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Part A
语法知识详解

一、名词的分类

名词可分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词又包括个体名词和集体名词,不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词。

二、可数名词

可数名词[C]就是可以计数的名词,有单数、复数两种形式,绝大多数可数名词的复数形式通过在词尾加上-s或-es构成。可数名词单数时可以跟不定冠词a/an,复数时可以跟数词one,two,three等。

可数名词复数一般在词尾加-s,在清辅音后读/s/ [parents,steps],在元音及浊辅音后读/z/ [sides,friends],单词词音以/s/, /z/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/结尾时读/iz/ [changes,horses]。

以-s/-x/-sh/-ch结尾的词加-es,一般读作/iz/ [glasses,brushes,watches,boxes]。

以-o结尾的词加-s,一般读作/z/ [pianos,photos,zoos]。

以辅音字母加-y结尾的词,变-y为-i加-es,一般读作/iz/ [factories,studies];以元音字母加-y结尾的词,直接加-s,一般读作/z/ [toys,boys,ways,days]。

以-f或-fe结尾的词,把-f或-fe变为-v加-es,一般读作/vz/ [wolves,wives,thieves]。

注意:

① stomach的复数形式是stomachs。

② hero,potato和tomato的复数形式是在单词后加-es。

③ roof,belief,proof等词的复数形式是在单词后加-s。

④ 常见可数名词的不规则变化:foot–feet,man–men,woman–women,tooth–teeth,mouse–mice,goose–geese,child–children。

⑤ 常见单复数同形的名词:sheep,deer,spacecraft,aircraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,means,series,species。

⑥ 常见外来名词的复数形式:criterion–criteria,phenomenon–phenomena,analysis–analyses,basis–bases,crisis–crises,bacterium–bacteria,medium–media。

⑦ fish表示鱼的种类时复数形式是fishes,表示条数时复数形式为fish,表示鱼肉是不可数名词。

⑧ 中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词,将最后一个名词变为复数:housewife–housewives,bookshelf–bookshelves;中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词,将其中主要的词变为复数:passerby–passers-by,daughter-in-law–daughters-in-law,editor in chief–editors in chief。

⑨ 组成复合名词的单词中没有名词时,则在最后一个单词的词尾加-s:go-between–gobetweens,grown-up–grown-ups。

⑩ 由man,woman作为复合名词的第一部分时,将两部分都变为复数形式:man cook–men cooks。

a) 个体名词表示一类人或物的个体

□ With an increasing number of vehicles running on the road, a large quantity of car fumes is emitted into the air to damage the air quality.

随着越来越多的车辆在路上行驶,大量汽车尾气被排放到空气中,破坏了空气质量。

□ Some people assert that young offenders should not be punished as adults.

有些人认为少年犯不应该像成年人那样受到惩罚。

b) 集体名词表示一群人或一类物的集合体

□ It is very necessary for the police who are on patrol to carry guns.

警察在巡逻时配枪是非常必要的。

□ Many people regard tax as a burden, because it can reduce their disposable income.

许多人认为税收是一种负担,因为它会减少他们的可支配收入。

□ Allocating money to constructing sports facilities has positive influences on the public.

拨款建设体育设施对公众有积极的影响。

以下这些集体名词既可以表示一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式,又可以表示这个群体中的所有人,谓语动词用复数形式:class,audience,army,family,group,team,crowd。这些名词在表示一个整体时,也有复数形式,表示多个这样的群体。

□ In modern society many young people do not want to form a family early.

现在很多年轻人都不想太早成家。

□ People are always concerned about their family when they work outside their hometown.

在外工作的人总是担心他们的家人。

□ 200 families consume 3 tonnes of water each month.

200个家庭每个月用三吨水。

有一些名词总是以复数形式出现,但不能用具体的数字修饰,也不能用a/an,a pair of等修饰,只能用many,a great many等修饰:arms(武器),damages(赔偿金),goods(商品),wages(工资),belongings(财务),earnings(收入),findings(调查结果),leavings(剩余物),savings(存款),surroundings(环境)。

三、不可数名词

不可数名词[U]就是不可以计数的名词,它不可以跟不定冠词或数词。有的名词有时虽然也可能以复数形式出现,但不能计数,比如可以说many difficulties,却不可以说three difficulties。

a) 物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物

□ Some people think they have the right to use as much water as they want.

有些人认为他们有权肆意地用水。

b) 抽象名词表示品质、行为、感情或其他抽象概念

□ Encouragement should be given to children to do whatever they want to do.

应该鼓励孩子们做他们想做的任何事。

雅思考试中,考生经常用错的不可数名词有:

employment(雇用),work(工作),information(信息),equipment(设备),research(研究),capital(资金),knowledge(知识),architecture(建筑),pollution(污染),software(软件),aid(帮助),news(新闻),training(培训),travel(旅行),advice(建议),waste(废物),progress(进步),labour(劳工),access(途径),transport(交通),workforce(劳动力),advertising(广告),well-being(幸福;健康),feedback(反馈)。

□ Students’ independent learning skills can be developed by teaching them to refer to information in the dictionary.

可以通过教学生查字典培养他们的独立学习能力。

四、专有名词

专有名词是个人、国家、地方、机构、组织等所专有的名称。专有名词第一个字母要大写。

□ The British drive on the left side of the road, so Americans must follow this when visiting the U.K. or they will have a traffic accident.

英国人靠左行驶,所以美国人在去英国的时候必须遵守这个规定,否则他们可能会发生交通事故。

五、名词构成法(后缀法)

六、名词构成法(合成法)

七、名词的格

名词的格有两种构成方式,一种是在单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词后加-’s,或在以-s结尾的复数名词的词尾后加-’;另一种是of+名词。

-’s所有格形式的用法↓↓

a) 主要用于表示人或其他有生命的名词,表示“……的”

□ It is the father’s responsibility to provide the basics for his children, while his wife involves herself in the everyday activity of bringing them up.

当母亲参与到抚养孩子的日常活动中时,父亲有责任为孩子提供基本的生活必需品。

□ While some people think sending children to school early may be damaging a child’s relationship with his or her parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age.

虽然有些人认为早送孩子上学可能会对他们与父母的关系造成损害,但事实上小时候有上学体验有很多好处。

b) 用于表示时间、距离、价格等的名词

□ Today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time.

如今久坐不动的生活方式和压力重重的工作环境意味着体育活动不再是我们工作或闲暇时间的一部分。

□ During this 25 years’ period, the consumption of lamb and beef fell dramatically to 100 grams and just over 50 grams respectively.

在这25年里,羊肉和牛肉的消费量分别急剧下降到100克和刚过50克。

c) 用于表示国家、城市、天体等的名词

□ Out of a country’s health budget, a large proportion should be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and preventative measures.

在一个国家的卫生预算中,很大一部分应该从治疗转移到医疗教育和预防措施的支出上。

需要注意的是-’s所有格可以表示主谓关系和动宾关系。所谓“主谓关系”是指所有格名词相当于主语,而被修饰的名词相当于谓语,这个名词通常是由一个动词转化过来的。所谓“动宾关系”是指被修饰的名词相当于谓语且是及物动词,而所有格名词相当于这个及物动词的宾语,这个被修饰的名词通常也是由一个动词转化过来的。

主谓关系:

□ the teacher’s request=the teacher requests

老师的请求

动宾关系:

□ teenagers’ punishment=sb. punishes teenagers

青少年受到的惩罚

of所有格的用法↓↓

a) 表示无生命的东西

□ Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems.

提高汽油价格是解决日益增长的交通和污染问题的最好办法。

b) 表示“有关,关于……”

□ The notion of “fairness” is not the issue.

“公平”的概念不是问题所在。

c) 表示抽象的概念

□ As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads.

由于这一政策也会影响公共交通的成本,所以它很不受每一个经常出行的人的欢迎。

d) 表示部分与全体的关系

□ Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they do not always have good impacts on the majority of people.

令人遗憾的是,并不是所有的新事物都能得到推广,因为它们并不总对大多数人有很好的影响。

e) 后跟含有后置定语的名词或表一类人或一类物的“the+形容词”

□ The housing problem of the poor has become a focus of public concern.

穷人的住房问题已成为公众关注的焦点。

注意:表示人、人类集体以及社会、政治等组织的名词两种所有格方式都可以用。

□ It is certainly true that the position of women in society has undergone a dramatic change in the past twenty years.

的确,妇女在社会中的地位在过去二十年发生了巨大的变化。

□ This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child.

这在一定程度上是因为长时间坐在屏幕前会损害孩子的眼睛和身体的姿态。

□ Developed countries have been providing financial aid to the third world countries for decades, but it has not changed the economic situation of the poor countries.

发达国家几十年来一直在向第三世界国家提供财政援助,但这并没有改变贫穷国家的经济状况。

□ If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, the traditional objects of a nation might be completely ousted one day.

如果这种国际品牌不断推进到世界的每一个角落的趋势一直继续,一个国家的传统物件有可能有一天被完全取代。

需要注意的是,当有生命的名词后接短语或从句修饰时,需要用of所有格。

□ The privacy of those people who enjoy huge following should be protected.

名人的隐私需要得到保护。

在学术写作中,为了使表达更客观,可以将动词转化为名词。这其中包含了两种语义关系:主谓关系和动宾关系。

主谓关系:

□ the emergence of high-tech products=high-tech products have emerged

高科技产品的出现

动宾关系:

□ the acquisition of communication skills=sb. acquire communication skills

获得交流技能

□ the development of social skills=sb. develop social skills

发展社交技能

八、冠词

英语中常用a/an/the来说明名词所表示的人或事物,这三个词常位于名词的前面,被称为冠词。冠词是虚词,是名词的一种标志,它不能脱离名词独立存在,不能单独做句子的成分。

a/an是不定冠词,用于可数名词单数前;the是定冠词,用于可数名词单数、可数名词复数或不可数名词前;有时候在可数名词单数、可数名词复数或不可数名词前不加冠词(零冠词)。

不定冠词a用于以辅音因素开头的单词前,an用于以元音因素开头的单词前。

□ a useful tool 一种有用的工具

□ a European country 一个欧洲国家

□ a university 一所大学

□ an honest person 一个诚实的人

a/an的主要用法↓↓

a) 泛指任何一个人或物

□ A child’s education has never been about learning information and basic skills only.

孩子的教育从来都不只是知识和基本技能的学习。

□ These may include a contented family life, long-lasting friendships and a career.

这些可能包括满意的家庭生活、长久的友谊和事业。

□ Solving these problems is likely to need more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.

解决这些问题可能需要的不仅仅是提高汽油价格。

b) 表示数量“一”

□ Many high school graduates now take a year off to work or travel.

许多高中毕业生现在会休假一年去工作或旅行。

c) 表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”

□ In 1975, beef was consumed 225 grams a week.

1975年,牛肉每周消费225克。

定冠词the的主要用法↓↓

a) 表示特指前文提过的人或物

□ There is no doubt that pollution from vehicles has become a huge problem. To tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed.

毫无疑问,汽车污染已经成为一个大问题。为了解决污染问题,需要开发更清洁的燃料。

b) 表示地球上、宇宙中独一无二的事物

□ These days, a growing number of adolescents in the world are committing more crimes.

如今,世界上越来越多的青少年在犯罪。

c) 用于单数名词前,表示类别

□ Acquiring theoretical knowledge on the computer is a good method.

在电脑上学习理论知识是一个好方法。

d) 当名词前有描述性定语时,是否使用定冠词依情况而定

□ Many girls are not willing to seek employment in a male-dominated world.

许多女孩不愿意在男性主导的行业里找工作。

e) 用于序数词或形容词最高级之前,以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较

□ In 1975, beef was by far the most popular of these food, with 225 grams consumed per person per week.

1975年,牛肉是最受欢迎的食品,每人每周消费225克。

□ Some people believe that parents should spend time reading or telling stories to their children, while others think that children should read by themselves through a variety of other sources, such as books, TV and the Internet. I am in favour of the latter idea.

有些人认为父母应该花时间给他们的孩子读书或讲故事,而另一些人则认为孩子应该自己通过各种其他的途径来阅读,比如书籍、电视和互联网。我赞成后一种观点。

□ What is the happiest time in people’s lives?

人一生中最快乐的时光是什么?

f) 用于表示西方乐器的名词前

□ When attending music classes, students may learn to play some instruments, such as the guitar, the piano and so on.

在上音乐课的时候,学生可以学习一些乐器,如吉他、钢琴等。

g) 用于形容词或分词前,表示一类人或物

□ Participating in exercise regularly is important not only to the young but also to the old.

经常参加锻炼不仅对年轻人重要,对老年人也很重要。

h) 用于very/only/right/following/same之前和just之后

□ Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products.

有些人可能认为所有的人都有权利获得同样的产品。

i) 用于年代、朝代名词及逢十的数字前

□ Since the 1990s, the amount of exported wheat has increased dramatically.

自20世纪90年代以来,出口小麦的数量急剧增加。

j) 一些固定搭配中需要使用定冠词the

□ the government  the tourism industry  the economy  the Internet

零冠词的主要用法↓↓

零冠词用于可数名词单数、可数名词复数和不可数名词前,表示泛指。

□ Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out.

相反,老师和家长可以使用各种方式来管教孩子,例如课后留校、取消优待以及停课。 kcm2b/RWiw/XoCTUxZZdaQHScPDeZaeztvSZ/mMyHy8LiAhBSkU7vdzd5BA/o2Qh

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