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一般来说，代词是指代人和事物的词，主要替代名词以及起名词作用的短语、不定式、动名词、从句或句子，以避免重复。
人称代词不仅可以指人，也可以指物，有人称、数和格的变化。
□ I think the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away.
我认为产生大量垃圾也是我们总是使用某些物品一次然后就扔掉的结果。
□ Children should learn at an early age to use high-tech equipment as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.
儿童应该从小学会使用电子设备因为他们在学习和工作生涯中需要这些技能。
□ Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level.
这样的天分可以给人们提供一种让他们超越别人的技能，而更勤奋的学生则永远无法达到类似的水平。
物主代词是表示所属关系的代词，是人称代词的属格形式，说明事物的所属关系。
□ They will help children learn what is important in life, how they are expected to behave and what role they will play in their world.
他们会帮助孩子们学会生活中什么是重要的，应该如何行事以及在他们的世界中要扮演什么角色。
反身代词指动作的发出者把动作施加到动作的发出者本人。
□ I went to a mixed school, but feel that I myself missed the opportunity to specialise in science.
我去了一所男女混合的学校，但我觉得自己错过了主修理科的机会。
□ Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessary language skills themselves.
小学教师是通才，自身可能不具备必要的语言技能。
指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个（些）”“那个（些）”。常用的指示代词有this，that，these，those。其中this和that指单数，these和those指复数。为了学习方便，我们把such和so也归到这一类。
指示代词this，these往往指在时间或空间上较近的人或物；that，those可指在时间或空间上较远的人或物。这些指示代词的指代对象通常出现在上文。指示代词也可以作限定词。
□ Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time.
有人认为改善公众健康的最好办法是增加体育设施的数量。支持这一观点的人认为，如今久坐不动的生活方式和压力重重的工作环境意味着体育活动不再是我们工作或闲暇时间的一部分。
□ Feelings about one’s job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important for the well-being of that person.
一个人对工作的感觉一定反映出他或她对自己生活的总体感觉，正因为此，工作满意度对于这个人的幸福确实非常重要。
□ Away from these serious concerns, young people have an active social life with their friends, often simply by hanging out with them.
除了这些严重的问题，年轻人和他们的朋友有一个活跃的社会生活，通常只是和他们一起出去玩。
that可以代替特指的不可数名词，也可以代替特指的可数名词单数，代替可数名词单数时等同于the one；those代替特指的可数名词复数，此时等于the ones。
□ What needs to be mentioned is that the consumption of chicken overtook that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1990.
需要指出的是，鸡肉的消耗量在1980年超过了羊肉的消耗量，在1990年超过了牛肉的消耗量。
such指如前面所述的这样的人或事物。such作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词。such也可以作限定词，后接名词，构成“such＋a/an＋(adj.＋)可数名词单数”“such＋(adj.＋)可数名词复数”和“such＋(adj.＋) 不可数名词”三种结构。
□ The damage to some old buildings is such that it will take people years to repair.
对一些旧建筑的破坏是如此之大，以至于人们需要数年才能修复。
□ They are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents and who are not used to strangers or new situations. Such children find their first day at school at the age of six very frightening and this may have a negative effect on how they learn.
他们通常比那些与父母待在家里、不习惯陌生人或新环境的孩子更自信、更独立。这样的孩子在6岁的时候就发现他们在学校的第一天很可怕，这可能会对他们学习的方式产生负面影响。
□ I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle the waste.
因此，我认为政府需要在公众中提高这种意识。孩子们可以在学校接受环境问题的教育，但是成年人需要采取行动。政府可以通过对塑料袋等包装征税、提供回收服务以及对不打算回收垃圾的家庭和商店进行罚款来鼓励此类行动。
so作代词时，可以替代上文的表语或“动词+宾语/动词+状语/动词+宾语+状语”。
□ I argue that people who can afford medical costs should be privately insured, but free medical care must be made available to those too poor to do so.
我认为，能够负担得起医疗费用的人应该自己买保险，但必须向那些太穷而无法负担的人提供免费医疗。
不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。
one指代可数名词，既可以指人，也可以指物；其复数形式为ones。one和ones分别代替上文已出现过的可数名词单数和复数，以避免重复，表示泛指。如果表示特指，则分别用the one和the ones。
□ After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones—an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others.
接下来，如果需要惩罚，也不应该用体罚，因为这仅仅传递了一个信息：个子大的人可以打个子小的——这很可能导致孩子开始欺负别人。
□ Most people would consider children who have many toys to be the fortunate ones.
大多数人会认为有很多玩具的孩子是幸运的。
all表示“全部都”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。both表示“二者都”。all of/both of后为名词时，of可省略，但后面名词为宾格代词时不可省略of。all指事物的整体或抽象概念时表示单数，指人时表示复数。both作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
□ Both genders of student can have equal chances to study what they want.
男女学生都有平等的机会学习他们想学的科目。
□ It also allows more equality among pupils and gives more opportunity to all those at the school to choose subjects more freely without gender prejudice.
它还允许学生之间有更多的平等，并给学校里的所有人更多的机会在没有性别偏见的情况下更自由地选择课程。
□ All change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.
并不是所有的改变都有好的结果，包括施加于人的变化。
other不能单独使用，可修饰可数名词复数，意为“另外的一些”，表示泛指。
□ But there are various other measures that could be implemented.
但是还有各种其他的措施可以实施。
others用来代替“other＋可数名词复数”。some可与others构成搭配，表示“一些……，另一些……”。
□ Some people argue that living in big cities is bad for health while others disagree.
一些人认为生活在大城市不利于健康，而另一些人则持不同意见。
the other特指两部分或两者中的另一个，单独使用指代可数名词单数。另外，the other也可以修饰可数名词复数，特指两者以上中剩下的全部。
□ This village was divided into two parts. One was a housing area, and the other (part) was a commercial district.
这个村庄被分成两部分。一个是住宅区，另一个是商业区。
□ There are three villages in total, one is in the south, and the other two are in the north.
总共有三个村庄，一个在南方，另外两个在北方。
the others特指多个当中剩下的全部。
□ There are three villages in total, one is in the south, and the others are in the north.
总共有三个村庄，一个在南方，其他的在北方。
注意：any other后接可数名词单数，any of the other后接可数名词复数。
□ In 2013, Australia was the country which had a higher proportion of Internet users than any other country/any of the other countries.
在2013年，澳大利亚的网民百分比比其他国家都高。
another的意思是“另外的”，表示泛指，即没有整体范围的“另外的”，用于“another＋可数名词单数”结构中，也可以单独使用。
□ Another advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially.
早上学的另一个好处是孩子在社交方面发展得更快。
另外another后可以接基数词构成“another two/three＋可数名词复数”的结构，相当于“two/ three... other＋可数名词复数”或“two/three...more＋可数名词复数”表示“另外两个/三个……”。
either表示“两个中的任何一个”，可以作主语、宾语和定语，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。neither表示“两者都不”，可以作主语、宾语和定语，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。这两个词都可以指人或物，都可以与of搭配。
□ Let us not forget that either traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people.
我们不要忘记，传统产品，无论是药品、化妆品、玩具、衣服、器皿还是食品，都为当地人提供了就业机会。
□ In some cases, an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality.
在某些情况下，员工的工作既不适合他们的技能，也不适合他们的个性。
当不知道或不能确定数量，只表示“一些，若干”时，用some或any，两者既可以用作代词，也可以用作限定词（后接名词），其中some用于肯定句，any用于否定句。
□ Some experts argue that mixed schools prepare their pupils better for their future lives.
一些专家认为，混合学校能让学生更好地为未来的生活做好准备。
当some在句中作状语时，作为副词，表示“大约”，相当于about。
□ However, in Europe over half the people already lived in cities in 1950, although it only increased by some 21%.
然而，在欧洲，一半以上的人在1950年就已经生活在城市里，尽管这一数字只增长了大约21%。
many和much是表示数量的不定代词，many修饰或替代可数名词，而much修饰或替代不可数名词。名词前如果有the/my/your/our/this/that/these等，不能直接用many和much，需用many/ much of。
□ At work, many of us are challenged and stimulated by the increasing professional skills we acquire, which ensures that our jobs remain interesting.
在工作中，我们中的许多人受到我们需要的专业技能不断增长的挑战和刺激，这确保了我们的工作充满乐趣。
little和few表示“几乎没有”，little后接不可数名词，few后接可数名词复数。a little和a few表示“一些”。值得注意的是，little的比较级和最高级分别是less和least，few的比较级和最高级分别是fewer和fewest。这四个词（组）在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
□ In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.
今天在许多地方，孩子们在六七岁左右开始上小学。然而，由于现在父母双方都工作的可能性越来越大，孩子们几乎没有机会在自己家里待到那个年龄，他们很可能会在小得多的时候就去上幼儿园了。
□ Few people have the time to chat with their neighbours because they are too busy with their studies or work.
很少人有时间和邻居聊天，因为他们忙于学习或工作。
□ Those who feel that sports stars’ salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful.
那些认为体育明星的收入合理的人可能会认为，拥有真正天赋的专业人士非常少，而金钱是对一个人成功所需要的技能和奉献的认可。
由some-，any-，every-，no-与-one，-body，-thing构成的代词称为复合不定代词。此类复合不定代词可以与形容词连用，构成“复合不定代词+形容词”的结构。
□ When someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, then there is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker.
当有人觉得他们正在通过培训机会提高或发展自己的技能时，就会有一种进步感和目标感，这会奖励员工。
□ Children are interested in everything colourful, and thus, watching TV is good for them.
孩子们对一切有颜色的事物感兴趣，因此看电视对他们有好处。
相互代词有each other和one another，意为“互相，相互”。它们既可以指两个人或两件事情，又能指更多的人或事物，但常用each other指两个人或两件事情，用one another指两个以上的人或事情。
□ It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere.
有人认为国与国之间变得越来越相似，因为同样的产品在全球传播，这些产品现在几乎在任何地方都可以买到。