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1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
Forty-three percent of Americans say they are too tired to function.So, some mornings, you might even 1 staying in bed forever.Hey, look, your wish 2 ! You’ve got everything you need in bed and don’t have to move again.But it won’t be long before you realize that you’ve made a big 3 .
People spend 4 Sundays or sick days in bed all the time and are no worse for wear, but if you don’t start moving again after 24 hours, one of the first things to change is your lungs.Gravity isn’t pulling them down into their normal position anymore, so the lower part of your lungs will 5 up.You probably won’t feel any different, but watch out, because it’s harder for mucus to pass 6 those collapsed passages.So it can get trapped, which can 7 your lungs and ultimately lead to pneumonia.
Normally, your bones and muscles help 8 your weight under gravity.But now that you’re lying down, they’re out of a（n） 9 .And as the saying 10 , if you don’t use them, you lose them.For every week in bed, you lose about 1% of your bone density, making your bones more brittle and easy to 11 .That’s why astronauts, who often go for months without gravity, exercise for at least 2 hours a day and 12 calcium.In that same week, you also lose 1% of your muscle mass, 13 in your thighs, butt and shoulders, which you’re no longer using.
14 , your brain isn’t a happy camper either.After all, you’ve been 15 in the same room for months, staring at the same walls, the same spot on the ceiling, having the same experiences day after day.Not great for mental health, to say the 16 .A study of pregnant women found that bed rest increased their 17 of anxiety and depression, and some women reported feeling 18 , out of control and imprisoned.
So, a year of 19 bed rest is not the relaxing paradise we’d all dream it’d be.Just keep in mind: There’s nothing wrong with a lazy Sunday morning, 20 you’re up and moving before Monday strikes.
1.[A] imitate [B] imagine [C] determine [D] enjoy
2.[A] came in [B] came out [C] came across [D] came true
3.[A] discovery [B] mistake [C] change [D] decision
4.[A] lazy [B] stressed [C] ordinary [D] rainy
5.[A] swell [B] pick [C] wrinkle [D] break
6.[A] through [B] into [C] around [D] on
7.[A] destroy [B] activate [C] infect [D] expand
8.[A] endure [B] lose [C] support [D] gain
9.[A] order [B] job [C] sight [D] place
10.[A] goes [B] predicts [C] dictates [D] announces
11.[A] strengthen [B] widen [C] relax [D] fracture
12.[A] take up [B] take over [C] take in [D] take out
13.[A] relatively [B] particularly [C] barely [D] potentially
14.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile
15.[A] absorbed [B] lost [C] stuck [D] humiliated
16.[A] least [B] most [C] honest [D] modest
17.[A] exposure [B] risk [C] availability [D] release
18.[A] isolated [B] delighted [C] excited [D] surprised
19.[A] endless [B] affordable [C] comfortable [D] uninterrupted
20.[A] but [B] although [C] while [D] provided
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）
The way our cities and towns look and work reflects political priorities.In mid-19th century Paris, when Baron Haussmann was seeking public money for building his avenues, he told the government that wide, open avenues would make it harder to build barriers.In an age of urban uprisings at the heart of the French capital, that quickly opened up the public purse.
Following the killing of Sarah Everard, a different kind of revolution should be uppermost in our politicians’ minds.As a large number of female testimony over recent days has underlined, our public spaces do not sufficiently prioritize the wellbeing and safety of women.In a 2019 talk entitled The Feminist City, Dr Ellie Cosgrave, associate professor at University College London, said: “It is the multiple and constant threats that young women experience that tell us that the city is not a place where they belong.” The death of Ms.Everard must be a watershed moment in generating the public will to change that reality.
Fundamental to this task is an acceptance by men that they must do more to mitigate a climate of insecurity.In an interview on Tuesday, Dr Cosgrave called for a national movement to train “active bystanders” in how to intervene where harassment is taking place.As she has argued, women must also play an equal part in designing the infrastructure that shapes everyday life.A chronic gender imbalance among urban planners has meant that certain problems are not seen, still less understood.From a lack of access to safe female toilets to overcrowded transport systems, which make women more vulnerable to hidden assault, unnecessary anxiety has been built into the lives of half the population.
In this context, the government’s belated commitment to fund better street lighting is welcome.Switching off street lights across Britain was an irresponsible way to save public money, as should have been acknowledged years ago.There were certainly sufficient warnings to that effect from women.But far more needs to be done to recalibrate urban priorities to spotlight female concerns.The underfunding and degradation of civic spaces, such as parks, sends an insidious message of community neglect, turning areas into threatening no-go zones.Underpasses and other hidden spaces, such as isolated parking areas, create situations of vulnerability.Possibilities of natural surveillance—external visibility—should be factored into all urban architecture, street planning and landscaping.Decisions should take women’s security and wellbeing into account.For this to happen, Britain needs to promote and train more female urban planners and civil engineers.
All being well, the public spaces of Britain will soon come alive again, as lockdown and social restrictions are phased out.Women must be given a far greater say in their future configuration.
21.Haussmann’s construction plan won approval because the road system would __________.
[A] solve the traffic problems in Paris
[B] reduce the occurrences of riot
[C] consume a lot of public funds
[D] be a glorious transformation of the city
22.The Feminist City is mentioned to show that __________.
[A] many females believe that they do not belong to cities
[B] the wellbeing of women is the priority of the government
[C] women’s safety should be considered in the design of a city
[D] the death of Ms.Everard ignited a storm of protest
23.Unnecessary anxiety has permeated half the population due to __________.
[A] no intervention of male bystanders
[B] advanced transport systems
[C] violent attacks women would suffer from
[D] ill-conceived planning of city infrastructure
24.What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?
[A] The degraded public spaces in London are irreparable.
[B] Saving public money is irresponsible for Britain politicians.
[C] Urban architects should take parks into consideration.
[D] Males’ dominance has an adverse impact on urban planning.
25.Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A] The public spaces of Britain will be vibrant with life soon.
[B] Males consist of the vast majority of urban designers.
[C] The lockdown causes damage to the city’s function.
[D] The city designing should prioritize women’s safety.
There was a time when ‘sustainable development’ meant economic development and growth—not, as we know it today, environmentally sustainable development.The change in meaning can be traced to the 1987 report Our Common Future, involving social scientists, natural scientists, industrialists, environmentalists and policymakers emerging from their silos to talk to each other to understand how humans alter the global environment.It helped such collaborative processes to become mainstream, alongside the idea of treating the environment and development as one issue.
Some fields quickly grasped that interdisciplinary work is essential to understanding environmental change, and to mitigating—or adapting to—its effects.Confirming a human cause for climate change required the combined efforts of meteorologists, oceanographers and geographers, among others.Replacing the ozone-depleting chemicals used in spray cans and refrigerators needed chemists to talk to product designers.But, as a report this week in Nature Sustainability shows, other fields have not got so far in their interdisciplinary journey.
Behavioral science has an existing and essential relationship to the built environment: we have to study how people live, work and move to create liveable buildings and towns.But the group established that, when it comes to sustainability, there’s room for closer working, and the report amounts to an agenda for joint research.Potential questions include: how do architects and designers make decisions? To what extent can behavioural science in other contexts be applied to sustainable design and architecture? Do architects feel a duty to promote responsible energy use?
Cross-disciplinary working requires careful communication and confidence-building.As the example of defining sustainable development shows, disciplines have their own languages and can interpret terms differently.
One way to ease disciplinary tensions could be to underscore that sustainability calls for behavioural change at all levels—necessitating more research across all sectors.Governments, for example, often interact with independent researchers who study how to improve policy, including how government itself needs to adapt if it is to drive sustainability more effectively.Similarly, business schools produce case studies on how companies can adapt to facilitate that change.Behavioural research could help all of us—individuals and communities—to make changes to how we behave, whether it is taking more public transport or just turning the thermostat down a degree.
Along with governments, industry and individuals, the built environment consumes energy and produces waste, which makes it just as pivotal to sustainability.As the Nature Sustainability report says, collaborating effectively and learning from each other can be tough.But considering the planetary situation, not doing so has much higher costs.
26.Which of the following is the impact of Our Common Future on sustainable development?
[A] It has drastically altered the meaning of sustainable development.
[B] It involves scientists from all fields into this issue for the first time.
[C] It somehow changes how scientists look at sustainable development.
[D] It has helped policymakers around the world to deal with this issue.
27.By citing the example of replacing the ozone-depleting chemicals, the author tries to __________.
[A] emphasize that joint effort is the pivot to sustainability
[B] illustrate that human behaviors contribute to ozone depletion
[C] highlight the failure of interdisciplinary cooperation
[D] prove the harm of chemicals in spray cans and refrigerators
28.Which of the following methods can moderate disciplinary tensions?
[A] To undermine the urgency of interdisciplinary cooperation
[B] To provide a basis for more researches in behavioral science
[C] To encourage the governments to conduct more case studies
[D] To underline the demand for comprehensive behavioral change
29.It can be learned from Paragraph 6 that sustainable development requires __________.
[A] energy efficiency
[B] collective efforts
[C] meticulous communication
[D] behavioral research
30.What is the author’s attitude towards realizing sustainability in the future?
[A] pressing
[B] indifferent
[C] cautious
[D] confused
To the delight of campaigners and some parents, COVID-19 has put a wrench in school exams.With support from the previous administration, all 50 states cancelled accountability testing last March, freeing 51m public-school pupils from the annual arrangement.The SATs optional essay-writing section and separate subject tests were discontinued this year.The Programme for International Student Assessment and the National Assessment of Educational Progress （NAEP）have been postponed too.With opposition for years against standardized testing in public schools, could this be the end?
On February 22nd the current administration said exams had to take place, but that the results would not be used to grade schools.Ordinarily the federal government obliges states to hold schools accountable for their pupils’ test scores.Schools with poor results may see their budgets reduced, as part of that exchange of exam results for dollars.Some states have used results to close schools and fire teachers.Teachers in tough places often think it unfair.And COVID-19 has strengthened the point that much of what goes into a test score is, frankly, well beyond the control of teachers.
Abandoning testing could be disastrous, warns the Fordham Institute in a recent report.Cancelling tests again would make it hard to know how schools fared during the pandemic.“I would be in favour of more effort to get as many kids as possible tested, so that we know what is going on,” explains Cory Koedel, who co-wrote the report.“I think some kids are actually probably doing OK, but some are terrible.And I don’t think we know exactly who’s who.” Others disagree.Derek Briggs of the University of Colorado questions the benefit of testing students during these trying times.“All students are going to need some serious help over the next year to make up for what’s been a pretty tough time,” he says.
That thought delights those parents and teachers who have been waging war against standardized exams for years.The Opt Out movement gained national attention in 2015 because some families in New York State refused the exams.Thirteen states received warning letters from the Obama administration for failing to test about 95% of pupils that same year.The activists in the Opt Out movement want to see others held responsible for student learning, not just teachers.“The notion that we can ascertain...the extent to which pupils are doing poorly as a function of what’s happening in schools, as opposed to everything else that’s going on in their lives right now is absurd,” says Daniel Koretz of Harvard’s School of Education.
One compromise would be for a representative sample of children to sit the tests.One group could be selected to take maths and American history, while another group took English and science.Each group would take two exams, the burden of testing would be reduced, but schools and the government would gain reliable information on four subjects, at least.
31.Campaigners and some parents are delighted that __________.
[A] the pandemic has disrupted the tests in schools
[B] public-school pupils are freed from homework
[C] the essay-writing section in SATs is optional
[D] standardized testing in public schools comes to an end
32.Reducing schools’ budgets is likely be seen as a result of __________.
[A] the COVID-19 [B] the fired teachers
[C] the tough conditions [D] the poor test scores
33.Cory Koedel is quoted to show that __________.
[A] testing is the best way to assess students
[B] schools are struggling for survival
[C] the pandemic affected students’ academic performance
[D] testing should not be abandoned
34.Daniel Koretz maintains that __________.
[A] students are doing in school as poorly as they are doing everything else
[B] it is unfair to say students’ poor scores are only because of schooling
[C] pupils perform poorly in school while perform well in their lives
[D] pupils, to some extent, oppose everything going on schools
35.What the author’s attitude toward abandoning testing?
[A] Ambiguous.
[B] Delighted.
[C] Disapproving.
[D] Indifferent.
One of the liveliest debates in linguistics is over whether all languages share fundamental properties.If so, perhaps language is a universal feature of evolution.To find out, scholars have looked to other universal features, and one in particular: no society on Earth lacks music.The comparison illuminates what is special about both.
Music and language seem intimately linked, but how? Did language start with song, as Darwin believed or is music “auditory cheesecake” that developed from language and other useful faculties, as Steven Pinker, a Harvard psychologist, has said? Is music itself a language, as Stevie Wonder sang? Might the two be fundamentally the same?
Some similarities are obvious.Both can utilize the unique human vocal tract.Both have a kind of beat.Both can express emotion.Both can be either carefully composed or spontaneously improvised.And both are highly social.Although the origin of music is unclear, it seems likely to have involved celebration, communal worship or martial inspiration and co-ordination.
At a structural level the parallels are striking, too.With a finite set of notes or words, and a finite set of rules, an inexhaustible variety of novel melodies or sentences can be created.This “discrete infinity” is often said to be the feature of human language.Animal communication, by contrast, is only able to convey a limited number of thoughts （the location of a source of food, for example, or the presence of a predator）.
Aniruddh Patel of Thufts University has argued that music and language, rather than being essentially the same, rely on the same bit of the brain.In an experiment he presented his subjects with a sentence that contained a grammatical trick （“The scientist confirmed the hypothesis was being studied in his lab”）, revealing one word at a time.The subjects were to press a button for each word at their own pace.Many paused at the unexpected “was”.“The scientist confirmed the hypothesis” seemed a complete sentence.
They also heard music as they performed this exercise.Some were treated to a new chord in a pleasing progression with every word that was revealed.Others heard a jarring chord at the moment they reached the trick word “was”.Both groups slowed down—but those given the inharmonious notes did so much more.Mr Patel hypothesises that this is because sentence structure, and the structure of the harmony, draw on shared, limited resources in the brain.
36.Which of the following is one of the fierce debates in linguistics?
[A] The origin and development of language.
[B] Whether languages have the same basic attributes.
[C] The connection between language and music.
[D] Whether music is also a kind of language.
37.The original function of music is probably to __________.
[A] express emotion [B] boost the spirit
[C] pass information [D] record history
38.The difference in communication between humans and animals is __________.
[A] the infinity of conveying thoughts
[B] the endless variety of notes or words
[C] the finite grammatical tricks
[D] the various ways of expression
39.We can learn from Aniruddh Patel’s experiment that __________.
[A] sentences always include grammatical tricks
[B] music and language are different in nature
[C] the scientist confirmed his hypothesis
[D] music affects the expression of language
40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] No Society on Earth Lacks Music
[B] The Different Regions of the Brain
[C] The Infinity of the Language
[D] The Parallels of Music and Language
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs A and C have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
[A] We now know that there were two main pulses of extinction.The first, which began 252.1m years ago, mostly affected life on land.The second, more devastating phase, started about 200,000 years later.Though we cannot yet be sure, the first phase might have been triggered by acid rain, ozone depletion and metal pollution caused by volcanic chemicals.As rainforests and other ecosystems were wiped out, more toxic compounds were released from exposed soils and rocks, creating an escalating cycle of collapse.
[B] Budleigh Salterton, on the south coast of Devon, sits above the most frightening cliffs on Earth.They are not particularly high.The horror takes another form.For they capture the moment at which life on Earth almost came to an end.
[C] A paper released might explain why recovery took so long.Because so many of the world’s rich ecosystems had been replaced by desert, plants struggled to re-establish themselves.Their total weight on Earth fell by about two thirds.Throughout these 5m years, no coal deposits formed, as there wasn’t sufficient plant production to make peat bogs.In other words, the natural processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and turn it into wood and soil or bury it as fossil carbon stalled.For 5m years, the world was trapped in this hothouse state.
[D] The sediments preserved in these cliffs were laid down in the early Triassic period, just after the greatest mass extinction in the history of multicellular life that brought the Permian period to an end 252m years ago.Around 90% of species died, and fish and four-footed animals were more or less exterminated between 30 degrees north of the equator and 40 degrees south.Most remarkably, while biological abundance （if not diversity）tends to recover from mass extinctions within a few hundred thousand years, our planet remained in this near-lifeless state for the following 5m years.
[E] Could it happen again? Two parallel and contradictory processes are in play.At climate summits, governments produce feeble voluntary commitments to limit the production of greenhouse gases.At the same time, almost every state with significant fossil reserves—including the UK—intends to extract as much as they can.A report by Carbon Tracker shows that if all the world’s reserves of fossil fields were extracted, their combustion would exceed the carbon budget governments have agreed sevenfold.While less carbon is contained in these reserves than the amount produced during the Permian-Triassic extinction, the compressed timescale could render this release just as deadly to life on Earth.
[F] Everything now hangs on which process prevails: the sometimes well-meaning, but always feeble, attempts to limit the burning of fossil carbon, or the ruthless determination—often on the part of the same governments—to extract as much of it as possible, granting the profits of legacy industries precedence over life on Earth.At the climate summit in Egypt, a nation in which protests are banned and the interests of the people must at all times cede to the interests of power, we will see how close to the cliff edge the world’s governments intend to take us.
[G] The second phase appears to have been driven by global heating.By 251.9m years ago, so much solidified rock had accumulated on the surface of the Siberian Traps that the lava could no longer escape.Instead, it was forced to spread underground, along horizontal fissures, into rocks that were rich in coal and other hydrocarbons.The heat from the underground lava cooked the hydrocarbons, releasing vast amounts of carbon dioxide and methane.Temperatures are believed to have climbed by between 8℃ and 10℃, though much of the second phase of extinction might have been caused by an initial rise of between 3℃ and 5℃.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
Four hundred years ago, Coffea arabica, a tropical plant bearing green leaves and bright-red berries, was virtually unknown outside of the Arab world and the corner of Ethiopia where it had been discovered in the ninth century—by a shepherd who, legend has it, noticed that his animals would get energetic and stay up all night after biting its berries.（46） In the years since people figured out that coffee could affect us in similar ways, the plant has done a great deal for our species, and our species in turn has done a great deal for the plant. We have given it more than 27 million acres of new habitat all around the world, assigned 25 million farming families to its care and feeding, and bid up its price until it became one of the most valuable globally traded crops.Not bad for a plant that is neither edible nor particularly beautiful or easy to grow.
Coffee owes its global predominance to an unexpectedly evolutionary accident: （47） The chemical compound that the plant makes to defend itself against insects happens to alter human consciousness in ways we find desirable, making us more energetic and industrious—and notably better workers. That chemical of course is caffeine, which is now the world’s most popular psychoactive drug, used daily by 80 percent of humanity.（48） Along with the tea plant, which produces the same compound in its leaves, coffee has helped create exactly the kind of world that coffee needs to thrive: a world driven by consumer capitalism, ringed by global trade, and dominated by a species that can now barely get out of bed without its help.
The effects of caffeine match the needs of capitalism in countless ways.Before the arrival of coffee and tea in the West in the 1600s, alcohol was the drug that dominated, and fogged, human minds.This might have been acceptable, even welcome, when work meant physical labor performed out of doors, but alcohol’s effects became a problem when work involved machines or numbers, while coffee not only was safer than beer and wine but turned out to improve performance and endurance.
（49） “This wakeful and civil drink” also freed us from the normal rhythms of our body, helping to stem the natural tides of exhaustion so that we might work longer and later hours; along with the advent of artificial light, caffeine encouraged capitalism’s conquest of night.（50） It’s probably no coincidence that the minute hand on clocks arrived at roughly the same historical moment as coffee and tea did, when work was moving indoors and being reorganized on the principle of the clock.
51.Directions:
Write an email to the English Department of a university in the United States, applying for the MA program in English and American literature.You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email.Use “Li Ming” instead.（10 points）
52.Directions:
Read the following except from an article and write an essay.In your essay, you should explain whether or to what extent you agree with the author.Support your argument with reasons and relevant examples.
Write your answer in 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.（20 points）
In modern society, the majority of individuals lead busy lives in bustling cities, leaving them with limited time for communication.As they reside in separate apartments within different blocks, people often find themselves isolated from one another, making it inconvenient to freely meet and interact.Consequently, instead of engaging in face-to-face conversations, modern individuals tend to opt for quick methods like sending emails or making phone calls to convey their good wishes.As a result, some argue that people are becoming somewhat mechanized in their interactions.However, it is crucial for individuals to recognize that while modern forms of communication are efficient, they cannot wholly replace traditional methods.Therefore, it is important to promote the use of traditional means of communication.