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04 常用四级英语语法

定语从句

根据从句在句子中的句法作用,可以将英语从句分为三类:名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。形容词性从句即定语从句,定语从句结构灵活,句法功能丰富,在英语中很常用,因此,在汉译英中,定语从句的使用频率也很高。

1. 使用限制性定语从句

句子中有两个或多个分句,前面分句的主语也是后边一个或多个分句的主语,后面的分句通常是对主语的进一步说明,这时可把其后的某个分句译为定语从句。

1 颐和园是著名的旅游景点,每年接待几百万名游客。

The Summer Palace is a famous scenic spot that attracts millions of tourists a year.

2 很多人对工作不负责任,拈轻怕重,把重担子推给别人,自己挑轻的。

There are many people who are irresponsible in their work, preferring the light and shirking the heavy, passing the burdensome tasks on to others and choosing the easy ones for themselves.

2. 使用非限制性定语从句

汉语并列句中第二个分句的主语是第一个分句中已提到的名词,常以“他,该,其”等字开头,在意思上表示重复,这种句子可译为非限制性定语从句。

太阳给予大地热量,这使植物的生长成为可能。

The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.

3. 定语从句不仅能作定语起到修饰的作用,有时在逻辑上(即意义上)相当于主句的状语,表示与主语之间的因果、时间、条件、目的等关系。

1) 表因果

杰克最终还是向罗斯妥协了,因为罗斯发现了他的谎言。

Jack finally reconciled to Rose who found his lie.

2) 表时间

玛丽正要和男友出门的时候撞见了她的朋友。

Mary, who was about to head out with her boyfriend, ran across with her friend.

3) 表条件

一个人如果依赖的是诸如金钱、权力、名誉之类的东西,那他就不会感到安全,永远也不会。

No one who is dependent on anything outside himself such as money, power, fame or whatnot is or ever can be secure.

4) 表目的

数以万计的学子来到这里学习翻译,为的是提高他们的外语能力,成就做翻译的梦想。

Thousands of students came to learn translation here, where they can build up their abilities to apply foreign languages and thus realize the dreams of being great translators.

状语从句作状语

状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式、比较、让步九种。同样,汉语中也存在着这些对等的逻辑关系,在将汉语翻译成英语的时候要弄清上下文的逻辑关系才能翻译准确。

1. 常见逻辑关系词

每种状语从句都有常用的逻辑关系词,熟练掌握这些逻辑关系词有助于我们提高翻译质量和翻译速度。下面将九种状语从句的常见逻辑关系词分别列示如下:

1) 表时间

①(当)……时: when, while

当你打算开始处理一些物品的时候,这张清单就是一个很好的出发点。

When you’re ready to start unloading some of your stuff, that list will be a good place to start.

② 一……就……:as, as soon as, the moment, the second

我一看见这所房子,就把它选作我的家了。

I chose the house for my home as soon as I saw it.

③(在)……之前:before

凡事总是先难后易。

All things are difficult before they are easy.

④(在)……之后:after

我把消息告诉海伦之后,她惊讶地盯着我。

After I told Helen the news, she stared at me in astonishment.

⑤ 直到……(才):till, until

直到双方愿意在某些要点上作出让步,他们才能进行谈判。

They can’t negotiate until each side is willing to give up some key points.

2) 表地点

① 地点,地方:where

渡溪当自浅处过。(谚语)

Cross the stream where it is shallowest.

② 无论哪里,任何地方:wherever, anywhere

这种花随便你种在哪儿都能生长得很好。

This flower will thrive and bloom wherever you plant it.

3) 表原因

① 因为,既然:because, since, as

这些毕业生肯定能获得更多的成功,因为他们受到更优质的教育,形成更好的人际关系。

These graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts.

② 既然:now that, seeing that, considering that

你既然来了,最好还是留下吧。

Now that you are here, you’d better stay.

4) 表结果

如此……以至于……:so... that...,such... that...,so that

风刮得如此猛烈,以致她几乎是寸步难行。

The wind was so strong that she could hardly move forward.

5) 表目的

① 以便:so that, that, in order that

她努力工作,以便在六点前一切就绪。

She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock.

② 免得,唯恐,以防,以免:lest, in case, for fear that

我告诉你这一点,以免你搞错。

I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.

6) 表条件

① 如果:if

我要是你,我会去上夜校。

If I were you, I’d go to night school.(表虚拟)

② 除非,若不,除非在……的时候:unless

如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。

You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.

③ 在……条件下:on condition (that)...

我可以告诉你真相,条件是你答应保密。

I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.

④ 假如,倘若:supposing (that)...,provided

倘若下雨,我们的运动会还要继续举行吗?

Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meet?

⑤ 若非,要不是:but for, without (用于虚拟语气)

要不是你帮忙,我们肯定不能及时完成任务。

But for your help, we could not have finished in time.

7) 表方式

① 正如,就像,犹如:as,(just) as...

按我告诉你的那样做。

Do as I told you.

② 仿佛……似的,好像……似的:as if, as though(用于虚拟语气)

她那样子就像被雷击了似的。

She looks as if (as though) she had been hit by lightning.

8) 表比较

① 和……一样:as... as...(用于原级比较)

她和她姐姐一样漂亮。

She is as pretty as her elder sister.

② 更:more +形容词比较级+ than...(用于比较级)

这本书比那本书有趣得多。

This book is much more interesting than that one.

③ 最:the (most) +形容词最高级+...(用于最高级)

这是我们城市最繁忙的一条街。

This street is the busiest one in our city.

9) 表让步

虽然,纵然,尽管:though, although

他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。

Although/Though he is old,(yet) he is quite strong.

2. 文中隐含逻辑关系词

有些时候逻辑关系不是通过逻辑关系词体现的,而是暗含在句意中。考生要能够读出这些“弦外之音”,在翻译时将它们表达出来。例如:

1) 暗含因果关系

1 气候干旱,作物歉收。

The crops failed because the season was dry.

2 纯铁太软,不能用在工业上。

Pure iron cannot be used in industry because it is too soft.

2) 暗含条件关系

1 你愿意的话,今晚就可以开车。

You can drive tonight if you like.

2 武器装备维护保养不及时,就不能随时完成遂行作战任务。

The weapons cannot be always ready for operations if they are not maintained in a timely manner.

3) 暗含比较关系

设备体积太大,进不了维修车间,需要分解后再安装。

The equipment is too big to enter the maintenance shop. We have to disassemble it and then erect it in the shop.

4) 暗含让步关系

这台老设备经久耐用。

Old as it is, this equipment is durable.

介宾短语作状语

中文多动词,英文多介词。与中文相比,英文更需要体现出语言的层次,以及统领动词(dominant verb)的主导作用,所以,英文中经常用介宾结构作状语。

1 我们成立一个董事会来管理公司的日常工作吧。

Let's set up a board of directors for the management of our company.

整个句子的统领动词(词组)是set up,中文的“来管理公司”可以视为句子的目的状语,翻译时使用for 引导的介宾结构,译文更加简洁,符合英语句子的表达习惯。

2 考虑到您的舒适和方便,您可以住在公司的外宾专用别墅,别墅位于海滩,开车10分钟就能到我们公司了。

For your convenience and comfort, we’d like to accommodate you in our company's seaside villa, which is 10 minutes by car from our company.

整个句子的第一部分“考虑到您的舒适和方便”在句子中作原因状语,用for引导,使句子的主干部分we’d like to accommodate you 更突显统领地位。

虚拟语气

虚拟语气是大学英语语法中比较重要的、且较难的语法知识,考生应该掌握其用法,以便在翻译考试中合理使用。虚拟语气常见用法如下:

1. 条件句中的虚拟语气

1) 与过去事实相反:从句使用过去完成时,主句中使用would have +过去分词

如果你听从了我的忠告,你就不会陷入麻烦。

If you had followed my advice, you would not have been in trouble now.

2) 省略if,从句改为倒装语序:Had/Were/Should...+主句……

1 如果我看过电影,那昨晚我就和他们讨论剧情了。

Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.

2 要是明天下雨的话,我们怎么办呢?

Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?

3) 用but for或without引导成分代替if从句:But for/Without +名词+主句……

1 如果不是所有生物都具有生存本能,很多的物种可能已经在地球上灭绝了。

But for the survival instinct which nearly all creatures have, many species might have gone extinct on the earth.

2 如果没有大气层来保护我们,我们将被迫寻找躲避太阳的藏身处,来躲避那些致人死命的太阳光线。

Without the atmosphere, we would be forced to look for burrow to hide ourselves from the sun, as there would be nothing to protect us from its deadly rays.

4) 用if only代替if从句:if only + (if 从句),意为“要是……该多好”

你要是更小心些就好了!这起交通事故本可避免。

If only you were more careful! The accident could have been avoided.

2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气

在下列动词的后面接宾语从句时,用“should +动词原形”,should 常被省略。

表示建议:suggest, propose, recommend, advise

表示主张:insist, maintain, hold, urge

表示要求:ask, request, require, demand, desire, prefer, arrange

表示命令:order, command

该学院的一名教授建议设立专项基金来推进创新。

A professor at the academy has proposed that a special fund (should)be set up to boost innovation.

3. 主语从句中的虚拟语气

1) It is + adj./n. + that +虚拟语气

我们有必要将每件事提前准备好。

It is necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.

2) It is + done(表示建议、要求) + that +虚拟语气

任何人禁止在此处吸烟。

It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.

4. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气

主句+ lest/for fear that +虚拟语气

她走得很轻,以免吵醒她的室友。

She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.

5. 隐藏虚拟语气

would/should have done本应该做某事,却没做

could have done 本来可以做成某事,却没有做成

might have done对过去发生的事情的推测,表示可能……

need have done 本来需要做某事却没有做

你们的事故调查做得彻底的话,警方就不会匆匆做出结论。

If you had made a thorough accident investigation, the police would not have jumped to the conclusion.

分词、不定式、独立主格和with复合结构

分词、不定式、独立主格和with复合结构也常常作为汉英翻译的技巧,它们与从句结合使用,可以使译文显得句式结构多变,不至于因从句过多而显得拖沓冗长。下面我们分别对这四类结构举例做出说明。

1. 分词

由现在分词和过去分词引导的结构称为分词结构,分词结构可以在句中充当多种成分,在汉译英时通常译作状语。例如:

1 那条狗跟着主人进了屋。

The dog entered the room, following his master.

2 主人进了屋,后面跟着他的狗。

The master entered the room, followed by his dog.

2. 不定式

动词不定式在英语中使用频率很高,原因是它可以在句子中充当许多成分。如:主语、宾语、定语、状语等。作状语时,不定式可以表示目的、原因、结果等。例如:

1) 表目的

她每天很早起床,为的是赶早班车。

She gets up early every morning to catch the early bus.

2) 表原因

听到你感觉好多了我真高兴。

I am glad to hear that you are much better now.

3) 表结果

警方搜查了整个房间,但是什么也没找到。

The police searched the whole room only to find nothing.

3. 独立主格

独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、条件、原因、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:

1) 表示时间

1 开完会后我们都回家了。

The meeting being over, all of us went home.

2 他干完了活,坐下来喝茶。

His work done, he sat down for a cup of tea.

2) 表示条件

若条件有利,她或许能成功。

The condition being favorable, she may succeed.

3) 表示原因

1 没有出租车,他们只好步行。

There being no taxis, they had to walk.

2 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。

He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.

4) 表示伴随情况

这小孩每天去上学,那条小狗陪伴着他。

The little boy goes to school, the little dog accompanying him every day.

4. with复合结构

with复合结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中的第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。例如:

1 小女孩们在玩雪,手都冻红了。

The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red.

2 蜡烛还亮着,他很快就睡着了。

He soon fell asleep with the candle still burning.

3 教室外面很吵,我很难集中注意力复习功课。

With the noise going on outside the classroom, I had great difficulty in focusing on reviewing the lessons. pWrVo7SaSZwOi2+Yt5L92YtOCoXTDV1Hfoa3Fy8r1zVdEBx95tIVnBdUrywC6RSW

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