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1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
Decades of scientific research show that stress and anxiety are prevalent problems at work, contributing to deficits in employee morale, well-being, and productivity. 1 anxiety is caused by a range of 2 , including issues unrelated to people’s jobs, one common and 3 cause is something specific to the workplace: incompetent leadership.
Managers and leaders have a 4 effect on their employees’ stress and anxiety levels. 5 they say, feel, and do hugely influences their team’s 6 and emotional well-being.And the more senior leaders are, the more people they are likely to influence—positively and 7 .
8 sadly, far too few leaders are aware that they have this power.And many are overconfident in their leadership skills, 9 a gap between their perceived and actual levels of 10 .This explains why even well-meaning bosses may inadvertently 11 high anxiety levels in their employees and have a 12 capacity to correct and improve their behavior: 13 you think you are leading effectively, what is the point of changing?
It is for this 14 that leaders must pay a great deal of 15 to how they act and communicate.The importance of this is exacerbated during times of increased uncertainty, 16 we often look to leaders to guide us in the face of fear, to provide us with 17 and direction, and, most of all, to give us reasons to 18 hopeful and optimistic.
If you are a manager or a leader, it is useful to 19 some key psychological lessons about how your behavior—what you say, do, feel, and express— 20 your team, especially when you are not aware of it.
1.[A] Because [B] Since [C] While [D] When
2.[A] factors [B] incentive [C] lure [D] components
3.[A] pervasive [B] meaningless [C] subtle [D] unnoticed
4.[A] muted [B] short [C] slight [D] direct
5.[A] Whether [B] Which [C] What [D] That
6.[A] collective [B] personal [C] physical [D] individual
7.[A] rapidly [B] slowly [C] excessively [D] negatively
8.[A] Then [B] But [C] Though [D] Therefore
9.[A] creating [B] melting [C] narrowing [D] spreading
10.[A] competence [B] stress [C] feeling [D] anxiety
11.[A] account for [B] contribute to [C] result from [D] root in
12.[A] formidable [B] mighty [C] irrational [D] limited
13.[A] If [B] Although [C] When [D] Unless
14.[A] approach [B] reason [C] way [D] element
15.[A] attraction [B] price [C] attention [D] energy
16.[A] so [B] as [C] then [D] whereas
17.[A] protection [B] pleasure [C] money [D] clarity
18.[A] attain [B] promote [C] remain [D] prove
19.[A] confirm [B] resume [C] assume [D] internalize
20.[A] undermine [B] impact [C] force [D] impress
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）
Barely 18 months have elapsed since the former Transport Secretary Grant Shapps unveiled the blueprint for a “revolutionary” Great British Railways, but it already has the flavour of an optimistic misnomer.Even an adequate British railway would be welcomed by those passengers stranded by everything from Avanti’s collapse to failing infrastructure and unprecedented strikes.
Rail’s financial structures, credited by proponents of privatization with revitalizing the industry for 25 years, have been ripped up.The pandemic played a hugely damaging role, prompting the blanket scrapping of franchising as passenger revenue disappeared.But COVID-19 arguably only accelerated the death of a system that was already acknowledged to be falling apart.
The Williams-Shapps review, commissioned back in 2018, long discussing and long delayed, ended up with the proposed creation of Great British Railways—a guiding mind, bringing together Network Rail and train operators, issuing better contracts, with sensible fares and ticketing, putting passengers first and independent of government micromanagement.Few in the industry argued with the conclusions.But few now are sure exactly when—or if—they will be followed through.
Even before Shapps departed, the Department for Transport’s officials found themselves in an unexpected battle.A year after the plan was released, fundamental aspects were not agreed with the Treasury.Civil servants have grown increasingly disillusioned with progress, despite the millions spent, the time invested, and the teams of consultants employed.
The announcement of headquarters of GBR is apparently one of the first in the in-tray of new transport secretary, Anne-Marie Trevelyan—even if rail’s wider suffering may not end soon.But, as one rail source puts it: “Something’s got to give.The industry’s in a complete mess, there’s no certainty.GBR was meant to be the future.Delaying it is just prolonging the paralysis.”
The mini-budget unveiled by the Chancellor is unlikely to help: announcing plans to stop strikes and hamper unions asking for a cost-of-living pay rise, while effectively raising the pay of bosses across the negotiating table—let alone its wider economic effects on the industry.The promise to “accelerate infrastructure schemes”, such as Northern Powerhouse Rail, listed vaguely at No.96 in the appendix of the growth plan, received a sceptical welcome from an industry which has waited years for a basic pipeline of works to be updated.Those closer to the flagship schemes already approved, such as East-West Rail, are already hinting they are more likely to be abandoned.
Reform may instead come from a different political direction: Labour, leading strongly in the polls since Friday, reaffirmed at conference its commitment to Re-nationalization of rail as train operators’ contracts expire.Unless GBR is up and running by 2024, it may find it has run out of track.
21.The passengers even welcome a tolerable railway because __________.
[A] Great British Railways would make a difference
[B] they have suffered from a dysfunctional railway system
[C] they like the blueprint for a revolutionary railway company
[D] the infrastructure of the railways is decayed
22.Which of the following mainly contributes to the collapse of the rail’s financial structures?
[A] A decrease in the number of passengers.
[B] The outbreak of the new coronavirus.
[C] The cancellation of franchising system.
[D] The intrinsic problems in the railways.
23.According to the proposition, the Great British Railways would benefit __________.
[A] passengers with improved services
[B] the government with fine micromanagement
[C] consultants for more job openings
[D] train operators for more financial support
24.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that one problem of GBR plan is __________.
[A] the shutdown of several rail lines
[B] the disagreement within the government
[C] its wrongly-directed implementation
[D] the dramatic mess it has caused
25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Passengers got stuck in British rails
[B] The uncertain future of Great British Railways
[C] Rapid growth of rail industry due to privatisation
[D] A perfect solution to the rail industry in trouble
Scientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to stem the tide of extinction often focus efforts on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves.But with as many as a million species at risk, this strategy may not be enough to conserve wildlife, especially in a world increasingly disrupted by climate change.
Slowing the mass extinction that now appears to be underway will require more creative means of coexisting alongside wild plants and animals.A recent study underlines the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining indigenous-managed lands.
“We show really strongly that, from a biodiversity standpoint in terms of species richness, indigenous-managed lands are at least comparable to protected areas,” says biologist Richard Schuster of Carleton University.And in some places, they far surpass parks and preserves—even though indigenous communities may utilize their lands’ resources by hunting or searching for food.
Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15,000 areas in Australia, Brazil and Canada.They found that the total diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles was highest on lands either managed or co-managed by indigenous groups, whereas randomly selected locations with no formal protection were the least biodiverse.For threatened species in particular, indigenous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada, as well as higher for threatened amphibians and reptiles in Australia, mammals in Brazil, and birds and reptiles in Canada.The results were published last November in Environmental Science and Policy .
Each country has a different geography and climate.Yet remarkably, Schuster says, the best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by an indigenous community.He points out that practices such as sustainable hunting and fishing, as well as prescribed burning, are more likely to occur in such areas.Don Hankins, an ecologist at California State University, Chico, who is a member of the Plains Miwok indigenous nation and was not involved in the study, agrees.“There’s probably going to be more of a connection to the land,” he says, “and a use of the land for the things that are there, compared to a national park.”
“It’s really important to listen to the people who live on the land and have them drive the management efforts going forward,” Schuster says, adding that partnering with indigenous communities may enable the world’s countries to better meet a wide range of conservation goals: “We really need all the help we can get as a global community to avert the extinction crisis that we’re facing right now.”
26.Traditional conservation programs may not fully work in that __________.
[A] they expand conservation beyond their original boundaries
[B] they have paid insufficient attention to protected areas
[C] about one million plant and animal species are facing extinction
[D] the strategy they choose is disrupted by global warming
27.By examining indigenous-managed lands, the new study emphasizes __________.
[A] the land-management practices of indigenous communities
[B] the importance of autonomy for indigenous regions
[C] the biological diversity of protected areas
[D] the necessity of dealing with the extinction crisis
28.The analysis of Schuster and his team is mentioned to illustrate __________.
[A] indigenous communities always hunt or search for food
[B] indigenous-managed lands may outperform protected areas
[C] indigenous communities may exploit their lands’ resources
[D] randomly selected locations were biodiverse
29.Don Hankins holds that in indigenous communities, people __________.
[A] consider biodiversity more when exploiting lands
[B] are excluded from using their lands
[C] have not achieved the original goal of conservation
[D] need to publicize their experience of land management
30.In the last paragraph, Schuster’s attitude towards indigenous communities is one of __________.
[A] indifference
[B] skepticism
[C] objectiveness
[D] appreciation
It is no surprise to learn that doctors in England are increasingly prescribing antidepressants to children, breaking National Institute for Health and Care Excellence （NICE）guidelines.The pressures on children’s mental health services mean that accessing specialist treatment on the NHS is harder than ever before.Similarly, a decision by NICE to recommend the use of cognitive behavioural therapy apps, as a treatment for young people, points to the lack of any other way to meet rising demand.
The NHS’s guidelines are clear: under-18s should only be prescribed antidepressants in conjunction with talking therapies, and with the approval of a psychiatrist.The sole exception is in cases of obsessive compulsive disorder.But long waiting lists and unmanageable caseloads mean that many children are struggling to access the kind of help they need—and the kind of attention from qualified professionals that is most likely to make them better.Staff in overstretched children and adolescent mental health services describe a situation in which almost all clinicians’ time is spent identifying problems and managing risks—and very little of it directly helping children.
Thresholds for referring patients have been raised so high, with a view to conserving scarce resources, that in some cases children who are seriously distressed, or in danger, have been refused care because they do not meet criteria.The government is facing demands for a public inquiry, after an investigation found that three teenage girls were failed by a mental health hospital in north-east England.Maria Caulfield, the minister for mental health, acknowledges that this sequence of events was not a one-off, and the families are right to insist that lessons must be learned.
But no inquiry is needed to establish that children’s mental health services are at—and in some cases beyond—breaking point.Where budgets have been increased, they have in many cases been used to employ education mental health practitioners （EMHPs）, working in support teams, with just 60 days’ worth of training.Such staff can make a contribution.But they are not qualified to deal with the kinds of complex conditions and home circumstances that growing numbers of young people are dealing with.
Some young people may be helped by the new apps, although the evidence so far is weak and the recommendation is pending a consultation.There may be occasions where a child’s doctor sees no alternative to an antidepressant prescription.But the NICE guidelines are evidence-based and exist for a reason.If children are so unwell that a doctor believes they need pills, the NHS ought to be able to refer them for talking therapy.After the disruption to education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, prompt diagnosis and treatment of young people with mental health conditions should be a national priority.The next generation must be helped to grow up healthy.
31.Faced with the rising demand for mental health services, NICE __________.
[A] allows the doctors to break its guidelines
[B] issues more medical licenses to applicants
[C] advises young people to use some therapy apps
[D] recommends the use of antidepressants
32.Many children are hard to get the treatment they need because __________.
[A] the hospitals lack leading professionals
[B] their syndromes are unmanageable
[C] the clinicians neglect their duties
[D] there are too many people on the waiting list
33.The incident of three teenage girls is mentioned to illustrate __________.
[A] the pressure on government in mental health care
[B] the importance of demands for a public inquiry
[C] the inefficient mental health hospitals in north-east England
[D] the rigorous standards for patient transfer to save resources
34.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the EMHPs __________.
[A] are the main causes for increased budgets in services
[B] can address home circumstances such as domestic violence
[C] can provide interventions in serious mental illnesses
[D] are the medical staff serving in an auxiliary role
35.According to the author, the matter of great urgency for the nation is to __________.
[A] make sure the next generation grow up healthy
[B] provide treatment for the youth with a mental disorder
[C] finalize the recommendation for the apps quickly
[D] ask the NHS to refer child-patients to specialists
The prospect of a cleaner motor vehicle fleet is drawing closer.In November 2020, the UK government announced that a ban on new petrol and diesel car sales would be brought forward to 2030.Advances in battery technology mean the tipping point at which electric vehicles become cheaper than other types, without subsidies, could come within five years.Fast-charging electric car batteries are on the horizon, with five-minute “fill up” times in sight.
This is good news for the climate, with transport emissions one of the biggest obstacles to meeting reductions targets, nationally and globally.Also welcome for the UK is the announcement by Nissan that in future it will source 62 kilowatt-hour batteries for its popular Leaf model from the factory next door to its Sunderland car plant, instead of importing them from the US.
On vehicle emissions, there is some way to go.While last year saw a 43% rise in electric car sales, they made up just 4.2% of the total.So far, Norway is the only country where they are the most popular cars.SUVs have been the second largest cause of rising global emissions over the previous decade—and worryingly their sales continue to rise in Britain.Much work remains to be done to stop people choosing vehicles that are making the world’s biggest problem worse.The joy in Sunderland ought to be tempered by the fact that Nissan will continue making its SUV Qashqai there.The benefits for the workforce should blind no one to the environmental risks.
Plans to limit emissions from heavy goods vehicles are also needed.Last month the Committee on Climate Change recommended a ban on diesel HGVs by 2040, which it said was necessary if the UK is to meet the target of net zero by 2050.With the freight industry facing severe disruption because of Brexit, new environmental goals are likely to meet resistance.
But with electric vehicles responsible for around 30% less carbon dioxide than fossil-fuel-powered cars in the UK （in France, where the electricity supply is cleaner, the figure is nearer 70%）, the path to a greener transport future is becoming clearer.As with solar and wind energy, prices are falling faster than expected, and battery technology is an important part of the green investment strategy that should follow the pandemic.
Electric cars do not remove the need for other affordable transport options, or for big reductions in overall road traffic, especially in cities.Battery disposal is a problem, as is the use of coal power in some manufacturing.But since cars are part of life, it is good that they are getting greener.
36.The progress in battery technology will bring about __________.
[A] reduced transport emission
[B] more new petrol and diesel cars
[C] Leaf model’s suspension of production
[D] electric vehicles subsidies
37.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that __________.
[A] Norway enjoys better sales of electric cars than petro vehicles
[B] measures have been taken in Britain to reduce the sales of SUVs
[C] petrol cars have been the main cause of carbon dioxide emission
[D] Sunderland is willing to allow the manufacturing of SUVs there
38.New environmental goals will be hindered in that __________.
[A] a ban on diesel HGVs has been proposed
[B] the goal of net zero is hard to obtain
[C] the carbon dioxide emission is lowered
[D] Brexit caused a disturbance in the freight industry
39.The emission figures in the UK and in France in Paragraph 5 are mentioned to show __________.
[A] a more distinct way to eco-friendly prospect of transportation
[B] a decrease of carbon dioxide emission of fossil-powered cars
[C] an increase in costs of solar and wind energy
[D] a need to employ battery technology to develop clean energy
40.The author’s attitude towards the use of electric cars is __________.
[A] uncertain
[B] supportive
[C] indifferent
[D] skeptical
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
The global economy is structured around growth—the idea that firms, industries and nations must increase production every year, regardless of whether it is needed.This dynamic is driving climate change and ecological breakdown.High-income economies, and the corporations and wealthy classes that dominate them, are mainly responsible for this problem and consume energy and materials at unsustainable rates.
Researchers in ecological economics call for a different approach—degrowth.Wealthy economies should abandon growth of gross domestic product （GDP）as a goal, scale down destructive and unnecessary forms of production to reduce energy and material use, and focus economic activity around securing human needs and well-being.Policies to support such a strategy include the following.
Reduce less-necessary production.This means scaling down destructive sectors such as fossil fuels, mass-produced meat and dairy, fast fashion, advertising, cars and aviation, including private jets.（41）_____________________________
Introduce a green jobs guarantee.This would train and mobilize labour around urgent social and ecological objectives, such as installing renewables, insulating buildings, regenerating ecosystems and improving social care.（42）_____________________________ It could be paired with a universal income policy.
Remove dependencies on growth.Economies today depend on growth in several ways.（43）_____________________________ Researchers need to identify and address such ‘growth dependencies’ on a sector-by-sector basis.For example, the ‘trustee duty’ of company directors needs to be changed.
Fund public services.Governments must stop subsidies for fossil-fuel extraction.They should tax ecologically damaging industries such as air travel and meat production.Wealth taxes can also be used to increase public resources and reduce inequality.Governments that issue their own currency can use this power to finance social and ecological objectives.（44）_____________________________
Manage working-time reductions.Trials of shorter working hours have generally reported positive outcomes.Most trials have focused on the public sector, mainly in northern Europe.However, the companies were self-selecting, and research is needed to test whether this approach can succeed more widely, for example outside the white-collar industries that dominate the trials.（45）_____________________________ Such pressures need to be studied and addressed.
[A] Some countries, regions and cities have already introduced elements of these policies.Many European nations guarantee free health care and education ; Vienna and Singapore are renowned for high-quality public housing ; and nearly 100 cities worldwide offer free public transport.
[B] Outcomes from France’s experiments with a 35-hour week have been mixed: although many people benefited, some lower-paid and less-skilled workers experienced stagnant wages and more-intense work.
[C] At the same time, there is a need to end the planned obsolescence of products, lengthen their lifespans and reduce the purchasing power of the rich.
[D] Welfare is often funded by tax revenues.Private pension providers rely on stock-market growth for financial returns.Firms cite projected growth to attract investors.
[E] A programme of this type would end unemployment and ensure a just transition out of jobs for workers in declining industries or ‘sunset sectors’, such as those dependent on fossil fuels.
[F] They need to examine the provisioning systems for housing, transportation, communication, health care, education and food.
[G] This approach was used to bail out banks after the global financial crisis of 2007–8 and to pay for furlough schemes and hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
In the past office was a place for employees to get the work done, whatever form that took.Now other conceptions of its role compete for attention.Some think of the office as the new offsite.Its purpose is to get people together in person so they can do the things remote working makes harder: forging deeper relationships or collaborating in real time on specific projects.（46） Others talk about the office as a destination, a place that has to make the idea of getting out of bed earlier, in order to mingle with people who may have COVID-19, seem attractive.
In other words, a layout that is largely devoted to people working at crowded desks alongside the same colleagues each day feels very 2019.With fewer people coming in and more emphasis on collaboration, fewer desks will be assigned to individuals.Instead, there will be more shared areas, or “neighborhoods”, where people in a team can work together flexibly.
（47） To bridge gaps between teams, one tactic is to set aside more of the office to present the work of each department, so that people who never encounter each other on Zoom can see examples of what their colleagues do. Another option is to supply everyone with drink.Expect more space to be set aside for socialising and events.Bars in offices are apparently going to be a thing.
Designs for the post-Covid office must also allow for hybrid work.（48） Meetings have to work for virtual participants as well as for in-person contributors: cameras, screens and microphones will proliferate. Variety will be another theme.People may plan to work in groups in the morning, but need to concentrate on something in the afternoon.（49） Ryan Anderson from a furniture firm likens the difference between the pre-and-post-pandemic office to that between a hotel and a home. Hotels are largely given over to rooms for individuals.“Home is thought of as a place for a family over years, hosting lots of different activities.”
If socializing and flexibility are two of the themes of the post-pandemic office, a third is data.（50） Property and HR managers alike will want more data in order to understand how facilities are being used, and dates and times on which people are bunching in the office.
In reality, pragmatic considerations—how much time is left on the lease, the physical constraints if a building’s layout, uncertainty about the path of the pandemic—will determine the pace of change.Whatever happens, the office won’t be what it was.
51.Directions:
You are to write an email to Jack, one of your foreign friends who is interested in Chinese culture, introducing one of traditional Chinese festivals.You should state reasons for your recommendation.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name.Use “Li Ming” instead.（10 points）
52.Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below.In your writing, you should
1）interpret the chart, and
2）give your comments.
You should write about 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.（20 points）
某高校对垃圾分类箱是否进教室的调查结果