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List 1

1 species

['spiːʃ iːz]

n. 种类(a kind);(单复同)物种(a group into which a genus is divided)

Many species became extinct.

很多物种灭绝了。

2 state

[steɪt]

n. 状态(the condition);国家(a country);州(a province such as in the US) v. 陈述,说明(to express)

They lost important funding from state governments.

他们失去了州政府拨给的重要资金。

3 vary

['verɪ]

v. 改变(to differ);变化(to change);使多样化(to diversify)

They can vary significantly from day to day.

它们每天都会有显著变化。

4 essence

['esns]

n. 精髓(the most important feature);本质(the fundamental nature);要素(the distinctive element)

In essence, changes then occurring in Japanese political life were rendering past arrangements for the rulers’ headquarters obsolete, and continental models offered an alternative.

从本质上讲,当时日本政治生活中发生的变化正在使过去对统治者总部的安排变得过时了,而大陆模式提供了另一种选择。

5 surface

['sɜːrfɪs]

n. 表面(a covering);外表(outward appearance);平面(the flat)

It cooled the surface of Earth.

它冷却了地球的表面。

6 active

['æktɪv]

adj. 活跃的(energetic);积极的(enthusiastic);起作用的(functioning);灵活的(quick)

It is more geologically active.

它的地质活动更为活跃。

7 region

['riːdʒən]

n. 地区(an area);范围(a sphere);领域(a field);地域(territory)

The region’s ports became increasingly busy.

该地区的港口变得越来越繁忙。

8 economy

[ɪ'kɑːnəmɪ]

n. 经济(the financial system);节约(thrift)

Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.

它的经济严重依赖于农业。

9 extinct

[ɪk'stɪŋkt]

adj. 灭绝的(died out);熄灭的(extinguished);消亡的(no longer in existence)

It became extinct.

它灭绝了。

10 fit

[fɪt]

adj. 适宜的(appropriate);合适的(suitable);健康的(healthy) v. 使适合(to make suitable)

Where does the sentence best fit?

这句话放在哪里最合适?

11 relative

['relətɪv]

n. 亲属(the family) adj. 相对的,相应的(corresponding);比较的,相对而言的(comparative);相关的(relevant)

They increase the relative humidity.

他们增加了相对湿度。

12 predator

['predətər]

n. 食肉动物(an animal that eats other animals);掠夺者(a predatory person or organization)

They are predator keystone species.

它们是食肉动物关键物种。

13 require

[rɪ'kwaɪər]

v. 要求(to demand);需要(to need);命令(to order);规定(to make somebody do because it is necessary according to a law or rule)

They did not require live entertainers.

他们不需要现场表演者。

14 include

[ɪn'kluːd]

v. 包括(to contain);使成为……的一部分(to make somebody or something part of);列入(to add in)

They include some of the world’s largest rivers.

它们包括几条世界上最大的河流。

15 process

['prɑˌses]

n. 工序(sequent steps to be followed);过程(a series of development)

This process is known as leaching.

此过程称为浸出。

16 origin

['ɔːrɪdʒɪn]

n. 起源(the beginning);出身(the root or ancestry)

Why was the origin of life a simple step in Earth’s history?

为什么生命起源是地球历史上一个简单的步骤?

17 locate

['ləʊkeɪt]

v. 找出(to find out);把……设置在(to set);使坐落于(to situate)

It is easier for predators to locate birds when so many are making noise.

当许多只鸟发出声音时,捕食者更容易找到它们。

18 atmosphere

['ætməsfɪr]

n. 大气(the layer of air);空气(air that you breathe);气氛(the feeling)

It has an atmosphere.

它有大气层。

19 individual

[ˌɪndɪ'vɪdʒʊəl]

n. 个人,个体(a single thing or person) adj. 单独的(separate);个人的(single)

They tend to vary widely in their individual colors.

它们个体的颜色往往差别很大。

20 amount

[ə'maʊnt]

n. 数量(the quantity);总额(a total)

What is the total amount of water in Earth’s oceans?

地球海洋中水的总量是多少?

21 organism

['ɔːrɡənɪzəm]

n. 有机体(a living thing);生物(a creature);有机组织(an organic organization)

For any individual organism, the amount of metabolite secreted is small.

对于任何个体生物而言,其分泌的代谢物都很少。

22 fossil

['fɑːsl]

n. 化石(the hard remains of a creature)

It did not contain any marine fossil.

它不包含任何海洋化石。

23 survive

[sər'vaɪv]

v. 幸免于难(to live after a dangerous situation);存活(to remain alive);比……活得长(to outlive)

Eggs needed warm water to survive.

卵需要温水才能存活。

24 ancient

['eɪnʃənt]

adj. 古老的(very old);古代的(dating from very long ago)

The possibility of analyzing ancient DNA to identify past diseases of extinct animals is being explored.

人们正在探索通过分析古代 DNA 来确定灭绝动物过去所患疾病的可行性。

25 major

['meɪdʒər]

adj. 较多的(larger in number);主要的(main)

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989.

1989 年埃及又有了另一个重大的发现。

26 colony

['kɑːlənɪ]

n. 殖民地(occupied territory);聚居(地)(a settlement);群体(a community)

Treat a colony of these termites with an antibiotic solution, and they will slowly starve to death.

用抗生素溶液投喂这群白蚁,它们就会慢慢饿死。

27 rate

[reɪt]

n. 比率(the proportion);速度(the speed);价格,费用(money charged for goods or services);等级(a degree)

They have increased at a steady rate since 1950.

自 1950 年以来,它们以稳定的速度增长。

28 element

['elɪmənt]

n. 要素(a fundamental component);元素(a substance that consists of only one type of atom)

Earth’s crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more.

地壳中几乎不含有这种元素,但在大多数小行星中,这种元素的含量却多得多。

29 argue

['ɑːrɡjuː]

v. 争论(to quarrel);辩论(to debate);说理,论证(to reason)

Yet many scientists argue against this “Pleistocene overkill” hypothesis.

然而,许多科学家反对这种“更新世过分之举”的假设。

30 mass

[mæs]

n. 大量(a lot);块(a large piece);众多(the majority);质量(weight)

Most of their mass is above the sea surface.

它们大部分都在海面以上。

31 particular

[pər'tɪkjələr]

adj. 特定的,专指的(specific);特别的(special);挑剔的(fussy);特殊的(unique)

Certain species are native only to particular islands.

某些物种只在特定岛屿上才有。

32 minor

['maɪnər]

adj. 轻微的(not very serious);较小的(smaller);次要的(secondary)

In some areas, small changes in climate or minor changes in plant characteristics may have further destabilized local economies.

在某些地区,气候的微小变化或植物特征的微小变化可能会进一步破坏当地经济的稳定。

33 significant

[sɪɡ'nɪfɪkənt]

adj. 重要的(important);有意义的,意味深长的(meaningful)

It was not a significant factor.

这不是一个重要因素。

34 source

[sɔːrs]

n. 来源(the starting point);发源地(the origin)

Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish, but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted, such as during extended periods of drought.

鳃无疑是这些鱼的主要氧气来源,但当水中含氧量大幅减少时,比如在长期干旱的情况下,肺会作为辅助呼吸系统来吸气。

35 available

[ə'veɪləbl]

adj. 可利用的(usable);可得到的(accessible);有空的(free);有效的(of avail)

It was not available in Egypt.

埃及没有这种东西。

36 expand

[ɪk'spænd]

v. 使……膨胀(to get bigger);扩张(to spread out);增加(to increase)

It will expand to hundreds of times its previous size.

它会膨胀至原来尺寸的好几百倍。

37 behavior

[bɪ'heɪvjə]

n. 行为(a typical way animals show)

How has animal behavior changed over time?

动物行为是如何随着时间变化的?

38 exist

[ɪɡ'zɪst]

v. 存在(to be present);生存(to be living);活着(to keep alive)

They do not exist at the upper timberline.

它们不存在于上林线。

39 nest

[nest]

n. 巢(a roost) v. 筑巢(to settle somewhere to lay eggs)

The answer lies in the construction of the nest.

答案在于巢的构造。

40 structure

['strʌktʃər]

n. 结构(an arrangement);构造(construction);建筑物(a building)

They had a sophisticated multicellular structure.

它们具有复杂的多细胞结构。

41 complex

[kəm'pleks]

adj. 复杂的(complicated)

They included complex molecules.

它们包含复杂的分子。

42 mammal

['mæml]

n. 哺乳动物(animals that give birth to babies and feed them with milk)

The mammal species there all survived into modern versions.

那里所有的哺乳动物都幸存了下来,变成了现代的样子。

43 sediment

['sedɪmənt]

n. 沉淀物(the matter that settles at the bottom of a liquid)

It contained sediment from nearby deserts.

它含有来自附近沙漠的沉积物。

44 depend

[dɪ'pend]

v. 依靠,指望(to rely on);需要提供资金、帮助(to need money, help);受……的影响(to be affected)

Some plants depend on the wind to carry their pollen.

一些植物依靠风来传播花粉。

45 adapt

[ə'dæpt]

v. 改编(to change to suit);使适应(to adjust)

Grassland plants must adapt to these conditions.

草原上的植物必须适应这些条件。

46 local

['ləʊkl]

adj. 地方性的(regional);当地的(relating to the particular area you live in);局部的(concerning a limited part)

The prices of local products decreased.

当地产品的价格下降了。

47 order

['ɔːrdər]

n. 命令(a command);顺序(a sequence);订单(an instruction to supply something in return for payment) v. 命令(to command);下订单(to make a request for)

Obviously, more testing was in order.

显然,还需要进行更多的测试。

48 closet

['klɑːzət]

n. 壁橱(a cupboard);衣帽间(a wardrobe);密室(a secret room)

Giving closet space pride of place in the house is becoming increasingly popular.

让衣柜空间成为房子中最重要的位置正变得越来越流行。

49 volcano

[vɑːl'keɪnəʊ]

n. 火山(a mountain with hot melted rock, gas, steam, and ash)

They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.

它们比火星上最大的火山要小。

50 affect

[ə'fekt]

v. 影响(to influence);感动(to move);假装(to pretend)

They may affect fertility in female deer.

它们或许影响了雌鹿的生育能力。

51 community

[kə'mjuːnətɪ]

n. 社区(a district);团体(a group);【生】群落(a colony)

It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

这使得物种在群落里存活下来的可能性很小。

52 organ

['ɔːrɡən]

n. 器官(a body part);管风琴(a large musical instrument)

Dispersal, as much as organ development, requires energy.

播种跟器官发育一样,需要能量。

53 primary

['praɪmerɪ]

adj. 主要的(major);初级的(being the first stage);根本的,基本的(basic)

They are the primary producers of organic carbon.

它们是有机碳的主要生产者。

54 dinosaur

['daɪnəsɔːr]

n. 恐龙(large reptiles which lived in prehistoric times)

At Egg Mountain, many nests contain baby dinosaur bones.

在蛋山,许多巢穴都有幼龙骸骨。

55 unite

[jʊ'naɪt]

v. 联合(to cooperate);统一(to be one group);团结(to join together)

Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.

罗马人建造了城墙,将他们王国的各个部分统一为一个实体,这个实体被强大的法律所控制。

56 urban

['ɜːrbən]

adj. 城市的,都市的(of a town or city)

They are living in urban areas.

他们生活在市区。

57 thus

[ðʌs]

adv. 这样(in this way);如此(so);因此(as a result);从而(therefore)

The overall survival of the next generation is thus enhanced.

因此,下一代的整体存活率得以提高。

58 carbon

['kɑːrbən]

n. 碳(a chemical element)

It had lower levels of carbon dioxide.

它的二氧化碳含量更低。

59 glacier

['ɡleɪʃər]

n. 冰川(a large mass of ice)

Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop.

过剩的降雪对冰川的形成至关重要。

60 tropics

['trɒpɪks]

n. 热带(region of the Earth lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn)

This is not the case in the tropics.

在热带地区情况并非如此。

61 influence

['ɪnflʊəns]

n. 影响(an effect) v. 影响(to affect);感染(to infect)

However, its influence was not limited to Mexico itself.

但是,它的影响不仅限于墨西哥当地。

62 spread

[spred]

v. 传播(to be known about by more people);散布(to diffuse);铺开(to unfold);伸展(to extend)

They may be spread by wind.

它们或许通过风来传播。

63 pollen

['pɑːlən]

n. 花粉(a fine powder produced by flowers)

It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.

它阻止花粉粒正常附着。

64 evolution

[ˌiːvə'luːʃn]

n. 进化(a process of natural selection);发展(development);演变(a gradual change)

Why was this evolution so rapid?

为什么这一演变如此快速?

65 tend

[tend]

v. 趋向(to be inclined to do);易于(to be likely to do);朝向(to go toward)

They tend to grow in open spaces.

它们倾向于在开阔的空间生长。

66 habitat

['hæbɪtæt]

n. 栖息地(the natural home);产地(the producing area)

It selects a habitat having the tallest trees.

它选择一个有最高树木的栖息地。

67 oxygen

['ɑːksɪdʒən]

n. 氧气(a colorless gas needed to live)

They contain little oxygen.

它们几乎不含氧气。

68 hypothesis

[haɪ'pɑːθəsɪs]

n. 假说(a theory);假设,猜测(the speculation)

The first theory might be called the tall-trees hypothesis.

第一种理论可以称为“大树假说”。

69 layer

['ler]

n. 层(a covering) v. 把……分层(to arrange in layers)

They lose their outer layer of skin.

它们失去外层的皮肤。

70 identity

[aɪ'dentətɪ]

n. 一致(sameness);身份(the state of being a specified person);特征(individual characteristics)

This increases the importance of symbolic exchanges of both goods and information, and makes it necessary to clarify group identity.

这增加了商品和信息象征性交换的重要性,并使阐明群体身份变得有必要。

71 involve

[ɪn'vɑːlv]

v. 包含(to include);使忙于(to be occupied);牵涉(to concern);使卷入(to implicate)

They involve the creation of large, detailed images.

它们包括创作大型、详细的图片。

72 resource

['riːsɔːrs]

n. 资源(something available for use)

Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.

目前正在进行实验,以发展开发该资源的技术。

73 dense

[dens]

adj. 密集的(closely packed)

It was comparatively dense in population.

它的人口相对密集。

74 archaeology

[ˌɑːrki'ɑːlədʒɪ]

n. 考古学(the study of the societies and peoples of the past)

A rapidly growing technical specialty within archaeology is geoarchaeology, which combines archaeological and geological analyses.

地质考古学是考古学中一个快速发展的技术专业,它把考古学和地质学分析结合在一起。

75 impact

['ɪmpækt]

n. 巨大影响(a powerful effect);冲击力(the force of a collision);撞击(a collision)

It is covered by impact craters.

它被撞击坑覆盖着。

76 iron

['aɪərn]

n. 铁(a common hard metal)

It includes a dissolved form of iron.

它包含铁的溶解形态。

77 solar

['səʊlər]

adj. 太阳的(relating to the sun)

It is confirmed by solar evolution models.

太阳进化模式证实了这一点。

78 commerce

['kɑːmɜːrs]

n. 贸易(trade);商业(economical activities)

It experienced growth in international commerce.

它经历了国际贸易的增长。

79 frequent

['friːkwənt]

adj. 频繁的,经常的(repeated);常见的(common)

It would seem that they are becoming more frequent.

它们好像变得越来越频繁了。

80 chemical

['kemɪkl]

adj. 化学的(involving or resulting from a reaction between two or more substances)

However, chemical control has its dark side.

但是,化学控制有负面影响。

81 insect

['ɪnsekt]

n. 昆虫(a small creature)

They are the only insect species whose members are all social.

它们是唯一一个所有成员都是群居的昆虫物种。

82 evolve

[ɪ'vɑːlv]

v. 演变(to develop);进化(to grow)

Why did animal life evolve so rapidly?

为什么动物生命进化得如此快速?

83 character

['kærəktər]

n. 个性(a personality);品质(a quality)

The culture to which they contributed has, nevertheless, an underlying homogeneity and a distinct visual character.

但是,他们所贡献的文化具有内在的同质性和鲜明的视觉特征。

84 coral

['kɔːrəl]

n. 珊瑚(a hard substance formed from the bones of very small sea animals)

Coral larvae disappear.

珊瑚幼虫消失了。

85 compare

[kəm'per]

v. 对比(to contrast)

Why does the author compare “modern humans” with “ancient people”?

为什么作者把“现代人”和“古代人”作比较?

86 contribute

[kən'trɪbjuːt]

v. 捐助(to support);贡献(to give);是……的原因之一(to be one of the causes of something)

They may contribute to increased volcanic eruptions.

它们可能会造成更多的火山喷发。

87 govern

['ɡʌvərn]

v. 统治(to rule);支配(to guide);抑制(to restrain);管理(to control);决定(to determine)

Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to govern other members of society.

戏剧发展的某些理论集中研究统治其他社会成员的团队领袖是如何使用戏剧的。

88 migrate

['maɪɡreɪt]

v. 迁移,迁徙,转移(to move)

Many birds, unlike monarchs, migrate over water.

与黑脉金斑蝶不同,许多鸟会在水上迁徙。

89 vegetation

[ˌvedʒə'teɪʃn]

n. 植物(plants);草木(grass and trees)

There was little vegetation.

几乎没有植被。

90 nutrient

['nuːtrɪənt]

n. 营养物,养分(substances that help plants and animals to grow)

Animals, bacteria, and fungi consume much of the nutrient content in soil.

动物、细菌和真菌消耗了土壤中的大部分营养成分。

91 diverse

[daɪ'vɜːrs]

adj. 不同的(different);多种多样的(various)

The population became more ethnically diverse.

人口变得更加种族多样化。

92 pattern

['pætərn]

n. 模式(a regular way that something is done);图案(a design);典范(a model);式样(a sample)

This pattern is repeated yearly.

这种模式每年都在重复。

93 reef

[riːf]

n. 礁(a long line of rocks or sand near the surface of the sea)

How does a fringing reef become a barrier reef?

边缘礁如何成为屏障礁?

94 addition

[ə'dɪʃn]

n. 增加(an increase);加法(the process of adding two or more numbers together)

In addition, the juveniles inside the body cavity were of different sizes.

另外,体腔内的幼体大小不一。

95 establish

[ɪ'stæblɪʃ]

v. 建立(to set up);确立(to prove);创办(to create)

They establish territories in their first autumn.

它们在第一个秋天建立了领地。

96 benefit

['benɪfɪt]

n. 利益(profit);津贴(social security payments);益处(an advantage);福利(welfare) v. 使受益(to be useful to somebody or something)

Many insects benefit from the same strategy.

许多昆虫都受益于同种策略。

97 deposit

[dɪ'pɑːzɪt]

n. 存款(savings);保证金(a down payment);沉淀物(sediment) v. 放置(to put);(使)沉淀(to gradually be left);存储(to store)

Predation contributes to the sediment deposit of the reef.

捕食导致了礁的沉积物沉积。

98 term

[tɜːrm]

n. 学期(a session);术语(a specialized word);条款(a part of a written law or legal document)

Thus, they help keep farmland productive over the long term.

因此,它们有助于保持农田的长期生产力。

99 ecosystem

['iːkəʊsɪstəm]

n. 生态系统(all the plants and living creatures in a particular area)

The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.

生态系统变化的原因不总是明确的。

100 extend

[ɪk'stend]

v. 延伸(to spread out);延长(to make longer);伸展(to stretch);扩展(to widen)

It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend downward more than ten meters.

一些沙漠多年生植物的根部向下延伸超过十米并不罕见。 vtU9EzeGEbAYnb/uYCTAHzTOufa22x1pYFKMuT/wDc8HmiZfyh3GjwtUn90jPqzd

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