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所有脊椎动物甲状腺功能的形态学具有相同基础，滤泡结构贯穿脊椎动物进化的全过程。与此相反，甲状腺大体解剖在脊椎动物中各有不同。胎盘哺乳动物和一些爬行动物，甲状腺横跨气管，由中间峡部相连的两侧叶组成。在非胎盘哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖类动物中，甲状腺由两个独立侧叶组成。在软骨鱼类和一些硬骨鱼类（主要是海洋鱼类）中，甲状腺集中在一致密器官中。其余的海洋鱼类和大部分淡水硬骨鱼类中，甲状腺由分散在咽下结缔组织中无被囊滤泡组成。常在这些动物的非咽部区域（如肾脏、心脏、食管或脾）发现异位滤泡。所有脊椎动物的甲状腺形态发生过程中都按照相同途径 [49] ，甲状腺原基从咽部始基处开始外翻，向尾部迁移，最终到达定义的甲状腺区域。
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