语）
——Mary and her mother ate together in the Chinese restaurant yesterday evening.（compound subject）
昨晚，玛丽和她妈妈在中餐馆吃饭。（复合主语）
一个并列句至少由两个意思相关的独立分句组成，不包含从句。独立分句可以用并列连词（for，and，nor，but，or，yet，so，即FANBOYS）或分号连接。
例：
——She practiced singing every day, yet she never got very good at it.
她每天练习唱歌，但一直唱得不太好。
——He seldom goes out now, for he is very old.
因为上了年纪，他现在很少出门了。
——The dog buried his bone, and the cat sniffed around it.
狗把骨头埋起来，猫在埋骨头的附近四处嗅。
——Can I sit here with you, so we can talk easily?
我能和你坐一块儿吗？这样谈天更轻松自在。
——We waited and waited, but the car didn't come.
我们等了又等，但车还是没来。
——France is my favorite country to visit; I never run out of things to do there.
我最喜欢去的国家就是法国，在那里我总能找到事做。
——The nurse came in quietly, or she would wake the child.
保姆轻轻地进来，以防把孩子吵醒。
——Neither can he answer the question nor do you know the answer.
他回答不出这个问题，你也不知道答案。
“However”和“therefore”也可用于连接并列句。
例：
——I was late; however, the class had not started.
我迟到了；不过还没开始上课。
——I left my bag on the bus; therefore, I did not have a pencil.
我把书包忘在公交车上了；所以我没有铅笔。
分号和连词一样，可以连接并列句中的两个独立分句。
例：
——I love an apple; it is my favorite fruit.
我爱吃苹果；它是我最喜欢的水果。
——I like cake; however, ice cream is my favorite dessert.
我喜欢蛋糕；不过，冰淇淋是我最喜欢的甜点。
分号可以用在连接词之前，如however、thus、moreover、though、but、therefore等之前。分号连接两个独立的分句。
——They were out of Rocky Road; thus, I was forced to choose another flavor.
他们的巧克力蛋糕卖完了；所以，我只好选别的口味。
——The chair next to me was occupied by another big bag; thus, I was forced to choose another one.
我旁边的椅子上放了个大袋子；因此，我不得不换一把椅子。
复杂句包含一个独立分句以及一个或多个从句，这些从句由从属连词连接。两个从句（独立分句和从句）由关系代词或关系副词连接。
例：
——When I was a child, I love swimming.
我小的时候喜欢游泳。
——While there is life, there is hope.
有生命就有希望。
——Since you are here, let's talk about it.
既然你来了，咱们就谈谈吧。
——Because she was late for work, she was frustrated.
因为上班迟到了，她很沮丧。
——As the sun set, we started for home.
当太阳落山时，我们动身回家。
——When my daughter was sad, it's easier for me to acknowledge what that sadness might feel like, because I had someone who always took the time to acknowledge my feelings.
当我的女儿悲伤时，我更容易认识到那种悲伤是什么感觉，因为曾经有人总是有耐心地去了解我的感受。
从句+独立分句（以逗号分隔）时，如果独立分句在前面，就不用逗号分隔从句。
例：
——She was frustrated because she was late for work.
她很沮丧，因为她上班迟到了。
——Let's talk about it since you are here.
既然你来了，我们就谈谈吧。
复合句通常有以下从句：定语从句、名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、状语从句。
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，在句中做定语，修饰主句的某个名词性成分，定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。在定语从句中，能做关系代词的有which、that、who/whom；能做关系副词的有why（表原因）、where（表地点）、when（表时间）。
例：
——He is the man whom you want to find.
他就是你要找的人。
——The book that /which you borrowed is due.
你借的书到期了。
——The house whose door has a glass panel is mine.
门上有玻璃嵌板的房子是我的家。
——The questions are all on classic music, about which I know little.
这些问题都是关于古典音乐的，对此我知之甚少。
——Our English teacher, who studied in England for six years, speaks English well.
我们的英语老师在英国学习了六年，英语说得很好。
——This is the place where we met before.
这是我们曾经见面的地方。
——Do you remember the day when she arrived?
你记得她来的那天吗？
——Is this the reason why he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别在于：限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意不完整。而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。
例：
——This is the book which she lost yesterday.
这就是昨天他丢的那本书。
——The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书，现在已经找到了。
as 在定语从句中既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。as作为关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，经常和the same或such连用，在句子中充当主语、宾语和表语。
例：
——Such people as were seen in the film were not rare.
电影里的那种人并不少见。（as做主语）
——I bought the same book as you did yesterday.
我也买了与你同样的书。（as 做宾语）
——I never saw such a talented young man as he is.
我从没见过像他那样才华横溢的年轻人。（as做表语）
as作为关系副词，引导非限制性定语从句。
例：
——As I had told you, he won the first place.
就像我事先对你说的，他果然得了第一名。
——She is from the south, as is evident from her accent.
她是南方人，从她的口音可以听出来。
as作为关系副词引导非限制性定语从句时，有些已形成了较固定的结构。如：
as is well known 众所周知、as is said above 如上文所述、as is often the case如经常出现的情况。
顾名思义，名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。因此，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句在句中做主语。通常由从属连词that、whether、if 和连接代词what、who、which、whatever、whoever、whom、whichever，以及连接副词how、when、where、why 等词引导。
例：
——Whoever went downtown yesterday evening can see the public show.
无论谁昨晚去了市里，都可以去看公共演出。
——What he did yesterday is not clear.
不清楚他昨天干了什么。
——Who will teach us next term is still unknown.
下学期谁教我们还不得而知。
——How the baby comes here is still unknown.
孩子是怎么来的还不知道。
——Where we should go camping hasn't been decided yet.
我们去哪里露营还没有决定。
——Why he leaves here was a secret.
他为什么离开这里还是个秘密。
——That he could sing a song in public surprised us all.
他在公众面前唱歌让我们都很惊讶。
从以上的句子中，我们可知连接代词和连接副词都在句中既保留自己的疑问含义又起连接作用。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用。
为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首，真正主语搁置于句末。
例：
——It is known to us how he became a successful man.
我们都知道他是如何成功的。
这种句式通常有以下形式：
●lt is/was+形容词+主语从句
●lt is/was +名词+主语从句
●It is/was/has been+过去分词+主语从句
●It+不及物动词（seems/happens/appears...）+主语从句
当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，一般用it做形式主语。如在“It doesn't matter how/whether”结构中，it做形式主语。
例：
——lt is quite likely that there will be a storm.
很可能要有暴风雨。
——It has not decided yet when we shall have our sports meeting.
什么时候举行运动会还没决定。
——It has been decided where we are to hold the meeting.
我们开会的地点已经定了。
——It happened that she was absent.
碰巧她不在。
——What a pity it is that you can't stay for dinner!
你不能留下来吃饭多遗憾啊！
——It doesn't matter whether he comes or not.
他爱不来没关系。
在主语从句中用来表示必要、应该如此、惋惜、惊奇等语气时，谓语动词用“（should）+ do”，常用句式如下：
●It is necessary (important, strange, natural, etc.) that...
●It is a pity (shame, no wonder, etc.) that...
●It is ordered (suggested, commanded, proposed, desired, etc.) that...
例：
——lt is suggested that we should hand in a report by next month.
有人建议我们在下个月之前递交一份报告。
——It is a great pity that he should attend Mary's birthday party.
他没参加玛丽的生日派对，真是太可惜了。
——It is necessary that parents attend school's meeting with their children.
家长有必要和孩子一起参加学校的会议。
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫作宾语从句。连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether，whom，who，which，whose，when，where，why，how，whoever，whatever等
例：
——He told me（that he would）go back to the college tomorrow.
他告诉我他明天回校。
从属连词that在句中不做任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如果从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。
——I want to know how he has finished it.
我想知道他是怎样完成的。
——She didn't care what he said about it.
至于他说什么，她并不关心。
——She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
——Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没人知道他是否会通过考试。
——Do you know who has won Go game?
你知道是谁赢得了围棋比赛吗？
——Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Huawei or Nokia cell phone?
你决定买华为手机还是摩托罗拉手机？
——None of us knows where these new car parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的汽车零件能在哪里买到。
动词find、feel、consider、make、believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。
——I think it necessary that we take plenty of water every day.
我认为每天多喝水是有必要的。
——We all find it important that we（should）make a quick decision about this mater.
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要。
有些动词如hate、take、owe、have、see to带宾语从句时，需要在宾语与从句前加it。
例：
——I hate it when they are talking with their mouths full of dirty words.
我讨厌他们满嘴脏话。
——He will have it that our work is excellent.
他会认为我们的工作非常好。
——We take it that you will go to help her.
我们认为你会去帮助她的。
——Please see to it that the door is locked.
请确保门是锁着的。
宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think、believe、imagine、suppose、consider、guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
——I don't think he will agree with me on this matter.
我认为在这个事情上他不会同意我的意见的。
——She couldn't believe（that）it was all happening again.
她简直无法相信整件事又在重演。
在句子中做表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的词有连词that、whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词what，以及as if、as though、because等连词。
例：
——The fact is that he doesn't really try.
事实是他没有做真正的努力。
——The trouble is that I have lost the key to the door.
麻烦的是我把房门钥匙丢了。
——The question is whether there'll be any seats left.
问题是是否还有空座位。
whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
——Singing on the stage is what makes me happy.
在舞台上唱歌是我的快乐源泉。
——You are not who I thought you were.
你已不是我过去所想象的人。
——The problem is who we can get to take care of her.
问题是我们能找到谁去照顾她呢。
——That's why I left her.
这就是我离开她的原因。
——That's where you are wrong.
这就是你不对的地方。
——It looks as if it is going to rain.
看上去天要下雨。
——If I'm a bit sleepy, it's because I was up all night.
如果我有点困，是因为一夜没睡。
——Fame and personal gain is what they're after.
他们追求的是名利。
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它说明其前面名词的具体内容，可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：news、idea、fact、promise、question、doubt、thought、hope、message、suggestion、word（消息）、possibility等。而引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that、whether，连接代词what、who，连接副词how、when、where等。（注：if不能引导同位语从句）
例：
——I heard the news that Gu Ailing had already come back to China.
我听到了谷爱凌回到中国的消息。
——The girls were surprised at the fact that listening to sad music can help you begin to feel joy and hopefulness about your life again.
让姐妹俩感到吃惊的是听悲伤的音乐竟能帮助你重新感受生活的喜悦和希望。
——The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.
我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。
——The idea that sad music can help heal and uplift you from your broken heart is not wrong.
悲伤的音乐可以帮助你治愈受伤的心灵，这种观点没错。
——The girl sings a beautiful song and gave the impression that she is a professional singer.
这姑娘唱歌很好听，给人的印象是职业歌手。
——We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
去哪儿度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
——I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她什么时候回来。
——Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15,2003.
消息传来，中国于2003年10月15日首次成功发射了载人宇宙飞船。
——She hasn't made the decision whether she will go there with her kids.
她还没有决定是否和孩子一起去那里。
——Our technical teacher gave us some advice how we（should）use the computer.
我们的专业技术老师给我们提出了一些使用电脑的建议。
——I have not made up my mind what elective subjects I am to take next term.
我还没有决定好下学期上哪些选修课。
在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一成分的从句叫状语从句，如用来修饰谓语动词、定语、状语等。状语从句通常由从属连词或起连词作用的词组引导。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九类。
时间状语从句的引导词有：when、as、while、as soon as、while、before、after、since、till等。其中，while引导的时间状语从句只能和延续性动词连用；as引导的时间状语从句，主要是为了强调主句和从句的动作是同时发生的；when引导的时间状语从句，可以指主句、从句所描述的动作是同时发生还是先后发生的。
例：
——When you are in a foreign country, you must do in Rome as the Romans do.
当你在外国时，你必须遵守当地习俗。
——We must strike while the iron is hot.
我们必须趁热打铁。
——As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.
他讲话结束的时候听到了掌声。
——I will call you as soon as I arrive there.
我一到就给你打电话。
——I haven't heard from him since he went abroad.
自从他去了国外，我就没有他的音信了。
地点状语从句的常用引导词有where、wherever 等。
例：
——We will go wherever you go.
你们去哪儿，我们去哪儿。
——Keep it where the kids can not reach it.
搁在孩子够不到的地方。
原因状语从句的常用引导词有because、since、as、since 等。
例：
——He will not go to the cinema because he is very busy.
他太忙了，所以不去看电影。
——Since this gadget doesn't work, let's try another.
既然这个小工具不灵，我们就试试另一个吧。
——As you are tired, you should stop working.
既然累了，就别干了。
目的状语从句的常用引导词有so that、in order that 等。
例：
——You must wear bright clothes so that /in order that your friends can recognize you.
你必须穿鲜艳的衣服，以便你的朋友能认出你。
——He surfed the school's website so that he could get an idea about the subject he was studying.
他浏览了学校的网站，以便了解他正在学习的科目。
结果状语从句的常用引导词有 so...that、such...that 等。
例：
——It is such an interesting novel that I want to read it again.
这小说非常有趣，我很想再读一遍。
——The cupboard is so high that I have to stand on the chair to get it.
柜子太高了，我得站在椅子上拿。
——It's such bad weather that we can't go for a picnic.
天气不好，我们不出去野餐。
条件状语从句的常用引导词有 if、unless 等。
例：
——I sleep with the window open unless it's really cold.
天气若不是很冷，我总开着窗户睡觉。
——You can stay for the weekend if you like.
你如果愿意就留在这里过周末吧。
让步状语从句的常用引导词有 though、although、even if、even though 等。
例：
——Even if I had the talent to play tennis, I couldn't stand the pressure.
即使我有打网球的天赋，我也无法承受这种压力。
——Although he's nearly 80, he is still very active.
尽管快80岁了，他还是十分活跃。
比较状语从句的常用引导词有as（同级比较）、than（不同程度的比较）。
例：
——It's not as hard as I thought.
这没有我想象的那么困难。
——There was more whisky in it than soda.
那里面的威士忌比苏打水多。
方式状语从句的常用引导词有as、as if、how 等。
例：
——Leave the papers as they are.
别去动那些文件。
——She lost it, just as I said she would.
我就说了吧，她把它丢了。
并列复合句（Compound-complex Sentence）包含两个或两个以上的独立分句和至少一个从句。
例：
——When I grow up, I want to be a famous actor, and my parents agree with me.
当我长大后，我想成为一名著名的演员，我的父母同意我的观点。
——I will get to watch television, but first, I have to finish my homework as my parents will check it.
我可以看电视，但首先，我必须完成我的家庭作业，因为我的父母会检查。
——Because I like Chinese food, I love China; additionally, I married the Chinese girl.
我因为喜欢中国菜而爱上中国；此外，我还娶了个中国女孩。
1.Try to find 4 types of sentences in the following passage.
(1)China is a multi-religion country.There are indigenous Taoist religion and religions of foreign origin such as Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity.Among the four religions of foreign origin, Buddhism and Islam are comparatively more influencial in China.
Lu Xun once said,“The Chinese roots are deep in Taoism.If one tries to comprehend Chinese history and culture, he must first comprehend Taoism and the Taoist religion.”
The Taoist religion evolved out of witchcraft and necromancy, and self- cultivation techniques.Its highest belief is called Tao and its bible is Daodejing by Laozi.
The Taoist religion was founded by Zhang Daoling in the Eastern Han dynasty and became very popular during the Southern and Northern dynasties.Early followers had to pay five dou of rice，so it was also called the“Religion of Five Dou of Rice（五斗米教）”.
(2)If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was too hard or inconvenient.If we want light, we must conquer darkness.Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its results.“there are only two creatures,”says a proverb,“who can surmount the pyramids—the eagle and the snail.”
(3)As we become conscious of the wisdom in the world within, we mentally take possession of this wisdom, and by taking mental possession we come into actual possession of the power and wisdom necessary to bring into manifestation the essentials necessary for our most com- plete and harmonious development.
The world within is the practical world in which the men and women of power generate courage, hope, enthusiasm, confidence, trust and faith, by which they are given the fine intelligence to see the vision and the practical skill to make the vision real.
2.Combine or change the simple sentences into compound sentences or complex sentences.
(1)Jack gets into trouble.He never seems to lose.
（2）The digital age has begun to transform the way of our lives.
（3）Payment organizations and businesses collect data about our shopping history.Buying habits and preferences are able to predict our needs in the future.
（4）During the course I had to come to realize that change.My world was expanding and new options were opening for me.My father was in his sixties.My father was seeing his world shrink and his options narrow.
（5）These young adults are becoming world citizens.They are becoming aware of other groups in their own culture.They are becoming aware of people of other cultures.
3.Fill in he blanks with the words in the box below.
that, who, when, how, as, that, unless, that, since, if
(1) ______ this gadget doesn't work, let's try another.
(2)What a pity it is ______ you can't stay for dinner!
(3)The problem is ______ we can get to take care of her.
(4)We all find it important ______ we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
(5)I have no idea ______ she will be back.
(6)I want to know ______ he has finished it.
(7)Leave the papers ______ they are.
(8) ______ one tries to comprehend Chinese history and culture, he must first comprehend Taoism and the Taoist religion.”
(9)I sleep with the window open ______ it's really cold.
(10)Word came ______ China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15,2003.
4.Identify the errors in the underlined sentences and correct them.You can add a word when necessary.
There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral.
Great numbers of animal oil come from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world.(1) To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick cover of fat called blubber.(2) When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped of fand boiled down, either board the ship or on shore.(3) It produces a great quantity of oil which can be made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, and none so much as the whale.(4) The livers of the cod and the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil.Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who children; the need certain vitamins. These oils may be bought at any chemist.(5) Vegetable ships with the oil has been known from antiquity No household can not get on without it, (6) for it is used in cooking.To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another.But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, one almost always means mineral oil, (7) the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives; the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machineries.(8)This is the oil that has changed the life of the common men. (9)To it we owe the existence of the motor- car, which has replaced whatever the private horse-drawing carriage.(10)