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Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence “ Nowadays more and more people keep learning new skills to adapt to a fast-changing world. ” You can make comments, cite examples, or use your personal experiences to develop your essay. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
1. A) He is an adventurer.
B) He is a staff writer.
C) He is an author of fiction.
D) He is a father of four kids.
2. A) They are curious and autonomous.
B) They are interested in fairy tales.
C) They are a headache to their parents.
D) They are ignorant of politics.
3. A) He teaches them proofreading.
B) He gives them encouragement.
C) He recommends model essays to them.
D) He offers them ample editorial guidance.
4. A) She began to perceive the world differently.
B) Her reading opened her eyes to the world.
C) She realized the power of reading.
D) Her tastes in books changed.
5. A) She is a website designer.
B) She is a university graduate.
C) She is a successful entrepreneur.
D) She is a main street store owner.
6. A) They were mostly failures.
B) They were popular with her classmates.
C) They showed her natural talent.
D) They were repeatedly rejected by shops.
7. A) She did not like ready-made clothes.
B) She had a strong interest in doing it.
C) She could not find clothes of her size.
D) She found clothes in shops unaffordable.
8. A) Study fashion design at college.
B) Expand her business.
C) Add designs for women.
D) Improve her marketing strategy.
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
9. A) Removing a deadly strain of bacteria in humans with a new antibiotic.
B) Identifying bacterial strains that are most harmful to human health.
C) Discovering bacteria which are resistant to all known antibiotics.
D) Utilizing artificial intelligence to find a powerful new antibiotic.
10. A) Bacteria’s resistance to antibiotics.
B) Ever-increasing strains of bacteria.
C) The similarity between known drugs.
D) The growing threat of bacteria to health.
11. A) Combat bacteria’s resistance to antibiotics.
B) Foresee human reaction to antibiotics.
C) Predict whether compounds are toxic.
D) Dispense with experimental testing.
12. A) By theorization.
B) By generalization.
C) By conversation.
D) By observation.
13. A) They are easy to detect.
B) They are well intended.
C) They are harmless.
D) They are groundless.
14. A) Basically objective.
B) Mostly by chance.
C) Subject to their mental alertness.
D) Dependent on their analytical ability.
15. A) Looking the speaker in the eye.
B) Focusing on the speaker’s facial expressions.
C) Measuring the speaker’s breathing rate.
D) Listening carefully to the speaker.
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
16. A) They don’t treat patients with due respect.
B) They don’t care how much patients have to pay.
C) They have to deal with social workers’ strikes.
D) They witness a lot of doctor-patient conflicts.
17. A) Appear submissive and grateful to doctors and nurses.
B) Note down the names of all the doctors and nurses.
C) Refrain from saying anything that sound negative.
D) Express a strong desire to be consulted or informed.
18. A) Appreciative.
B) Cooperative.
C) Responsive.
D) Passive.
19. A) It grows more and more mature professionally.
B) Its members stay in touch even after it breaks up.
C) It prioritizes recruiting young energetic members.
D) Its members work together despite risks of failure.
20. A) Their connections strengthen with the passage of time.
B) Their differences are likely to impact productivity.
C) Their similarity is conducive to future collaboration.
D) Their mutual understanding stems from a common goal.
21. A) It is characterized by diversity.
B) Its goals are quite inconsistent.
C) It is connected by a unique mechanism.
D) Its members have similar backgrounds.
22. A) Living off a small proportion of one’s income.
B) Spending in anticipation of becoming wealthy.
C) Putting aside twenty percent of one’s earnings.
D) Saving as much as one can possibly manage.
23. A) It enables them to focus on long-term investments.
B) It will turn them into successful financial planners.
C) It will guarantee the profits from their investments.
D) It empowers them to cope with irrational emotions.
24. A) They count on others to take the responsibility.
B) They think they themselves are to blame.
C) They persist rather than get discouraged.
D) They change their investment strategy in time.
25. A) They do not resist novel lifestyles.
B) They do not pressure themselves to get rich.
C) They do not care what they have acquired.
D) They do not try to keep up with others.
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
The city of Bath was founded by the Romans almost two thousand years ago. It has been famous for its 26 pleasing architecture and healing thermal springs ever since.
There are three hot springs in Bath; one is the King’s Spring, upon which the Roman Baths and a temple were 27 . The other two are the Cross Spring and the Hetling Spring, close to each other in Hot Bath Street. Although Bath is 28 known as a Roman and Georgian city, many people came in the intervening centuries to make use of the 29 waters.
While the Georgians made ‘taking the waters’ or bathing particularly fashionable, it was 30 generations who paved the way, creating greater interest in Bath and its springs. Charles II, desperate for an heir and unable to produce a 31 son, came to Bath to take the waters in the hope that their magical powers would do something to 32 the situation. Craving for a male heir, James and Mary both came to Bath and soon after produced a son, which bred many conspiracy theories about who was the real father of their 33 . Regardless, the ‘miracle’ created something of a boom in tourism for Bath and once Queen Anne had paid a visit in 1702, sealing it as the place to be, the whole nation 34 to the city.
Afterwards, the spas ( 矿泉疗养浴场 ) in Bath continued to go in and out of fashion for more than 150 years until they closed completely. The new Bath Spa, which opened in 2006, 35 modern architecture with the ancient spring, now the New Royal Bath.
A) aesthetically
B) constructed
C) designates
D) extract
E) flocked
F) incorporates
G) legitimate
H) natural
I) offspring
J) previous
K) principally
L) remedy
M) rhetorically
N) sneaked
O) versatile
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 .
The Doctor Will Skype You Now
A) Fazila is a young woman that has been dealing with eczema ( 湿疹 ), a common skin condition, for the past five years, but never got it treated. The nearest hospital is an hour away, by boat and bus, and her skin condition didn’t seem serious enough to make the trek, so she ignored it—until a new technology brought the doctor to her. Fazila lives on one of the remote river islands in northern Bangladesh. These islands are low-lying, temporary sand islands that are continuously formed and destroyed through sand buildup and erosion. They are home to over six million people, who face repeated displacement from flooding and erosion—which may be getting worse because of climate change—and a range of health risks, including poor nutrition, malaria ( 疟疾 ) and other water-borne diseases.
B) The most dangerous thing for these remote island dwellers is land erosion. The second is lack of access to medical supplies and doctors. There are no doctors within miles, and while child mortality and maternal death have gone down in the rest of the country, this is not the case for the islands. The medical situation is so bad that it really takes away from the quality of their life. Yet for many island inhabitants—some of Bangladesh’s poorest—paying for health care is a costly ordeal. Victims of erosion lose their houses, agricultural land and jobs as farmers, fishermen and day laborers. Though government hospitals are free, many people hesitate to go, citing long commutes, endless lines and questionable diagnoses. For convenience’s sake, one-third of rural households visit unqualified village doctors, who rely on unscientific methods of treatment, according to a 2016 study in the peer-reviewed journal Global Health Action .
C) On the islands, there’s even a colloquial ( 口头的 ) expression for the idea of making medical care your lowest priority: It’s known as “rog pushai rakha” in Bengali, which roughly translates to “stockpiling their diseases”—waiting to seek medical attention until a condition becomes extremely serious. Now, a new virtual medical service called Teledaktar (TD) is trying to make health care more easily accessible. Every week, TD’s medical operators travel to the islands by boat, carrying a laptop, a portable printer for prescriptions and tools to run basic medical screenings such as blood pressure, blood sugar, body temperature and weight. They choose an area of the island with the best Internet reception and set up a makeshift ( 临时凑合的 ) medical center which consists of plastic stools and small tables borrowed from the locals’ homes, a tent in case of rain and a sheet that is strung up to give the patients privacy during their session.
D) Launched in October 2018, TD has eight centers in towns and villages across rural Bangladesh and on three islands. It is funded by a nonprofit organization founded by Bangladeshi entrepreneurs, finance and technology professionals. Inside the center, the laptop screen lights up to reveal Dr. Tina Mustahid, TD’s head physician, live-streamed ( 网络直播 ) from the capital city of Dhaka for free remote medical consultations. Affectionately called Doctor Apa—“older sister” in Bengali—by her patients, she is one of three volunteer doctors at TD.
E) “I diagnose them through conversation,” says Dr. Mustahid. “Sometimes it’s really obvious things that local doctors don’t have the patience to talk through with their patients. For example, a common complaint mothers come in with is that their children refuse to eat their meals. The mothers are concerned they are dealing with indigestion, but it’s because they are feeding the children packaged chips which are cheap and convenient. I tell them it is ruining their appetite and ask them to cut back on unhealthy snacks.” Dr. Mustahid says building awareness about health and nutrition is important for island patients who are cut off from mainland resources.
F) Even off the islands, Bangladesh faces a critical deficit of health services. The country has half the doctors-per-person ratio recommended by the World Health Organization: roughly one doctor per 2,000 people, instead of one doctor per 1,000 people. And of those physicians, many are concentrated in cities: 70% of the country’s population live in rural areas, yet less than 20% of health workers practice there. Over 70% of TD’s 3,000 patients are female, in part because many are not comfortable speaking with local doctors who tend to be male. The rural women are mostly not literate or confident enough to travel on their own to the nearest town to visit medical facilities. Many have spent their entire lives rebuilding their homes when the islands flood. Early marriage and young motherhood, which are prevalent in these parts of Bangladesh, also contribute to the early onset of health problems.
G) For most TD patients on the islands, Dr. Mustahid is the first big-city doctor that they’ve ever consulted. TD doctors are not meant to treat serious illnesses or conditions that require a doctor to be physically present, such as pregnancy. But they can write prescriptions, diagnose common ailments—including digestive issues, joint pain, skin diseases, fever and the common cold—and refer patients to doctors at local hospitals. The visit is also an opportunity for the patients, especially women, to air their concerns about aging, motherhood and reproductive health according to Dr. Mustahid. The doctors also offer health, dietary and lifestyle advice where necessary, including insight on everything from recognizing postnatal ( 产后的 ) depression to daily exercise. Dr. Mustahid regularly recommends her patients to take a daily thirty-minute morning walk before the sun gets too intense.
H) After a few sessions about general health issues Fazila finally opened up about something else that was bothering her: her persistent skin condition. It can get expensive to travel to the doctor, so usually the women living on the islands describe their illness to their husbands. The husbands then go to the pharmacy, try to describe the issue and return home with some random medicines. Nothing worked for Fazila until she started seeing Dr. Apa.
I) Other nonprofits are also starting to provide health services on the islands. A local non-governmental organization called Friendship operates floating boat hospitals that provide health services to islands all over Bangladesh, docking at each for two months at a time. Friendship also runs satellite clinics in which one doctor and one clinic aide who are residents of the community disperse health and hygiene information.
J) TD still has a few major challenges. Many residents complain the medicines they are prescribed are sometimes unaffordable, but the government isn’t doing enough for them. Patients often ask why the medicine isn’t free along with the consultation from the doctors. The organizations are linked to local pharmacies and offer discounts to the patients and make sure to prescribe the most cost-effective brands, but still many residents can’t afford even that.
K) Nevertheless, TD’s remote consultations seem to be popular: Of 3,000 patients, at least 200 have returned for follow-ups, according to TD. The reason, explains one resident, might be the simple gesture of treating the island inhabitants with respect. “Dr. Apa is patient,” he says. “At government hospitals, the doctors treat us very badly, but here they listen to us, I can repeat myself many times and no one gets annoyed.”
36. Some children on the remote islands won’t eat their meals because they are fed cheap junk food.
37. Unlike other parts of Bangladesh, the number of women who die from giving birth remains high on the river islands.
38. One big problem many islanders have is that they can’t afford the prescribed medicines, even with discounts offered.
39. TD is a virtual medical service financially supported by one of the nation’s nonprofit organizations.
40. TD doctors are welcome to the islanders because they treat the sick with respect and patience.
41. Women islanders tend to have health problems early partly because they get married and give birth early.
42. TD doctors make weekly visits to the remote islands to provide services at a temporary medical center.
43. TD doctors provide the islanders with online diagnoses and treatments for common diseases.
44. The residents of the river islands have to keep moving their homes because of floods and land erosions.
45. Women islanders usually rely on their husbands to get some medicines for them without diagnoses and prescriptions.
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Selective colleges and universities in the U.S. are under fire for being too elite and too expensive, and for not training graduates for the world of work. Such charges ignore the fact that these institutions continue to prepare students for success in their work, for thoughtful engagement in civic life, for lifelong learning, and for understanding the world and those with whom they live.
These colleges and universities must be doing something right. Applications are at record highs, and their financial aid programs make them more accessible than ever. This model of education has long played a central role in creating opportunity, driving economic growth, and spurring innovation.
Yet, there is growing skepticism about the value of this model. The recent tax reform bill is a wake-up call that our strongest colleges and universities are under assault by some in government. The initial proposals would have made education unaffordable for many by taxing tuition waivers for graduate students and ending deductions for student loan interest. Thankfully, these provisions were ultimately stripped from the bill, but lawmakers let stand a new tax on the investment income of some colleges and universities.
While these attacks are motivated by misguided ideas, we need to do a better job of explaining why these claims are false and why what we do is valuable. We cannot take for granted that any of this is obvious.
It is often said that elite colleges and universities do not train students, particularly those who study the liberal arts, for the workforce. But this can be refuted by scholarly research. The data are clear: a liberal arts education is great career preparation, both for excellent lifetime earnings and for satisfaction with the work. This education develops the skills of critical thinking, rigorous analysis of data and facts, communication with the written and spoken word, understanding of cultural differences and issues, and the ability to keep learning. In fact, liberal arts graduates do extremely well in every imaginable field.
Access to an education at selective colleges and universities is now more available than ever to low- and middle-income families. We have built endowments from donations by alumni ( 校友 ) and parents who understand and appreciate our mission to provide access and opportunity, and a significant portion of the returns from these endowments is used to fund financial aid.
Ironically, the new tax on endowments drains financial aid funds from the very schools most able to offer opportunity to those who have earned a spot but cannot otherwise afford this education. Beyond the virtue of access to those who have earned a place at these schools, the diversity of economic backgrounds enhances the education and experience of all of our students.
46. What fact does the author emphasize concerning selective colleges and universities?
A) They have been ignoring the training of graduates for the world of work.
B) They have been doing well in ensuring their students a successful future.
C) They have been constantly attacked for being too elite and too expensive.
D) They have been actively engaged in civic life beyond the school campus.
47. What does the author say in arguing for the model of education in the U.S.?
A) It has contributed substantially to the nation’s overall development.
B) It has succeeded in maintaining sustainable financial aid programs.
C) It has given priority to innovative programs for graduate studies.
D) It has played a central role in attracting international applicants.
48. What do we learn about the initial proposals concerning the recent tax reform bill?
A)They would have stripped many students of life’s chances.
B) They would have deducted graduate student loan interest.
C) They would have added to many students’ financial burden.
D) They would have increased the number of tuition waivers.
49. What do the data show about elite colleges and universities?
A) Their graduates lack the rigor required for doing statistical analysis.
B) Their students prove to be inadequately prepared for their future careers.
C) Their focus on research is conducive to developing students’ critical thinking.
D) Their liberal arts education enables graduates to excel in whatever field they are in.
50. What is an advantage of providing financial aid for students?
A) Every student can choose the institution they wish to attend.
B) All students can benefit from a diversified student population.
C) All students will be able to earn a place on university campus.
D) Less privileged students will be more competitive at elite schools.
When a group of Australians was asked why they believed climate change was not happening, about 36% said it was “common sense”, according to a report published last year by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. This was the most popular reason for their opinion, with only 11% saying their belief that climate change was not happening was based on scientific research.
But what do we mean by an appeal to common sense? Presumably it’s an appeal to rationality of some sort that forms the basis of more complex reasoning. The appeal to common sense, however, is usually nothing more than an appeal to thinking that just feels right, but what feels right to one person may not feel right to another. Whether it feels right is usually a reflection of the world view and ideologies we have internalised, and that frames how we interact with new ideas. When new ideas are in accord with what we already believe, they are more readily accepted. When they are not, they, and the arguments that lead to them, are more readily rejected.
We often mistake this automatic compatibility testing of new ideas with existing beliefs as an application of common sense, but, in reality, it is more about judging than thinking. As Nobelist Daniel Kahneman notes in Thinking , Fast and Slow , when we arrive at conclusions in this way, the outcomes also feel true, regardless of whether they are. We are not psychologically well equipped to judge our own thinking.
We are also highly susceptible to a range of cognitive biases such as giving preference to the first things that come to mind when making decisions or giving weight to evidence.
One way we can check our internal biases and inconsistencies is through the social verification of knowledge, in which we test our ideas in a rigorous and systematic way to see if they make sense not just to us, but to other people. The outstanding example of this socially shared cognition is science.
That does not mean that individuals are not capable of excellent thinking, nor does it mean no individual is rational. But the extent to which individuals can do this on their own is a function of how well integrated they are with communities of systematic inquiry in the first place. You can’t learn to think well by yourself.
In matters of science at least, those who value their common sense over methodological, collaborative investigation imagine themselves to be more free in their thinking, unbound by involvement with the group, but in reality they are tightly bound by their capabilities and perspectives. We are smarter together than we are individually, and perhaps that’s just common sense.
51. What does the author intend to show by citing the findings from the report published last year?
A) People seldom appeal to rationality in their thinking.
B) It is often the case that truth lies in the hands of a few.
C) Common sense and science are the two sides of a coin.
D) Few people know if climate change is really happening.
52. What is the appeal to common sense according to the author?
A) It is the basis for the internalisation of individuals’ ideologies.
B) It is a series of conceptions formulated from complex reasoning.
C) It is collective wisdom that helps people interact with new ideas.
D) It is something subjective based on what one perceives to be right.
53. What does Daniel Kahneman think is the problem of testing new ideas with existing beliefs?
A) It may lead to incorrect judgment.
B) It makes no use of common sense.
C) It fails to correct mistakes through serious reasoning.
D) It can produce psychologically unacceptable outcomes.
54. What can we do to be less susceptible to cognitive biases?
A) Give equal weight to evidence of both sides in a conflict.
B) Provide convincing examples in developing an argument.
C) Establish socially shared cognition via scientific methods.
D) Avoid inconsistencies when addressing controversial issues.
55. What message does the author try to convey at the end of the passage?
A) Multiple perspectives stimulate people’s interest in exploring the unknown.
B) Individuals can enhance their overall capabilities by interacting with others.
C) Individuals should think freely to break from the restrictions of common sense.
D) Collaborative efforts can overcome individuals’ limitations in scientific inquiry.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2 .
南京长江大桥是长江上首座由中国设计、采用国产材料建造的铁路、公路两用桥，上层的4车道公路桥长4589米，下层的双轨道铁路桥长6772米。铁路桥连接原来的天津—浦口和上海—南京两条铁路线，使火车过江从过去一个半小时缩短为现在的2分钟。大桥是南北交通的重要枢纽，也是南京的著名景点之一。
南京长江大桥的建成标志着中国桥梁建设的一个飞跃，大大方便了长江两岸的物资交流和人员来往，对促进经济发展和改善人民生活起到了巨大作用。
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