Lesson 11

G roup 40: contra=against“反对；相反”

contradict [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt]

vt. 同…矛盾，同…冲突

解 to be contrary to;to disagree with

例 The defendant contradicted his words and was accused of perjury. 被告的陈述与之前的供词相矛盾，被指控作伪证。

同 contradiction n. 矛盾

构 contra（=against）+dict（=to say）

contradictory [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri]

adj. 相互矛盾的

解 in disagreement

例 Her contradictory statements raised suspicion of her honesty. 她自相矛盾的陈述让人怀疑她不诚实。

contrast [ˈkɒntrɑːst]

n. / v. 对比，对照

解 n. a great difference between two or more people or things

v. to compare（two things）so as to show their differences

例 Her dark hair is a sharp contrast to her sister's light hair. 她的深色头发和她姐姐的浅色头发形成了鲜明的对比。

contravene [ˌkɒntrəˈviːn]

v. 违犯（法规、习俗等）

解 to go against rules and laws

例 The rebellious student contravened the school's formal uniform policy and attended class in casual clothes. 这名叛逆的学生违反学校要求统一着装的规定，穿着休闲服就来上课了。

近 intervene v. 介入，干涉

构 contra（=against）+vene（=to come）

G roup 41: counter=against“反对；相反”

counter-argument [ˈkaʊntəˌɑːgjumənt]

n. 反驳，抗辩

解 an argument in opposition to another

例 The winning team of the debate contest had the best arguments and counter-arguments. 这场辩论赛的获胜队拥有最好的论据和反论据。

同 argue v. 争论，争辩；argument n. 争论；论据（证、点）；argumentative adj. 好争辩的

counterfeit [ˈkaʊntəfɪt]

v. 伪造，仿造 n. 伪造物；伪钞

解 v. to make a copy of sth. with the intent to deceive

n. a copy that is presented as the original

例 This twenty-dollar bill looks genuine,but it is really a counterfeit. 这张20美元的钞票看起来很像真的，但其实是假钞。

近 forfeit v. 丧失，被没收 n. 没收物；surfeit n. 过量

构 counter（=against）+feit（=to make）

countermand [ˌkaʊntəˈmɑːnd]

v. 取消订货；撤回（命令）

解 to withdraw or cancel an order or command

例 The general countermanded the air strike when it was discovered that the target had many innocent civilians. 当发现袭击地点有很多无辜的平民时，将军下令取消了这次空袭。

构 counter（=against）+mand（=to order）

encounter [ɪnˈkaʊntə（r）]

v. 遭遇

解 to meet unexpectedly

例 The king's soldiers encountered heavy resistance from the Cyclops. 国王的军队遭遇了库克罗普斯顽强的抵抗。

构 en（=to make）+counter（=against）

G roup 42: cracy=rule;government“统治；政体”

autocracy [ɔːˈtɒkrəsi]

n. 独裁统治，独裁政体

解 a political system governed by a single individual

例 The autocracy of the country allowed one man's opinion and prejudices to rule millions. 这个国家的独裁政体允许一个人的主张与偏见统治百万民众。

aristocracy [ˌærɪˈstɒkrəsi]

n. 贵族阶级

解 a privileged class holding hereditary titles

例 Earls,duchesses,and princes belong to the aristocracy. 伯爵、公爵夫人和王子都属于贵族阶级。

bureaucracy [bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi]

n. 官僚作风；官僚政治

解 governmental officialism or inflexible routine

例 Many people fear that the constant introduction of federal agencies will create a government of bureaucracy. 许多人担心长期采用联邦政府机制会形成官僚政府。

构 bureau（=desk;office）+cracy（=rule;government）

democracy [dɪˈmɒkrəsi]

n. 民主；民主政体；民主国家

解 a political system governed by the people or their representatives

例 Voting is not a privilege but a natural right for all citizens in a democracy. 在民主国家，投票不是特权，而是所有公民的自然权利。

gerontocracy [ˌdʒerənˈtɒkrəsi]

n. 老人统治

解 government by old people

例 Many native American tribes were governed under gerontocracies. 许多印第安人部落由老人统治。

technocracy [tekˈnɒkrəsi]

n. 专家政治

解 a form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control

例 A group of computer engineers dreamed of creating a technocracy based on the Internet. 一些电脑工程师梦想创建一个基于互联网的专家政治体系。

G roup 43: cre=grow;make“增长；产生”

creative [kriˈeɪtɪv]

adj. ① 有创造力的 ② 创造性的

解 ① having the ability or skill to create sth. new ② involving the use of skill and imagination to produce sth. new or a work of art

例 Creative business strategies are necessary for a company to compete in the world markets. 创新性的商业策略对公司参与国际市场竞争至关重要。

同 creativity n. 创造力

creature [ˈkriːtʃə（r）]

n. 生物（尤指动物）

解 any living person or animal

例 She loves all the earth's creatures. 她热爱地球上的所有生物。

accrete [æˈkriːt]

v. 累积（因不停地生长而增大）

解 to cause to adhere or become attached

例 Over time the trees'roots accreted into one. 随着时间流逝，这些树的根长成了一团。

同 accretion n. 自然的增加；增加物

构 ac（=to）+cre（=to grow）+te

concrete [ˈkɒŋkriːt]

adj. 具体的 n. 混凝土

解 adj. based on facts,not on ideas or guesses

n. a strong hard building material composed of sand,gravel,cement and water

例 The student used specific examples to give a concrete image of his story. 这个学生利用多个详尽的例子，使他的故事有了一个具体的形象。

G roup 44: cred=believe,trust“相信，信任”

discredit [dɪsˈkredɪt]

v. ① 败坏…的名声，使丧失名誉 ② 使怀疑

解 ① to damage the reputation of ② to make people doubt sth.

例 Her poor performance in the orchestra discredited her fame as the best singer in the world. 她在管弦乐队的糟糕表现败坏了她作为世界最出色歌手的好名声。

构 dis（=not）+cred（=to believe）+it

credible [ˈkredəbl]

adj. 可信的

解 capable of being believed

例 The mother accepted her son's credible excuse as to why he arrived home late. 母亲认为儿子晚回家的理由是可信的，接受了。

同 credibility n. 可靠性，可信性

credence [ˈkriːdns]

n. ① 信念，信任 ② 可信性，真实性

解 ① belief in sth. as true ② a quality that an idea or story has that makes you believe it is true

例 The credence of the woman's testimony led to the jury's verdict of not guilty. 这个女人证词的可信度使陪审团认定她无罪。

credentials [krəˈdenʃlz]

n. ① 证明，资格证书 ② 资历

解 ① documents attesting to the truth of certain stated facts ② previous achievements,training,and general background

例 His credentials include an MBA degree and over 10 years of work as a manager in a multinational company. 他的资历包括工商管理学硕士学位，以及超过10年的在跨国公司担任经理的工作经验。

credulous [ˈkredjələs]

adj. 轻信的，易受骗的

解 disposed to believe on little evidence

例 The credulous man was tricked by the cunning robber and let him go free. 这个人容易轻信他人，被狡猾的盗贼所欺骗，将他放走了。

同 credulity n. 轻信，易信

G roup 45: crimin=crime;guilty“罪行；犯罪”

criminal [ˈkrɪmɪnl]

n. 罪犯 adj. 刑事的，犯罪的

解 n. someone who has committed（or been legally convicted of）a crime

adj. relating to a crime or its punishment

例 The criminal had been set up and was truly innocent. 经过审查，这名犯罪嫌疑人确实是无辜的。

同 criminality n. 罪行，犯罪

recriminate [rɪˈkrɪmɪneɪt]

v. 反责，反诉

解 to return an accusation against someone

例 The company defended that it had not infringed on any trademarks and recriminated the newspaper of libel. 这家公司辩称没有侵犯任何商标权，并反责该报社诽谤。

构 re（=again,back）+crimin（=crime）+ate

incriminate [ɪnˈkrɪmɪneɪt]

v. 显示…有罪；牵连

解 to make it seem as if sb. has done sth. wrong or illegal

例 The robber's confession incriminated two others who helped to rob the bank. 该名盗贼的供词牵连出了其他两名协助抢劫银行的同伙。

同 incrimination n. 连累

构 in+crimin（=guilty）+ate

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