下载掌阅APP，畅读海量书库
立即打开
1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
Many look to AI-powered tools to address the need to scale high-quality education and with good reason.A 1 in educational content from online courses and the contemporary renaissance in AI seem to provide the conditions 2 to deliver personalized learning at scale.However, technology has a poor track record for 3 social issues without creating unintended harm.What negative effects can we 4 , and how can we refine the objectives of AI researchers to account for such unintended consequences?
For decades the holy grail of AI for education has been the creation of an autonomous tutor: an algorithm that can monitor students’ progress, 5 what they know and what motivates them, and provide an optimal, 6 learning experience.With 7 to an autonomous tutor, students can learn from home, anywhere in the world. 8 , autonomous tutors of 2020 look quite different from this ideal.Education with auto-tutors usually 9 students with problems designed to be easy for the algorithm to interpret—as 10 to joyful for the learner.
Current algorithms can’t read motivation, and are far from engendering 11 learning gains, instead focusing on engaging students for the short term.The technical challenges are 12 : building the ideal auto-tutor could be as 13 as reaching true general AI.The research community has seen this as a challenge: we simply need to 14 our technical shortcomings to achieve the utopian dream.
15 is the auto-tutor utopia a dream worth building toward? We offer some dangers that 16 use of artificially intelligent systems such as auto-tutors and call for research into 17 that harness the potential good from application of AI in education, mitigating the risks.We believe our 19 of thoughtfully developed AI systems working in tandem with naturally intelligent humans can 20 a broad community of learners around the world.
1.[A] surge [B]decline [C] change [D] stability
2.[A] harmful [B] insufficient [C] necessary [D] dispensable
3.[A] finding [B] widening [C] creating [D] solving
4.[A] predict [B] harness [C] utilize [D] interfere
5.[A] overturn [B] understand [C] control [D] undermine
6.[A] insecure [B] unstable [C] adaptive [D] adoptable
7.[A] help [B] access [C] employment [D] demand
8.[A] However [B] Then [C] Thus [D] Therefore
9.[A] equips [B] provides [C] obliges [D] engages
10.[A] identical [B] similar [C] opposed [D] objective
11.[A] long-term [B] short-term [C] slow-moving [D] rapid-fire
12.[A] muted [B] enormous [C] limited [D] unaltered
13.[A] similarly [B] hard [C] easily [D] slowly
14.[A] accommodate [B] modify [C] overcome [D] distinguish
15.[A] Meanwhile [B] Hence [C] Otherwise [D] But
16.[A] contribute to [B] depend on [C] account for [D] arise from
17.[A] approaches [B] reasons [C] outcomes [D] possibilities
18.[A] because [B] though [C] since [D] while
19.[A] illusion [B] view [C] vision [D] imagination
20.[A] acquire [B] support [C] establish [D] rein
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）
Success in manufacturing depends on physical things: creating the best product using the best equipment with components assembled in the most efficient way.Success in the service economy is dependent on the human element: picking the right staff members and motivating them correctly.If manufacturing is akin to science, then services are more like the arts.
Motivating people has an extra complexity.Widgets do not know when they are being manipulated.Workers make connections with their colleagues, for social or work reasons, which the management might not have anticipated.
Marissa King is professor of organisational behaviour at the Yale School of Management, where she tries to make sense of these networks.She attempts a classification in her new book, “Social Chemistry: Decoding The Elements of Human Connection”.
The term “networking” has developed unfortunate connotations, suggesting the kind of person who sucks up to senior staff and ignores colleagues who are unlikely to help them win promotion.Ms King cites a study which found that two-thirds of newly promoted professionals were ambivalent about, or completely resistant to, thinking strategically about their social relationships.
From the point of view of productivity, the most important networks are those formed by employees from different parts of the company.Diverse viewpoints should lead to greater creativity.They are good for workers, too.A study found that catching up with colleagues in different departments was linked to salary growth and employee satisfaction.
Some employers had the bright idea of encouraging this co-operation by moving to open-plan offices.But research suggests that workers in open-plan layouts are less productive, less creative and less motivated than those in offices with a traditional, room-based design.The quality of interactions is more important than the quantity.The pandemic, by forcing many people to toil away at home, has probably corroded some of these co-operative arrangements.
Ms King says that people tend to construct three types of network.“Expansionists” have a wide set of contacts but their relationships tend to be shallow.“Conveners” have a small number of relationships, but these are more intense.“Brokers” link people from different network types.
On the surface, this categorisation seems reasonable.How useful is it? Readers can take an online test to see which category they fall into.I did so and found that I did not fit into any of them.Indeed, the author’s research shows that one in three people does not have a clearly defined style and 20-25% could be classed as mixed （for example, they are simultaneously brokers and expansionists）.In other words, more than half of people cannot be neatly categorised.
21.Success in the service economy is determined by __________.
[A] effectively assembling machine components
[B] inspiring workers to achieve a greater productivity
[C] cultivating staff’s artistic accomplishments
[D] building social connections under instructions
22.Ms King cites the study of newly promoted professionals to show that __________.
[A] the word “network” carries a negative meaning
[B] they pay due attention to strategical thinking
[C] they have a snobbish dislike for their inferiors
[D] they are obsessed with their social relationships
23.Staff from different departments of a company __________.
[A] can form three types of network
[B] can construct a better network
[C] may impact employee satisfaction
[D] can create more value for the company
24.We learn from Paragraph 6 that open-plan offices __________.
[A] are a clever idea for encouraging co-operation
[B] make company employees more productive
[C] may not facilitate high-quality interactions
[D] weaken all of the co-operative arrangements
25.What’s the author’s attitude toward the categorisation of the networks?
[A] Skeptical.
[B] Ambiguous.
[C] Supportive.
[D] Critical.
For the three centuries or so since the fossil-fuel age began in earnest, living standards and carbon emissions have risen hand in hand.Coal, then oil and natural gas, all brought prosperity while also raising global temperatures.This link has led some environmentalists and scientists to argue that only a programme of “degrowth”—reducing the pace of improvements in overall prosperity, or reversing them altogether—would avoid the worst effects of climate change.
Yet over the past decade a growing number of countries have managed to increase their GDP while reducing their emissions.After a peak in 2007 America reduced its territorial emissions from 6.13bn tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent to 5.26bn before the pandemic.And that is not because Americans are simply importing their toys and electronics from dirtier places.Strikingly, consumption emissions, which include a measure of the carbon embedded in imports, have fallen by 15% over the same period.
Decoupling is largely a result of two big shifts.One is the changing structure of economies.As countries became richer they expanded their service sectors, which use less energy than manufacturing.Second, imports are getting greener.In the decade after the financial crisis, the export sector in the Eastern countries decarbonised faster than the rest of their economy.This has helped reduce the total carbon footprint of Western countries.
This decoupling is unambiguously good news.But, with the link unbroken in many poorer countries, it has not been enough to reduce the pace of increase in global emissions.The task is therefore to speed up decoupling.That will not only demonstrate that tackling climate change and improving living standards can go together; it will also allow poorer parts of the world to use more of the remaining global carbon budget to get richer.
Hearteningly, there are reasons to think such an acceleration is possible.So far, decoupling has been achieved largely by reducing the energy needed per unit of output.But there are big gains to be had from making energy greener in the first place.Thanks to investment in renewables and greater electrification, such gains could soon be realised.That might even boost long-term growth: an economy that must scrimp and save to conserve energy is less dynamic than one in which power is green, abundant and cheap.
Some environmentalists may fret that celebrating such good news can have an adverse effect, by breeding complacency or making fighting climate change seem less urgent.In fact, the lack of a trade-off between improving living standards and tackling climate change should be a reason to go faster still.It means one less excuse for timidity in the latest UN Climate Change conference.
26.According to some environmentalists and scientists, the “degrowth” scheme would ________.
[A] pose a challenge to global temperatures
[B] contribute to the pace of overall prosperity
[C] prevent the worst impacts of climate change
[D] help reverse extreme weather conditions
27.Carbon emissions situation in the United States is cited to show that _________.
[A] some countries have increased their GDP while cutting emissions
[B] Americans import toys and electronics from more polluted countries
[C] the carbon content of imported products is steadily declining
[D] the consumption emissions have increased over the past decade
28.Which of the following contributes to the mentioned decoupling?
[A] the greener imported products
[B] the richer service sectors
[C] the changing export sectors
[D] the expanding economies
29.One of the best approaches to speeding up decoupling should be _________.
[A] cutting close relationships between many poorer countries
[B] improving people’s livelihood while addressing climate change
[C] making the best use of the remaining global carbon budget
[D] reducing the energy needed in the manufacturing process
30.The author’s attitude towards the prospect of decoupling is _________.
[A] worried
[B] ambiguous
[C] hopeful
[D] critical
For more than a decade, unprecedented amounts of cheap money have encouraged companies to outsource innovation through M&A.Too many CEOs have fallen into the comfort zone of strategizing with bankers and external advisors, scheming about which company to buy—and neglecting to build their internal capacity for innovation.
In particular, leadership loses interest in internal innovation when interest rates are low because cheap money creates the illusion that acquisitions are easy.When funding is plentiful, executives can readily execute and justify deals, so they pour all their energy into buying companies instead of empowering internal research and development （R&D）.But the more a company ignores internal innovation, the more aggressively it must acquire.As it buys more and more outside firms to boost its own innovative capacity, it simultaneously struggles to retain key R&D talent because its internal culture is no longer sufficiently supportive of innovation.I call this the financial control trap because it cedes innovation to financial deal-making.
Even in flush times, this cycle eventually risks the company’s failure altogether, as time and money get spent without sustainably generating any new innovations.Now, as the era of low interest rates and cheap money ends, many companies urgently need a new approach to strategic governance.To escape the trap, companies must replace the top-down approach of M&A with a more inclusive and bottom-up approach to innovation.For that reason, effective innovation strategy is inclusive and bottom-up.The financial control trap ignores that truth; and by seeking innovation outside the firm, it weakens internal capabilities.
There’s one question I frequently get when explaining the financial control trap: Why can’t the board prevent the company from falling into it? Too often, well-meaning “best practices,” such as ensuring board independence, have estranged the directors from strategy and innovation processes and unintentionally privileged financial control.Board members are not encouraged to go deep into the company’s operations but are instead valued for their networks and introductions they can make to outside firms, including for prospective acquisitions.As a result, boards usually end up facilitating acquisitions rather than pushing executives to build internal innovation.
If there’s a silver line in higher interest rates, it’s that M&A will look less alluring.Companies still need to work to avoid the financial control trap, and that requires executives to recognize the importance of internal innovation driven from the bottom up.To do this, ask yourself: how often am I looking for innovation outside my organization’s walls? And how often do I ask my team what they’re seeing and what they think we should try? The more you do the former relative to the latter, the more at risk you are.The ideas and insights you need are the ones from people who know your company from within and know your customers.
31.According to Paragraph 1, cheap money has given companies the impetus to __________.
[A] expand the comfort zone for bankers
[B] seek innovation outside the companies
[C] develop a strategy for innovation investment
[D] establish their internal innovation capacity
32.If funding is sufficient, executives would __________.
[A] prefer internal research and development
[B] increase their interest in internal innovation
[C] place great emphasis on acquiring companies
[D] intend to avoid their financial control trap
33.It can be learned from Paragraph 3, the effective innovative strategy relies on __________.
[A] the top-down approach of M&A
[B] sustainable cheap money
[C] external talents introduction
[D] innovative efforts from within
34.The well-intentioned “best practices” often resulted in __________.
[A] alienating board members from the company’s operations
[B] deemphasizing board members’ financial control
[C] a necessary capital injection from outside firms
[D] an encouragement to build internal innovation
35.To avoid the financial control trap, executives may need to __________.
[A] accelerate the search for innovation outside the company
[B] strike a balance between internal and external innovation
[C] preserve the vitality and frequency of external innovation
[D] attach importance to people knowing the company from within
State and local authorities from New Hampshire to San Francisco have begun banning the use of facial-recognition technology.Their suspicion is well founded: these algorithms make lots of mistakes, particularly when it comes to identifying women and people of color.Even if the tech gets more accurate, facial recognition will unleash an invasion of privacy that could make anonymity impossible.Unfortunately, bans on its use by local governments have done little to curb adoption by businesses from start-ups to large corporations.That expanding reach is why this technology requires federal regulations—and it needs them now.
Automated face-recognition programs do have advantages, such as their ability to turn a person’s unique appearance into a biometric ID that can let phone users unlock their devices with a glance and allow airport security to quickly confirm travelers’ identities.To train such systems, researchers feed a variety of photographs to a machine-learning algorithm, which learns the features that are most salient to matching an image with an identity.The more data they amass, the more reliable these programs become.
Too often, though, the algorithms are deployed prematurely.In London, for example, police have begun using artificial-intelligence systems to scan surveillance footage in an attempt to pick out wanted criminals as they walk by—despite an independent review that found this system labeled suspects accurately only 19 percent of the time.An inaccurate system could falsely accuse innocent citizens of being miscreants, earmarking law-abiding people for tracking, harassment or arrest.This becomes a civil-rights issue because the algorithms are more likely to misidentify people of color.
Even if someone releases improved facial-recognition software capable of high accuracy across every demographic, this technology will still be a threat.Because algorithms can scan video footage much more quickly than humans can, facial recognition allows for constant surveillance of a population.
The government needs to protect all its citizens against these kinds of measures.But existing bans on the technology create an inconsistent patchwork of regulations: some regions have no restrictions on facial recognition, others ban police from applying it, and still others prevent any government agencies or employees from using it.
Federal regulations are clearly needed.They should require the hundreds of existing facial-recognition programs, many created by private companies, to undergo independent review by a government task force.The tech must meet a high standard of accuracy and demonstrate fairness across all demographic groups, and even if it meets those criteria, humans, not algorithms, should check a program’s output before taking action on its recommendations.Facial recognition must also be included in broader privacy regulations that limit surveillance of the general population.Technologies that threaten the right to privacy must be controlled.
36.Facial-recognition technology is in urgent need of federal regulations because __________.
[A] it has invaded privacy and been banned by many states
[B] it is strongly suspected by states and local authorities
[C] its range of application is increasingly expanding
[D] its algorithms are often biased or highly inaccurate
37.The word “salient”（Line 5, Paragraph 2）is closest in meaning to __________.
[A] identical
[B] distinctive
[C] common
[D] weird
38.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that an inaccurate system __________.
[A] has been put into use around the world
[B] can be used to check surveillance footage
[C] is easier to identify people of different colors
[D] fails to effectively identify the criminals
39.The existing prohibits on the technology leads to __________.
[A] a conflicting mixture of regulations
[B] no restrictions on facial recognition
[C] some limitations on the scope of IT application
[D] oppositions from governments and employees
40.According to the last paragraph, the government is supposed to __________.
[A] apply facial-recognition programs among the general population
[B] conduct independent review to the existing facial-recognition programs
[C] achieve a high standard in accuracy and show fairness across all groups
[D] take preventive measures based on the program’s recommendations
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
We are often told that there are no shortcuts in life.But the brain—even the brain of a rat—is wired in a way that completely ignores this kind of advice.The organ, in fact, epitomizes a shortcut-finding machine.
（41）____________________ Tolman performed a curious experiment in which a hungry rat ran across an unpainted circular table into a dark, narrow corridor.The rat turned left, then right, and then took another right and scurried to the far end of a well-lit narrow strip, where, finally, a cup of food awaited.There were no choices to be made.The rat had to follow the one available winding path, and so it did, time and time again, for four days.
On the fifth day, as the rat once again ran straight across the table into the corridor, it hit a wall—the path was blocked.（42）____________________ Overnight, the circular table had turned into a sunburst arena.Instead of one track, there were now 18 radial paths to explore, all branching off from the sides of the table.After venturing out a few inches on a few different paths, the rat finally chose to run all the way down path number six, the one leading directly to the food.
Taking the path straight to the food cup without prior experience may seem trivial, but from the perspective of behavioral psychologists at the time, the rat’s navigational accomplishment was a remarkable feat.（43）____________________ When stimuli in the environment reliably produce a successful response, neural connections that represent this association get strengthened.
（44）____________________ But the behavioral switchboard was unable to explain the ability to correctly choose a shortcut immediately without having first experienced that specific path.Shortcuts and many other intriguing observations along these lines lent support to a rival school of thought publicized by theorists who believe that in the course of learning, a map gets established in a rat’s brain.Tolman—a proponent of that school—coined the term: the cognitive map.
According to Tolman, the brain does more than just learn the direct associations among stimuli.Indeed, such associations are often brittle, rendered outdated by changes in the environment.As psychologists have learned in the decades since Tolman’s work, the brain also builds, stores and uses mental maps.（45）____________________ The hungry rat in Tolman’s experiment must have remembered the location of the food, inferred the angle to it and chosen the route most likely to bring it to its goal.Quite simply, it must have built a model of the environment.
Such model building or mapmaking extends to more than physical space.Mental maps may exist at the core of many of our most “human” capacities, including memory, imagination, inferences, abstract reasoning and even the dynamics of social interactions.Researchers have begun to explore whether mental maps document how close or distant one individual is to another and where that individual resides in a group’s social hierarchy.
[A] The discovery of the crucial importance of these brain areas in space and time was not totally surprising.
[B] In this view, the brain operates like a telephone switchboard that maintains only reliable connections between incoming calls from our sense organs and outgoing messages to the muscles.
[C] These models of the world enable us to navigate our surroundings, despite complex, changing environments—affording the flexibility to use shortcuts or detours as needed.
[D] The first hints of a neural basis for mental maps came in the 1970s when Edward Tolman carried out a series of research.
[E] The first indication that the brain has a knack for finding alternative routes was described in 1948 by Edward Tolman of the University of California, Berkeley.
[F] The animal went back to the table and started looking for alternatives.
[G] The main school of animal learning in that era believed that maze behavior in a rat is a matter of simple stimulus-response associations.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
Since the early 1990s, professional football in many countries has experienced an astonishing transformation.（46） Player salaries have risen substantially, television contracts yield revenues on a scale unimaginable only a few years ago, many football stadiums have been completely rebuilt, and the importance of commercial sponsorship and merchandising has increased beyond measure. Commercial aspects of football feature regularly in the news headlines, and the media devote pages to coverage of football finances.Football’s importance is not only economic, but also social and cultural.（47） Several million people attend matches each season, and many millions more watch football on television and follow its fortunes through coverage in the media. At the grassroots level, football’s popularity as a participant sport generates benefits for the health of the population.At the highest level, international footballing success generates intangible benefits in the form of prestige and goodwill.
Academic interest in the economic analysis of football has mirrored the growth in the sport’s popularity.In the US, economists have written and published books and scholarly articles on major league sports since the mid-1950s.Consequently, the older academic literature on sports economics is dominated by studies of sports such as baseball, basketball and （American）football.（48） These writings shed light on a wide range of issues, including the determining factors of the compensation received by sports professionals, the nature of joint production in team sports, competitive balance, uncertainty of outcome and the distribution of playing talent in sports leagues, and the contribution of the coach or manager to team performance. The common thread linking research into all of these topics is the formulation and testing of economic hypotheses using sports as a laboratory.（49） A major attraction of sports to empirical economists is that the availability of data permits investigation of economic propositions that would be difficult to test in other areas, owing to a lack of suitable data.
（50） During the last decade of the old century and the first decade of the new, scholarly papers on the economics of football have been published with increasing regularity in academic journals. Undergraduate and postgraduate students in many universities study the economics of sports as part of their degree programmes.At the end of the 1990s, we felt that a monograph was needed to cover developments in the subject, and present a unifying overview of this relatively new area of academic research.
51.Directions:
Suppose you are a college student majoring in English and will graduate from Peking University this year.Now you are interested in the position of English teacher in a middle school that is advertised on the Internet.Write a letter to the school to state the reasons for your application and specify your qualification for the position.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name.Use “Li Ming” instead.（10 points）
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below.In your essay, you should
1）describe the picture briefly,
2）interpret the implied meaning, and
3）give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（20 points）
禁止电子设备外放