This chapter provides the contextual background of this research. It first traces the history of English language teaching and learning in China. It then describes the gap that exists in basic education between urban and rural regions. Next, it introduces the sociocultural context of multiethnic regions in China, with a focus on the current situation in basic education status quo in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture.This chapter concludes with an introduction to China’s national-level teacher training project which is tailored to improve rural teachers’ professional competences. In the coming chapter, existing scholarship on current study of identity, teachers’ identity, and then language teachers’ identity will be reviewed.