Tuesday 阅读理解 A

PRACTITIONERS

Jacqueline Felice de Almania （c. 1322） highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials （ 证明 ） of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.

James Barry （c. 1789-1865） was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.

Tan Yunxian （1461-1554） was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships （ 学徒期 ） with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor , describing her life as a physician.

Rebecca Lee Crumpler （1831-1895） worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.