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纵观历年的中考英语书面表达，总结常见的体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文及各种应用文（书信、电子邮件、贺卡、启事、便条、通知、海报、发言稿、倡议书、日记等）。
不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、准确、合乎逻辑地表达出来。篇章结构如何谋篇布局，在语言表达中至关重要，因为同样的信息点会因不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者快速、准确地理解题目所规定的信息；而逻辑混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章结构则令读者不知所云，一头雾水。此时，无论词汇和句型如何漂亮，文章的效果也会大打折扣。
以下为对不同的体裁所应用的不同篇章结构的分析。
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文的写作要点为：
1. 交代记叙文的六大要素，即时间（when）、地点（where）、人物（who）、事件（what）、原因（why）、结果（how），六者缺一不可。
2. 事件的发生可以按照时间或空间的先后顺序进行叙述。
3. 记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，因此一般多采用过去时态。
常用模板
Last week, our family had an outing in the mountain.（第一段，交代必要的背景，如故事涉及的人物、时间、地点。）
At first, on the top of the mountain, we enjoyed the fascinating view and had a picnic. Then, ________________. At last, ________________.（第二段，交代故事情节，可使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。）
We enjoyed the change from our busy life in the city.（第三段，表达事情的结果或感想、愿望，起到扣题或点题的作用。视写作要点及需要进行取舍。）
在初中三年的时光里，大家或多或少都会有一些不愉快的经历，请以“An Unhappy Experience”为题，根据以下要求与提示，用英语写一篇短文，描述一个令你不愉快的事件，分享你的体验和感悟。
要求：1.短文中不得出现任何真实人名、校名及其他相关信息，否则不予评分；
2.不少于60词。
提示：1. Tell a story about one of your unhappy experiences;
2. What did you learn from the experience?
An Unhappy Experience
_______________________________________________________________
本文是一篇提纲类作文，要求以“An Unhappy Experience”为题写一篇记叙文，内容突出描述一个令你不愉快的事件，分享你的体验和感悟。注意文章时态要用一般过去时，人称主要用第一人称。在写作的时候，注意紧扣主题，连句成篇，保持文章的连贯性。
An Unhappy Experience
My junior high school life is colorful and I am happy in these three years. I made many friends and learned quite a lot of ① knowledge. However, there is still an unhappy experience that I can't forget forever. ② From the experience, I knew that studying hard is the key to success. ③
I wasn't interested in math in Grade 8, so I didn't work hard on it. I copied my friend's answers in a math exam to get good grades, because I didn't want to let my parents down. ④ Unluckily, I was found by my math teacher. To my surprise, ⑤ he didn't say anything and just asked me to his office after the exam. He smiled and said one sentence “I believe you!” After that, I worked hard and math is my best subject now.
赏析
① 限定词quite a lot of意为“许多”，既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词。
② 转折词however引出话题，there be句型，以及that引导的定语从句的运用都是本文的得分亮点。
③ 本句交代感悟，其中that引导的从句作knew的宾语，studying hard是动名词短语作主语，to success作key的后置定语。
④ because引导从句解释作弊的原因，其中词组let sb. down意为“使某人失望”， 比常见的disappoint更加高级、地道。
⑤ 短语to one's surprise表达了“我”的惊讶之情，为下文的改变做了铺垫。
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁的文字介绍事物的情况、特征或道理的文体。其特征表现在说明性、知识性和实用性。根据说明对象与说明目的的不同，一般将说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。说明文的写作要点为：
1. 段落一般以主题句开头，根据要阐述的内容对主题展开说明。
2. 安排好说明顺序，可以按时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑顺序（先因后果或先果后因）来写。可合理添加连接词，使文章条理清晰。
3. 可采取举例、比较、对比等说明方法，或运用比喻、拟人等修辞手法。
4. 时态通常是一般现在时。有时为强调客观事实，可使用被动语态。
常用模板
As we all know, the Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival for the Chinese people and is ________.（第一段，总体介绍，包括事物的外貌、性能、特点）
Days before the festival, we ________. On the eve of the festival, the whole family ________. After that, we ________. At midnight, ________.（第二段，具体说明，列举一些典型事例）
People have a lot of fun at the Spring Festival.（总结评价，包括喜爱、夸赞等情感）
提示：在课余生活中，你通常做些什么？有什么收获？请以“My After-school Life”为题，用英语写一篇短文，谈谈你的课余生活。
要求：1. 语言流畅、书写规范、卷面整洁，词数不少于60个；
2. 文中不得使用真实姓名、校名，否则以零分计；
3. 请将短文写在答题卡上，写在本试题卷上无效。
My After-school Life
_______________________________________________________________
该题目属于说明文。在写作时应根据内容提示描述自己的课余生活及收获。例文主要用第一人称进行写作，主要使用一般现在时。描述自己的课余生活及收获时要完整且条理清晰。
My After-school Life
Though school life is very busy, ① my life after school is colorful and enjoyable.
First of all, ② I need to finish my homework, which is the first thing I need to do. Only when I finish my homework, will I go to play with my friends happily. ③ Playing badminton is my favorite sport after school. In my opinion, sport does good to my health, which is important in daily life. ④
I am quite satisfied with myself, because I not only study hard but also enjoy myself after school. ⑤ As a student, I need to study. At the same time, I need to enjoy my childhood.
赏析
① Though引导的让步状语从句对于初中生来说是一个高级句型，使得该句更富有感染力。
② 介词短语First of all是文章的又一大亮点。它与后半句的the first thing相辅相成，强调的作用明显增加。
③ Only位于句首修饰when引导的时间状语时，主句进行部分倒装。
④ 高级词组do good to意为“有助于”，which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词my health。
⑤ because引导从句解释对自己满意的原因，not only... but also句型连接两个并列动词短语study hard和enjoy myself。
议论文是以摆事实、讲道理等议论形式表达作者的见解和主张的文体。议论文必不可少的三个基本要素是论点、论据、论证。议论文的写作要点为：
1. 段落一般以主题句开头，以一个简单的句子作为论点。
2. 一般以事实为论据，可利用成语、格言、名人名言等。
3. 目的在于说服，所有事实、原因、理由都导向一个论点，逻辑严密。
4. 适当使用连接词和过渡词，增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。
5. 使用适当的修辞，增添文采和说服力，激发读者的共鸣。
常用模板
模板1 观点论述类
Nowadays, the serious problem of ________ has drawn public attention. （第一段，提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题）
The reasons for this may be listed as follows.（过渡句，承上启下） First of all, ________. Secondly, ________. Besides, ________. (第二段，找出造成该问题的原因)
In conclusion, I believe that ________.（照应第一段，构成“总—分—总”结构）
许多年轻人很在意自己外貌的问题，有人却指出“We need to judge people by what they do, not what they look like.”你同意哪个观点？对此观点你有何看法？请根据下面的提示写一篇英语短文谈谈你的看法，阐述理由，并举例说明。
写作要点：1. Your opinion (agree / disagree / ...)
2. Reasons (looks, personality, ability, ...)
3. An example (yourself / a person around you / a famous person / ...)
要求：1.短文应包括提示中所有的写作要点，条理清楚，行文连贯，可适当发挥；
2.如举自己或身边的人作为例子，不能出现真实的人名和地名；
3. 词数不少于80。
本文是一篇议论文。要求考生根据提示写一篇短文讨论根据外貌还是行为评判一个人。本文的重点是说出你支持某观点的原因，难点是筛选有意义、典型的事例，用准确生动的语言把此内容表达出来，合理安排好文章的段落结构。首先写出论点——认为哪个更重要，外貌还是行为，然后给出有力的论据。
In my opinion, I think we need to judge people by both what they do and what they look like. ①
A person's personality and ability are very important, but for some jobs, looks are also important, such as an actor or an actress, a waiter or a waitress, or even a teacher. ② Because it's enjoyable to see a good-looking person.
For example, my teachers in my class all teach very well, and they are kind and helpful. All of us like them. The most popular teacher is my English teacher because she looks really beautiful. ③ She dresses herself up every day and always has a smile on her face. ④
So let's try our best to improve our ability, personality and looks. ⑤
赏析
① 开头给出了议论的论点——评判人不仅要看行为还要看外貌。
② 列举一些行业，如演员、服务员来证明外貌的重要性。
③ 再次以身边实例，即老师因长得漂亮而大受欢迎来证明论点，增强了文章的说服力。
④ dress sb. up意为“某人盛装打扮”，属于高级短语。
⑤ 结尾段做到了首尾呼应，重申了能力、性格和外貌的重要性的看法。回归主题，使全文浑然一体。
模板2 正反观点式
Different people will offer different opinions about ________. There are different opinions among people as to ________. Some people tend to think that ________.（第一段，列举对某一现象/问题的某种观点）
On the contrary, other people hold the view that ________. （第二段，列举与之相反或相对的观点）
As for me, I fully agree with the statement that ________. （表达自己的看法）
现在越来越多的学生使用辅导类APP 来搜索他们不会做的题目。对此，不同的人有不同的看法。请根据以下文字的提示，并适当发表自己的观点，写一篇英语短文。
参考词语：convenient adj. 方便的，便利的；pretend to do... 假装做……
think independently 独立思考
要求：1. 80~100 词（开头的首句已给出，不计算在词数内）；
2. 文中不能出现自己的姓名和所在学校的名称及其他相关信息。
Today, more and more students are using the learning-guided App. However, different people have different ideas about it. Some people think _______________________________________________________________
本文为议论文体裁，要求考生就“学生使用学习类APP 来搜索他们不会做的题目”这一现象列出优缺点，并发表自己的观点。在写作时，考生要把所有要点逐条陈述，适度发挥；同时要注意文章说理清楚，语言流畅，句式表达多样。
Today, more and more students are using the learning-guided App. However, different people have different ideas about it. Some people think it's useful. The APP can help students solve problems in their studying on time. ① It's easy and convenient for them because they can study at home. They can choose the teachers they like , ② which will make them more interested in studying.
However, others don't think so. ③ They think some students just pretend to study, and in fact, they play games. They don't want to think independently but only copy the answers. They don't care about their studies at all. It's a waste of time.
I think it's good for students who are hard-working. They can study better. But for students who don't want to study, it's very bad. ④
赏析
① help sb. (to) do sth. 以及solve problems in sth.两个短语凸显出作者对英语句式的熟练掌握和灵活运用。
② they like为省略关系代词who的定语从句，因为who在从句中作宾语，故可省略，该句显示了作者的语法功底。
③ 恰当使用转折词However，增加了文章的连贯性和逻辑性，且给文章增添了色彩。足见考生写作功底深厚。
④ 该句给出了自己的建议。两个who引导的定语从句的运用，一来再次申明了两类学生态度，增加了逻辑性，二来丰富了文章句式。
应用文是人们日常生活和工作中广泛使用的文体，常见形式有电子邮件、书信、通知、便条、日记、演讲稿等。应用文的写作要点如下：
1. 语言较规范，有特定的语言表达方式，开头和结尾套话较多。
2. 明确要点，如理由、时间、地点、参加人、活动内容等基本信息的传达。
3. 语言以实用为准，力求平实、准确、简洁，句子不要过长，使读者一眼便领会其要点。
4. 不同的文体采用不同的时态，如：日记一般用过去时，通知和请柬一般用现在时和将来时等。
常用模板
模板1 书信
Dear Sir / Madam,
I am glad to receive your letter. In your letter, you asked me about ________. Here is my idea.
Body（正文）
Hope to see you soon! / Hope to hear from you soon. / Best wishes to you!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
假设你是某英语报社的编辑Rina，收到了Li Wei 同学的来信，他在信中诉说了因为肥胖常常遭到同学嘲笑的苦恼，并向你寻求建议。请你根据以下提示给Li Wei 回信。
要求：1. 须包括所有要点提示并适当补充，语句通顺，意思连贯；
2. 词数：100词左右；开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数；
3. 文中不得出现个人真实姓名和校名。
参考词语：laugh at; care about; high-fat food; the more..., the healthier...
Dear Li Wei,
I've received your letter and I can understand you. _______________________________________________________________
Yours,
Rina
本文要求按照所给的提示给Li Wei写一封回信。写作中要包含编辑提出的三方面建议：自信乐观、合理饮食以及适当运动。根据材料内容可知，本文要用一般现在时，人称主要是第一人称单数。注意并列连词的使用及主谓一致问题。
Dear Li Wei,
I have received your letter and I can understand you. You must feel upset when being laughed at for your weight. ① Here is my advice for you.
Firstly, there is no need to worry about what others think of you. ② The most important thing is to be confident, as it will give you enough courage to face and overcome your trouble. ③
Secondly, keep away from high-fat food and eat more fruit and vegetables instead. ④ Eating healthily is very important for losing weight.
Thirdly, I strongly advise you to do more exercise than before. You'd better get up early in the morning and do some sports regularly.
I hope my advice will be helpful to you.
Yours,
Rina
赏析
① when being laughed at为状语从句的省略结构，相当于when you are being laughed at，表达地道、高级。
② Firstly及下文的Secondly、Thirdly 使文章衔接自然，脉络清晰，层次分明。此外，本句还运用了固定句型there is no need to do...，恰当、自然。
③ 不定式to be confident作本句的表语，as引导原因状语从句，to face and overcome your trouble作目的状语。本句解释了不要在乎他人看法的原因。
④ instead在此作副词，意为“代替”，和从前的饮食习惯形成对比的变化。
模板2 电子邮件
假如你是李华，在网上看到英国Britech公司为正在开发的一款提高英语写作能力的应用软件(APP)征集网友建议。请根据网上的征集信息，用英语给该公司写一封电子邮件。
IDEAS NEEDED
Britech is now designing an app that helps learners with their English writing. The app is to help learners explore ideas, organize them and write them down. Your ideas are needed!
Here's what to do:
Write to share your ideas! Feel free to be creative!
Please let us know:
● What's the name of the app?
● What problem does the app solve?
● What does the app do?
Contact us at appdesign@Briteclz.com
注意：1. 内容涵盖所有要点，可适当发挥。
2. 词数80左右（已给出文章开头，不计入总词数）。
3. 文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。
Dear Sir or Madam,
Thanks for designing an app for English writing. _______________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
这是一篇根据英国Britech公司为正在开发的一款提高英语写作能力的应用软件（APP）征集网友建议的短文，征集的要点主要包括：APP的名字、这款APP主要解决什么问题，以及这款APP主要做什么。请根据网上的征集信息，用英语给该公司写一封电子邮件。认真围绕要点组织材料，在此基础上亦可适当发挥。根据材料可知本文主要是应用第一人称，一般现在时态。
Dear Sir or Madam,
Thanks for designing an app for English writing. I'd like to share my ideas here. Could it be named “Writing Made Easy”? ①
Many of us have trouble in writing. We don't know how to organize ideas, use proper words, and so on. ② I hope it can help us solve these problems.
Here is my advice on what the app does. ③ First, it's better to provide some reading materials. The more we read, the better we write. ④ Second, to develop our writing skills, it's advised to have an online course on the app. Third, there should be an e-teacher who can correct mistakes and offer suggestions. ⑤
I hope my advice is worth taking. ⑥
Yours,
Li Hua
赏析
① 反问句的形式来征询意见，使语气婉转、客气。
② how +不定式作know的宾语，该句具体陈述写作中遇到的具体困难。
③ here引导的完全倒装是高级句式，回答了APP是做什么的这一问题。
④ The more..., the better...句式，丰富了文章的句式结构。
⑤ there should be句型意为“应该有……”，who引导定语从句，修饰先行词e-teacher。
⑥ 短语be worth doing sth. 意为“值得做某事”。advice is worth taking为固定句式，意为“建议值得采纳”。
模板3 日记
Date, Day of the week Weather
In the morning, my parents and I went to the garden nearby my home.（第一段，总结叙述，交代清楚日记涉及的事情、时间、地点）
In the garden, we took many pictures of beautiful flowers. ________.（具体描述事件发生的原因、经过和结果）
What a wonderful day we have enjoyed！（第三段，对事件的分析以及自己的感受）
假如你是晨光中学的学生李华，平时坚持用英语写日记。请根据以下要点，描述你星期三放学乘地铁回家路上看到的事情，并表达自己的想法。
l.一个男孩不舒服，开始呕吐，一位穿着漂亮的女士帮着擦拭地面，男孩表达感谢。
2.地铁到站，有人挤向座位，有人下不去车，有人因此争吵。
3.你认为……
要求：1.词数：80~100个；
2.日记格式和开头已给出，不计入总词数；
3.要点齐全，行文连贯，可适当发挥。
参考词语：开始呕吐 begin to vomit；挤向座位 push towards the seat；
争吵 have a quarrel
June 5, Wednesday Sunny
When I took the underground back home from school, I noticed _______________________________________________________________
这是一篇日记，题目已经给出日记的主要内容。在写这类作文时，要根据短文的中心思想考虑如何开头、展开和结尾，使用一些能承上启下的连词。写时切忌结构分散，废话连篇，严重跑题。因为是日记，所以时态为一般过去时，人称为第一人称。注意作文中必须包含材料中的所有信息，并适当发挥。
June 5, Wednesday Sunny
When I took the underground back home from school, I noticed a boy who didn't feel well. As I was wondering what was wrong with him ① , he began to vomit. A well-dressed lady ② helped him clean the floor. And then the boy thanked her for helping. When the underground got to the station, some pushed towards the seat while others couldn't get off. ③ Therefore, they had a quarrel.
I wish we all can help each other when someone is in trouble and behave well all the time. Only in this way will our world be more beautiful. ④
赏析
① as引导时间状语从句，what's wrong with him作wonder的宾语，该句为过渡句，使得前后两句衔接自然。
② 形容词well-dressed为高级词汇，本句也可以替换为定语从句a girl who was dressed in beautiful clothes。
③ while在此处作并列连词，表示同时存在的两种事物的对比。该词将有人抢座位、有人下不去车两种现象做了鲜明对比，体现了作者运用词汇能力之强。
④ “only +介词短语”置于句首，构成了部分倒装结构。
模板4 通知
Boys and girls / Ladies and gentlemen / Friends,
May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.
________（事件）will be held at / in ________（地点）in / on ________（时间）. All the students and teachers are required ________（要求）.
That's all. Thank you.
假如你是李明，本周日由你组织国际交换生去北京动物园游玩，请用英语拟一份口头通知。内容要点如下：
1. 集合时间、地点：早上9点，动物园入口处；
2. 上午自由参观，可拍照；
3. 下午请动物饲养员做一个报告，五点乘大巴返校；
4. 穿结实的鞋，着装轻便。
要求：1. 文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；
2. 词数：80~100；
3. 内容连贯，不要逐条翻译；
4. 开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Hello, everyone!
We are going to the Beijing Zoo this Sunday. _______________________________________________________________
本题考查应用文中的口头通知，要求考生以团队负责人李明的身份拟一份口头通知，告知本校的国际交换生周日去北京动物园游玩的相关事宜。写作时要注意口头通知的写作特点，阐明活动的时间、地点、内容以及相关的注意事项。题目中给出了提示信息，写作难度不大，写作时要包含所有提示信息，多用一般将来时，注意内容连贯。
Hello, everyone! Sunny
We are going to the Beijing Zoo this Sunday. Here is something we need to know. Everyone is expected to meet at the gate of the Beijing Zoo before 9:00 a.m. ① In the morning, we are free to ② watch tigers, lions, elephants and many other animals. And we are allowed to take photos. ③ In the afternoon, an animal keeper will give us a talk on the protection of wild animals. Our school bus will wait for us at the gate at 5 p.m. By the way, wearing light clothes, strong shoes and bringing some water will make us more comfortable during the visit. ④
Wish you have a great time!
赏析
① 短语be expected to do sth.引出了集合的时间、地点，简明准确。
② 词组be free to do sth.交代了“自由参观”事项 。
③ 本句使用allow sb. to do sth.的被动语态来阐述学生游玩时对其的要求。
④ 作者使用by the way连接一些出行小贴士，其中用动名词wearing...和bringing...作主语，不仅使得语言更简洁，还兼顾了句式的多样性。
模板5 便条
Dear Sir / Madam,
I'm going ______, and ______. （单刀直入，说明事件）At about o'clock ______, （交代在何时做某事） I want you to ______. （陈述便条主要内容）
Yours,
Li Ming
假如你是李明，因为天气太冷，你得了重感冒，医生建议你卧床休息两天。为此，你需要写一张假条，向班主任王老师请两天假，并表示自己能够自学，并请老师把作业发到微信（WeChat）上。
要求：1. 包含以上所有要点，可适当增加细节，使行文连贯；
2. 词数：60~80词。
Asking for Leave
Dear Mr. Wang,
_______________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Ming
试题要求李明给班主任王老师写一张请假条，内容包括请假原因、请假时长。请假条是日常生活中常用的一种交流方式，因此试题的体裁和题材都非常贴近学生的生活实际，学生也容易下笔，有话可说。考生可根据试题的要求适当地增添细节。注意人称为第一人称，时态为一般现在时。在写作时，因为是学生向老师请假，所以语气要诚恳。
Asking for Leave
Dear Mr. Wang,
I'm sorry to write the request for leave. ①
I had a terrible ② cold and coughed badly ② because of the cold weather. My doctor advised me to have a good rest at home. ③ So I'm writing to ask for 2 days’ sick leave. ④
I know it's not good to miss classes, ⑤ but I have to. ⑥ And I will do my best to make up for the lessons. Please send the homework to me by WeChat.
I will be very thankful if you approve my application.
Yours,
Li Ming
赏析
① 文章开头点题，符合英语的写作习惯。
②terrible强调感冒的严重性。一来比bad程度更深，二来避免和badly重复。这里表现出考生在写作时字斟句酌。
③ advise sb. to do sth.的短语运用正确。
④ I'm writing...符合信件书面语的特征，该句为请假条中最常用的一句话，短语ask for sick leave（请病假）的娴熟运用，表明了作者良好的词汇基础。
⑤ it作形式主语，动词不定式to miss classes作真正的主语。表明作者能够熟练地使用英语句式进行表达。
⑥ 这里使用的是省略句，用I have to（miss classes）表达简洁、地道。
模板6 演讲稿
Fellow students,
I feel greatly honored to have the chance to speak at _______.（交代演讲地点）/ I'd like to talk about the problems in our lives and how I deal with them.
First of all, _________. What's more, ________. At last, ___________.
That's all. Thank you!
假如你是李华，你所在的学校即将开展以“文明礼貌伴我行，争做文明中学生”为主题的英语演讲比赛。请完成下面的演讲稿。内容包括：
1. 列举生活中至少两种不文明现象并写出各自产生的影响；
2. 提出至少三条争做文明中学生的建议；
3. 发出争做文明中学生的号召。
要求：1. 词数80~100，开头结尾已给出，不计入总词数；
2. 文中不能出现真实的学校名称和姓名；
3. 可以适当发挥。
Hello, everyone!
My name is Li Hua. Nowadays, people care more about our grades. In fact, good behavior is as important as good grades. However, ______________________________________________________________
I believe we'll be better students as long as we behave ourselves.
That's all. Thanks for listening.
该题目属于演讲稿写作。在写作时应紧接开头，根据内容提示列举生活中至少两种不文明现象并写出各自产生的影响，提出至少三条争做文明中学生的建议并发出争做文明中学生的号召。作文中主要用第三人称，主要使用一般现在时，叙述要完整，条理要清晰。
Hello, everyone!
My name is Li Hua. Nowadays, people care more about our grades. In fact, good behavior is as important as good grades. However, some bad behaviors can be seen around us. For example, some students throw rubbish everywhere, which makes the environment worse and worse. ① Some students are always shouting back angrily to ② their parents. Gradually the relations between them become bad.
How can we behave well? First, ③ I think we should be polite and kind to others. Be ready to help others in need. ④ Second, try to be honest and keep promises. The most important thing is to follow the rules at school or in public. ⑤
Let's pull together and take action from now on.
I believe we'll be better students as long as we behave ourselves.
That's all. Thanks for listening!
赏析
① which引导非限制性定语从句，且该句中worse and worse作宾语environment的补足语。
② be always doing sth.指“经常做某事”，该短语伴有语气和感情色彩在内，在此表达对学生朝父母怒吼这一不文明行为的不满。
③ 过渡性词语first与下文的second前后照应，使文章衔接自然，脉络清晰，层次分明。
④ 祈使句的运用干脆利落，词组in need作others的后置定语。
⑤ 不定式结构to follow the rules at school or in public作句子的表语，体现了作者深厚的语法功底。