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1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
No business would welcome being compared to Big Tobacco or gambling. 1 that is what is happening to makers of video games.For years parents have casually 2 that their offspring are “addicted” to their PlayStations and smartphones.Today, 3 , ever more doctors are using the term 4 .
On January 1st “gaming disorder”—in which games are played compulsively, despite causing harm—gains 5 from the World Health Organization （WHO）, as the newest edition of its diagnostic manual 6 .A few months ago China, the world’s biggest gaming market, 7 new rules limiting children to just a single hour of play a day on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, and none the 8 of the week.Western politicians 9 publicly about some games’ 10 to gambling.Clinics are sprouting 11 the world, promising to cure patients of their habit in the same way they might cure them of an addiction to alcohol or cocaine.
Are games really addictive? Psychologists are 12 .The case for the defense is that this is just another moral 13 .Some people in the past issued similarly serious 14 about television, rock ’n’ roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles.As the newest form of mass media, gaming is merely enduring its own time in the stocks 15 it eventually ceases to be controversial. 16 , defenders argue, the criteria used to 17 gaming addiction are too loose.Obsessive gaming, they suggest, is as likely to be a 18 （of depression, say）as a disorder 19 its own right.The prosecution responds that, unlike rock bands or novelists, games developers have both the motive and the means to 20 their products to make them irresistible.
1.[A] Yet [B] Even [C] Still [D] Only
2.[A] supported [B] complained [C] detested [D] suggested
3.[A] moreover [B] though [C] therefore [D] however
4.[A] literally [B] regularly [C] indirectly [D] artistically
5.[A] reputation [B] recognition [C] popularity [D] success
6.[A] comes into play [B] comes into view [C] comes into force [D] comes into focus
7.[A] announced [B] objected [C] advised [D] prohibited
8.[A] whole [B] rest [C] left [D] remaining
9.[A] think [B] worry [C] boast [D] inquire
10.[A] feasibility [B] significance [C] importance [D] similarity
11.[A] to [B] from [C] around [D] into
12.[A] divided [B] dissociated [C] separated [D] consistent
13.[A] awareness [B] virtue [C] code [D] panic
14.[A] welcome [B] anxieties [C] signals [D] warnings
15.[A] when [B] lest [C] before [D] unless
16.[A] Instead [B] Furthermore [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless
17.[A] diagnose [B] define [C] judge [D] estimate
18.[A] form [B] shape [C] symptom [D] exposition
19.[A] of [B] about [C] on [D] in
20.[A] introduce [B] engineer [C] advertise [D] invent
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）
Nothing’s worked.More diplomatically put: nothing has yet worked at anything like the pace required.Is it any wonder that desperation is growing?
The closest anything came to working was Extinction Rebellion in April 2019.The radical flank of the environmental movement punched a hole through complacency and denial and raised climate consciousness permanently.But it didn’t succeed in its ultimate aim of provoking meaningful climate action from the UK government.
Governments over the world are simply not taking the findings of climate science seriously.In parallel, the same governments resist the blunt and terrible truth that the world can no longer stay below the 1.5℃“safe” heating limit.This year’s United Nations climate summit, starting in a week in Egypt, is extremely unlikely to admit this failure.Yet deep down, everyone who pays any attention to the climate debate knows.
Wouldn’t it be refreshing therefore if academics, environmental and business leaders—even committed politicians, not to mention activists—were to admit that nothing yet has really worked? The public is waiting for those brave enough to speak these truths and to invite a broad and popular response.But it won’t happen anything like quickly enough if the public continues not to be trusted with the full reality of our situation.
This is the tragedy of the moment.Because it is frustrating the full emergence of so much energy and endeavour that will become a new moderate flank—one that is all about you: all about where you work or the communities where you live, acting collectively in the day to day to turn around the legacy of failure outlined above.
By way of example: lawyers can express their professional agency by choosing what clients and what business they take.The same goes for insurers who can disclose what they know about the rising threat we face.For academics and teachers, it’s about transforming what your teaching and research is about.And for those with access to land, it’s about building resilience and inviting the community at large, including those who you may not agree with politically, to join in.
It’s about fully facing and sharing the reality of the situation and acting on it.This is the opposite of a recipe for doomism.In lieu of anything even remotely resembling adequate plans from our “leaders”, we need to embody an exit strategy from fossil fuels or else we’ll eventually go to an end.
So it’s clear the next big step forward in climate action must bring the public with us.We need together to step beyond the lures of polarisation, roll up our sleeves and get down to business by identifying the underlying reasons for past failures.
21.What’s the reason for the growing desperation?
[A] Diplomats from the West have different opinions.
[B] The pace of climate action has been speeded up.
[C] There will be a wonder in climate change.
[D] Climate change activities made little advance.
22.The Extinction Rebellion was intended to __________.
[A] motivate the public to engage in climate movement
[B] trigger off outrage from the public in the UK
[C] push the UK government to take climate action
[D] guarantee the climate science is important to the summit
23.According to Paragraph 4, the politicians’ attitude towards climate crisis would __________.
[A] keep the heating limit unchanged [B] be welcomed by the public
[C] prove all the actions are a failure [D] make it become more severe
24.What do the examples listed in Paragraph 6 illustrate?
[A] Stick together and turn the tide.
[B] Unite as one and raise climate awareness.
[C] Accept the reality and let it be.
[D] Change teaching and research projects.
25.What does the author say about the next step in climate action?
[A] Public should join in and identify reasons for the failures.
[B] Public should quit fossil fuels and explore new energy.
[C] Governments should suppress the moderate flank.
[D] Governments need to wake up to the reality.
Psychologists have found that experiences are more likely than material goods to deliver happiness, but of course we must make choices about which experiences to pursue.The fear of making the wrong one, and therefore wasting valuable time, is something many of us feel deeply.
There’s some irony to this dilemma: We have more free time now than we have had in decades.But for a number of reasons, it doesn’t feel that way.
In his 2019 book Spending Time , Daniel S.Hamermesh explains that while our life spans have gotten a bit longer—13% since 1960—our spending power has surged by 198%.“It makes it difficult to stuff all the things that we want and can now afford into the growing, but increasingly relatively much more limited, time that we have available to purchase and to enjoy them over our lifetimes,” he writes.
Next, there’s our cell-phone addiction.American adults spend around 3½ hours on their devices each day, trying to keep up with the volume of emails, texts, social-media updates and 24/7 news.And much of our time is “contaminated time”—when we’re doing one thing but thinking about something else.Trying to get more miles out of every minute—scanning Twitter while watching TV, for example—makes us think we’re being productive, but really it just makes us feel more frazzled.
Add to this the ever expanding options in today’s experience economy.Think of all the pop-ups, plays, talks, workshops and escape rooms you could go to tonight.
No wonder many of us suffer from what psychologists call “time famine.” No wonder we’re seeing books about reclaiming our time, like Brigid Schulte’s Overwhelmed and Jenny Odell’s How to Do Nothing , and about loosening the grip of cell phones, like Adam Alter’s Irresistible , Nir Eyal’s Indistractable and Cal Newport’s Digital Minimalism .
There have been calls to rein in the attention economy, like Tristan Harris’ Time Well Spent movement, but the factors that make us feel time-poor aren’t going away anytime soon.Tech companies, for instance, may have built apps to tell you how much time you spend on your device, but their business models rely on your continued use.
People who feel strapped for time are more likely to be anxious or depressed.They are less likely to exercise or eat healthy foods.And they’re less productive at work.It makes sense then that there’s been growing interest from psychologists in the best ways to spend our time.
26.According to the first two paragraphs, people truly worry about __________.
[A] making decisions to experience
[B] wasting valuable time
[C] shedding valuable stuff
[D] having little free time
27.The word “frazzled”（Paragraph 4）most probably means __________.
[A] refreshed
[B] disturbed
[C] energetic
[D] mournful
28.The example of the tech companies intends to show that __________.
[A] time-poverty won’t be solved in short time
[B] people want to better control their time
[C] time management can be realized by their apps
[D] their earning models are sustainable
29.Psychologists are willing to explore the effective ways to spend time because __________.
[A] they want to help people solve their problems
[B] they are suffering from time famine
[C] they intend to contribute to attention economy
[D] they are anxious that people are wasting time
30.The text intends to express the idea that __________.
[A] wasting time is no big deal as long as we can make it up
[B] we should avoid using cell phones to be productive
[C] we should choose the best ways to spend time meaningfully
[D] experts need to help control the harmful attention economy
The country’s very low minimum wage comes at a high cost.And for taxpayers, it adds up to more than $100 billion a year.
That number comes from a new analysis of safety-net usage by Ken Jacobs of UC Berkeley’s Labor Center.It identifies working families with at least one member who would get a raise if the federal minimum wage were lifted to $15 an hour, and finds that the government spends about $107 billion a year on Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program （CHIP）, cash welfare, food stamps, and the earned-income tax credit for those families.
Raising the minimum wage would not just help them escape poverty.It would also help the government’s bottom line, by freeing up resources to spend on other anti-poverty priorities, such as child care, housing subsidies, and homelessness-prevention initiatives.
This research comes as the new administration vows to more than double the federal minimum wage, to $15.Last week, President Joe Biden said Democrats’ winning control of the Senate would “raise the odds of prompt action,” adding that “no one who works 40 hours a week in America should still live below the poverty line.”
But many do.Full-time workers making the federal minimum wage bring home just $15,080 a year; all in all, 11 percent of American workers earn poverty wages.This is a straightforward product of federal policies, a chosen technocratic outcome.The federal minimum wage has languished at a measly $7.25 an hour since 2009.That leaves it roughly one-third lower than it was in 1968, in inflation-adjusted terms, despite the fact that the country is now much richer and the economy far bigger.The Economic Policy Institute has estimated that workers earning the minimum wage make $7,000 less each year than their grandparents did half a century ago, in real terms.
Some argue that the government is subsidizing poverty wages through its working-family benefit programs—padding the bottom lines of fast-food franchises and big-box stores, while also helping financially stressed workers.Jacobs pushed back on that point; the earned-income tax credit does act as a straightforward wage subsidy, he said, but the evidence is unclear when it comes to other programs.
Still, millions of workers are employed in jobs unremunerative enough that government assistance is necessary just to get by.A low minimum wage—combined with weak mandates for companies to offer benefits and paid leave, and regulations that make unionization difficult—benefits low-wage employers at the expense of both workers and taxpayers.
To help folks stand on their own two feet, the government can’t just make people work.It has to make work pay.The cost of low wages is too high for the country’s working families.And it’s too high for Uncle Sam as well.
31.The analysis by Ken Jacobs suggests that __________.
[A] federal minimum wage are generous enough
[B] working families are easy to make ends meet
[C] the government has a huge burden in aiding poor families
[D] federal government has lifted minimum wage to $15 an hour
32.Joe Biden is mentioned to show __________.
[A] the fact that the federal minimum wage is currently below $7.50 an hour
[B] the government’s resolution to alleviate poverty through lifting the minimum wage
[C] the injustice that anyone working 40 hours a week is still in poverty
[D] the government’s plan to divert all resources into child care
33.We can learn from Paragraph 5 that __________.
[A] many American workers are in a desperate situation
[B] federal policies are designed to lift people out of poverty
[C] American workers literally earn more than their grandparents
[D] American workers had to take out a loan to cover their bills
34.Jacobs’s attitude toward working-family benefit programs is __________.
[A] ambiguous
[B] scornful
[C] skeptical
[D] positive
35.Millions of workers are engaging in jobs characterized by being __________.
[A] rewarding
[B] fixed
[C] attractive
[D] low-paid
The world’s climate depends on a global aquatic “conveyor belt” system that snakes around the oceans, taking heat from some places and redistributing it elsewhere.It is this system that keeps Europe relatively warm despite its northern latitudes, underpins major fisheries and drives key weather patterns across continents.Global warming may be endangering this crucial circulation.
Scientists are accumulating evidence that climate change is disrupting a major section of the conveyor belt, running from the tropics up to the North Atlantic and back south, slowing this piece of the system to its weakest pace in more than 1,000 years, according to a study published in the journal Nature Geoscience .A group of scientists from Britain, Germany and Ireland studying the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation—that is, the circulation pattern that warms the North Atlantic—have sought to compare how it is behaving now with its recent past.Some clues present a consistent picture: The circulation has been weakened in a way that is unprecedented in the past 1,000 years, said Niamh Cahill, a statistician from Ireland’s Maynooth University.
The scientists believe the ultimate cause is global warming.The circulation occurs because warm tropical water cools and becomes saltier as it travels north, which makes it denser.This dense water eventually sinks to the bottom of the ocean, then travels south, where it is once again heated in another part of the cycle.Higher rainfall, lower amounts of sea ice and ice melting on the Greenland ice sheet are adding far more fresh water than usual to the system, making the water up north less salty and, thus, less dense and less prone to sink, undermining the circulation.This may account for a giant stretch of unusually cold water that has stubbornly persisted near Greenland and for unusually high water temperatures on the U.S.East Coast.The study’s authors warn that climate change may further destabilize the Atlantic circulation over coming decades.The consequences are hard to predict with precision, in part because warming air might offset some of the cooling associated with slower circulation.
Climate change is not some isolated change in the air temperature.It encompasses sea-level rise, heavy storms, heat waves, droughts, wildfires, acidifying oceans and disruptions in the sensitive planetary rhythms on which human society developed.Scientists know some things for sure—the planet will warm because of greenhouse gas emissions, with a variety of negative results.But they have not catalogued all the consequences—the longer we humans fail to adjust our behavior, the worse the consequences are likely to be.
36.According to Paragraph 1, the “conveyor belt” system __________.
[A] plays a critical role in stabilizing the global climate
[B] destroys the habitat of snakes in the oceans
[C] provides a rich diversity of fish for the fisheries
[D] poses a major threat to the world’s weather
37.The study from the Nature Geoscience proves that __________.
[A] it is better for the circulation to run quicker
[B] experts have found ways to stop human destruction
[C] the circulation starts from North Atlantic to south
[D] climate change is the main cause of slowing the circulation
38.The reason accounting for the forming of the circulation is that __________.
[A] it is driven by the wind on the ocean’s surface
[B] the water is heated in the global conveyer belt
[C] there exists variance in water temperature and salt density
[D] the water from tropical areas becomes saltier
39.Climate change destroys the circulation directly arising from __________.
[A] higher rainfall
[B] less dense water
[C] lower amounts of sea ice
[D] ice melting on the Greenland
40.The author holds in the last paragraph that climate change more probably results from __________.
[A] sea level rise
[B] human activities
[C] temperature change
[D] greenhouse gas emission
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
[A] In theory, statistics should help settle arguments.They ought to provide stable reference points that everyone—no matter what their politics—can agree on.Yet in recent years, varying levels of trust in statistics has become one of the key disagreements that have opened up in western liberal democracies.
[B] From one perspective, grounding politics in statistics is elitist, undemocratic and oblivious to people’s emotional investments in their community and nation.It is just one more way that privileged people in London, Washington DC or Brussels seek to impose their worldview on everybody else.
[C] But statistics arouse quite the opposite reaction.People assume that the numbers are manipulated and dislike the elitism of resorting to quantitative evidence.Presented with official estimates of how many immigrants are in the country illegally, a common response is to mock.Far from increasing support for immigration, British Future found, pointing to its positive effect on GDP can actually make people more hostile to it.GDP itself has come to seem like a Trojan horse for an elitist liberal agenda.Sensing this, politicians have now largely abandoned discussing immigration in economic terms.
[D] From the opposite perspective, statistics are quite the opposite of elitist.They enable journalists, citizens and politicians to discuss society as a whole, not on the basis of anecdote, sentiment or prejudice, but in ways that can be validated.The alternative to quantitative expertise is less likely to be democracy than an unleashing of tabloid editors and politicians to provide their own “truth” of what is going on across society.
[E] This is an unwelcome dilemma.Either the state continues to make claims that it believes to be valid and is accused by skeptics of propaganda, or else, politicians and officials are confined to saying what feels plausible and intuitively true, but may ultimately be inaccurate.Either way, politics becomes swamp in accusations of lies and cover-ups.The declining authority of statistics—and the experts who analyse them—is at the heart of the crisis that has become known as “post-truth” politics.And in this uncertain new world, attitudes towards quantitative expertise have become increasingly divided.
[F] All of this presents a serious challenge for liberal democracy.Put bluntly, the British government—its officials, experts, advisers and many of its politicians—does believe that immigration is on balance good for the economy.The British government did believe that Brexit was the wrong choice.The problem is that the government is now engaged in self-censorship, for fear of provoking people further.
[G] Nowhere is this more vividly manifest than with immigration.The thinktank British Future has studied how best to win arguments in favour of immigration and multiculturalism.One of its main findings is that people often respond warmly to qualitative evidence, such as the stories of individual migrants and photographs of diverse communities.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）
Instead of hiding data behind closed doors, many researchers in industry and academia alike are embracing sharing.That’s good for science.（46） Each year scientists at hospitals and universities around the world start hundreds of thousands of clinical studies involving millions of patient volunteers and generating vast data about the effect of new treatments for innumerable diseases.
The trouble with this system is that more than half of the studies are never published, and they are often incomplete, selectively reporting favorable outcomes and rarely reporting relevant safety findings.（47） In recent years, researchers have come to recognize that encouraging the sharing of clinical research data presents an opportunity to advance medical science and improve the integrity of research.
As a result, the culture of science has begun to shift.Scientists strip their research data of names and other information that would identify specific patients and make it available to others.（48） They can do it directly, when one scientist writes to another and asks for a copy of the data; or they can do it indirectly, by depositing their data on a server from which others can download and use it.
Data sharing marks a significant departure from tradition.Scientists have often been reluctant to give away the fruits of their hard work.Many spend years planning and executing their studies, painstakingly collecting and organizing the data for analysis, and then preparing a summary report to publish.However, the advantages of data sharing are becoming so apparent that this unwillingness is beginning to evaporate.
（49） Sharing increases the amount of knowledge that scientists can draw from available data, without having to go through the expense and trouble of organizing new trials. For instance, scientists can re-analyze data from prior studies and use them to explore new questions concerning safety and efficacy or to draw new conclusions about specific subgroups of patients.Sometimes data from many different studies can be collected and combined for larger studies.
Sharing can improve the integrity of scientific research by encouraging multiple examinations and interpretations of any given research database.This could help protect against faulty analyses and contribute to the verification, refinement, or refutation of prior work.Furthermore, sharing helps researchers position clinical trial data as a public good, a resource for many to use and learn from.
（50） Sharing can also make better use of limited scientific resources, minimizing duplication in data collection, which reduces research costs and lowers the burden on patient volunteers.
51.Directions:
Suppose the Student Union held a meeting about the upcoming art festival last week.You were assigned to write the minutes of the meeting.In your minutes, you should record the basic information, main content of the meeting and other relevant information.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name.Use “Li Ming” instead.（10 points）
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below.In your essay, you should
1）describe the picture briefly,
2）interpret the implied meaning, and
3）give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（20 points）
网络谣言的“演化”