It's not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder, 1 , to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviours have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on without paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?Possibly, but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are 5 .How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why?Because the target is 6 .People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit their targets.But they 9 hit cyclists.If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another 12 :people become immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take.A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.
The 15 of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 .Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback.The trick is not to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.
1. [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D] moreover
2. [A] Emphasize [B] Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain
3. [A] nearly [B] curiously [C] eagerly [D] quickly
4. [A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall
5. [A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D] blamed
6. [A] punctuality [B] hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation
7. [A] Yet [B] So [C] Besides [D] Still
8. [A] hired [B] trained [C] rewarded [D] grouped
9. [A] only [B] rather [C] once [D] also
10. [A] comfort [B] revenue [C] efficiency [D] security
11. [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent
12. [A] purpose [B] problem [C] prejudice [D] policy
13. [A] reported [B] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed
14. [A] break [B] trip [C] departure [D] transfer
15. [A] moral [B] background [C] style [D] form
16. [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice [D] tolerate
17. [A] task [B] secret [C] product [D] cost
18. [A] leading to [B] calling for [C] relating to [D] accounting for
19. [A] specify [B] predict [C] restore [D] create
20. [A] modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieve
本篇完形文章是一篇讨论如何给员工设定目标的议论文。文章第一句话就概括出了全文的主题(Focus),即set targets for staff(给员工设定目标)。该句之后又直接概括出了全文的主旨倾向“It is much harder...to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviours have multiple components...one and the others become distorted.”,即“理解它们的负面后果要困难得多。大多数与工作有关的行为都有多重组成因素……一个因素,其他因素就会被扭曲。”以上内容构成了全文的主线,之后的文章信息都是作为分述部分围绕此主线展开的。
本篇完形文章采用的是典型的总分对照式的文章结构。文章首段为全文的总述部分,负责概括全文的主线。之后的五个段落为分述部分,围绕全文主线展开详细描述,具体如下:
1. [A] therefore(因此) [B] however(然而) [C] again(再次)[D] moreover(而且)
解题思路: 本题考查上下文逻辑关系。考生通过判断本填空所在句子信息与之前的句子信息之间存在何种逻辑关系来确定答案。本填空之前的句子信息是“给员工设定目标并非难事”,而本填空所在句子的信息是“理解这些目标的负面后果要困难得多”,很明显前后句子信息之间存在转折关系。考生把握前句中的关键线索词not difficult(不难)与后句中的much harder(更难)就能看出两句之间的转折逻辑关系。四个选项中唯一表达转折关系的是[B] however(然而),因此本题答案为选项B。其他选项[A] therefore(因此)表示因果关系,[C] again(再次)和[D] moreover(而且)表示递进关系,均予以排除。
2. [A] Emphasize(强调) [B] Identify(识别)[C] Assess(评估)[D] Explain(解释)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词处于一个祈使句的句首,其宾语是one。之后的句子是the others become distorted(其他因素会被扭曲)。很明显这里出现了英语中一个常见的句式“one...the others”,并且one与the others之间往往是对立的关系。同时,之前的句子信息Most work-related behaviours have multiple components(大多数与工作有关的行为都有多重组成因素),这里的one与the others指代的都是components(组成因素)。根据the others的结果是distorted(被扭曲),可以判断本填空对于one的动作应该是一个与distorted(被扭曲)具有相反意义的动作。四个选项中最合适的是选项[A] Emphasize(强调),即“强调一个因素就会造成其他因素被扭曲”,因此本题答案是选项A。
3. [A] nearly(几乎)[B] curiously(好奇地)[C] eagerly(渴望地) [D] quickly(很快地)
解题思路: 本题考查副词辨析。本副词所修饰的成分是动词see,而动词see之后出现了宾语从句how this works with drivers,这里的代词this指代文章首段中所阐述的主旨观点,即“给员工设定目标并非难事,但理解这些目标的负面后果要困难得多”。也就是说,本填空所在的段落就是文章分述的开始,本填空所在句子开始的信息Travel on a London bus就是用具体的事实来对文章首段中的主旨观点进行支持性阐述。考生根据这些线索很容易判定本题答案为选项[D] quickly(很快地),即“你很快就会看到这一点(文章首段中所阐述的观点)是如何在司机身上体现的”,选项[D] quickly(很快地)对动词see的修饰起到了强调和支持的作用。
4. [A] claim(宣称)[B] prove(证明) [C] check(检查) [D] recall(回忆)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词出现在不定式中,其主语是inspectors,其宾语是一个宾语从句that people have paid。考生综合本填空前后的主语和宾语线索,特别是根据主语inspectors(检查员),就能确定本题答案为选项[C] check(检查)。动词inspect与check本身就是同义复现词。
5. [A] threatened(威胁) [B] ignored(忽视) [C] mocked(嘲笑)[D] blamed(指责)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词用于被动语态,其主语是They,此处的代词They指代之前的句子信息people who run for the bus(追赶公交车的人)。由于本填空所在的段落是对首段中的主旨观点开展支持性阐述的分述,本段落以伦敦公交车为例罗列了许多负面性事实,如下:
Are they carefully inspected?Never.
Do people get on without paying?Of course!
Are there inspectors to check that people who have paid?Possibly, but very few.
And people who run for the bus?They are 5 .
本填空所在的句子只是许多负面事实中的一个,从倾向上要与之前的句子保持一致。之前的句子信息都是在阐述“伦敦公交车司机和检查员工作不认真、不负责任”。考生再根据本动词的主语They指代的是people who run for the bus(追赶公交车的人),本题最合理的答案是选项[B] ignored(忽视),即“公交车司机不理睬这些追赶公交车的人”。
6. [A] punctuality(准时) [B] hospitality(好客)[C] competition(竞争)[D] innovation(创新)
解题思路: 本题考查名词辨析。本名词作表语,其主语是the target(目标)。根据之后的句子信息People complained that buses were late(人们抱怨公交车晚点),可以直接确定本题的答案为选项[A] punctuality(准时),既然人们抱怨公交车晚点,那么公交公司设定的目标肯定是准时。
7. [A] Yet(然而) [B] So(因此) [C] Besides(除了)[D] Still(仍然)
解题思路: 本题考查上下文逻辑关系。本填空处于句子的首部,考生通过分析本句与之前句子之间存在何种逻辑关系来确定答案。本填空之前的句子信息是People complained that buses were late and infrequent(人们抱怨公交车晚点且班次少),而本句的信息是the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took(公交车和公交车道的数量都增加了并且司机按照所用的时间被______或处罚),前后句之间是明显的因果关系,四个选项中唯一表达因果关系的选项是[B] So(因此),本题答案为选项B。
8. [A] hired(雇用)[B] trained(培训) [C] rewarded(奖励) [D] grouped(分组)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词的主语是drivers,并且由连接词or构成一个平行对应结构,如下:
连接词or的意思是“或者”,表达两种对立性的选择,根据原文已知的动作punished(被处罚),可以直接判断本题的答案为选项[C] rewarded(奖励),即司机按照所用的时间受到奖励或处罚。
9. [A] only(仅)[B] rather(而是)[C] once(曾经;一旦) [D] also(也)
解题思路: 本题考查副词辨析。本副词所修饰的成分是谓语动词hit。动词hit是一个复现结构,因为hit在前句中已经出现过了,即drivers hit their targets(司机们达到了他们的目标)。同时,本填空所在句子中做出hit动作的主语they指代的就是前句中也做出hit动作的主语drivers,等于这是同一个主语drivers做出的两个同样的动作,据此判断本题最佳答案是选项[D] also(也)。
10. [A] comfort(舒适) [B] revenue(收入) [C] efficiency(效率)[D] security(安全)
解题思路: 本题考查名词辨析。本名词出现在一个条件状语从句中,即If the target was changed to 10 ,再根据之后的句子信息you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing,考生只要把握这里的关键线索词inspectors(检票员)和pricing(定价),就能判断本题答案为选项[B] revenue(收入),因为inspectors(检票员)和pricing(定价)一定是与公交车的收入有关,其他选项[A] comfort(舒适)、[C] efficiency(效率)和[D] security(安全)均是无关词,予以排除。
11. [A] friendly(友好的)[B] quiet(安静的) [C] cautious(小心的) [D] diligent(勤奋的)
解题思路: 本题考查形容词辨析。本形容词所修饰的成分是drivers,而drivers之后出现了定语从句,由于此定语从句也是修饰drivers的,意味着考生只要把握此定语从句的信息就能确定本题答案。此定语从句who obeyed traffic laws意为“遵守交通法规”,据此可以判断本题答案为选项[C] cautious(小心的)。同时,本填空所在的句子又处于由If引导的条件状语从句中,既然“目标变为了安全”,drivers自然会小心翼翼,据此也能确定本题答案为选项C。
12. [A] purpose(目的) [B] problem(难题) [C] prejudice(偏见)[D] policy(政策)
解题思路: 本题考查名词辨析。本名词作表语,同时由形容词another修饰,根据another可以判定本段是继续阐述之前谈论的议题,而之前的段落信息是在围绕着公交公司设定目标过程中出现的一个又一个的负面问题进行讨论,据此判断本题答案应该是选项[B] problem(难题),其他选项[A] purpose(目的)、[C] prejudice(偏见)和[D] policy(政策)都是无关词,予以排除。
13. [A] reported(报告)[B] revealed(显示)[C] admitted(承认) [D] noticed(注意)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词作谓语,其主语是you,其宾语为宾语从句that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time(你乘坐的航班晚一个小时出发但仍然能准时到达)。根据这个宾语从句判断本题答案为选项[D] noticed(注意),因为主语you对此宾语从句所描述的情况能做出的最合理的动作应该是“noticed(注意)”,即你注意到这个情况,因此本题答案为选项D。
14. [A] break(休息) [B] trip(旅程) [C] departure(出发)[D] transfer(转机)
解题思路: 本题考查名词辨析。本名词作从句的主语,根据句子的信息a 14 is meant to take.A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight(一个原本一小时的航程现在被计为两小时的航程)。这里的flight(航程)是一个trip(旅程),不是break(休息)、departure(出发)或者transfer(转机),因此本题答案为选项B。
15. [A] moral(寓意) [B] background(背景)[C] style(风格)[D] form(形式)
解题思路: 本题考查名词辨析。本名词处于一个of结构中,作句子的主语,即The 15 of the story,再根据句子之后的信息Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria,这明显是在对文章之前所举例子的作用和意义进行评价和进一步地阐释,四个选项中最符合文意的为选项[A] moral(寓意)。
16. [A] interpret(翻译)[B] criticize(批评) [C] sacrifice(牺牲) [D] tolerate(容忍)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词作谓语,其宾语是others。同时,本动词所在的句子明显处于一个平行对应结构中,如下:
Choose的宾语one criterion与本动词的宾语others是对应成分,指的都是标准,它们之间是对立的关系,即“选择了一个标准,其他的标准就放弃了”。其实文章的首段中已经表达过同样的意思,即Emphasize one and the others become distorted,本段此处无非是复现性的重复,据此判断本填空的动词一定是与Choose意义相反的动词,对比四个选项,最佳答案是选项[C] sacrifice(牺牲)。
17. [A] task(任务)[B] secret(秘密)[C] product(产品) [D] cost(代价)
解题思路: 本题考查名词辨析。本名词作表语,且本填空所在的句子处于一个由but引导的转折句中,即Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 。根据前句中的信息“所有事情都可以做得又快又省钱”,则but之后的信息一定要和faster、cheaper构成反义,本题最佳答案是选项[D] cost(代价)。
18. [A] leading to(导致)[B] calling for(要求) [C] relating to(关于) [D] accounting for(导致,解释)
解题思路: 本题考查词组辨析。本词组之前衔接的原文信息为multiple criteria(多个标准),之后衔接的原文信息为critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback。分析前后的原文信息:之前的信息说的是多个标准,而之后的信息就是详细列举了多个关键的标准因素,本题答案应该为选项[C] relating to(关于)。
19. [A] specify(明确) [B] predict(预测)[C] restore(恢复)[D] create(创造)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词作谓语,其宾语是just one or even two dimensions of the objective,等于本动词的宾语又复现性地出现了one or even two dimensions。同时再依据文章之前多次重述的核心观点Emphasize one and the others become distorted和Choose one criterion and you may well sacrifice others,考生就能理解本动词所在的句子信息一定是表达“不能仅仅只是强调或选择目标的一个甚至两个维度”,如下:
据此分析四个选项,发现选项[A] specify(明确)最接近Emphasize和Choose的意思,其他选项[B] predict(预测)、[C] restore(恢复)和[D] create(创造)所表达的动作与本题题意无关,因此本题答案为选项A。
20. [A] modify(修改)[B] review(评审)[C] present(提交) [D] achieve(完成)
解题思路: 本题考查动词辨析。本动词作谓语,其宾语是the objective(目标),本动词还同时被副词better的修饰,再根据本动词所在句子的信息but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective,本题答案明显是选项[D] achieve(完成),即“更好地完成目标”。
为员工设定目标并非难事。然而,理解它们的负面后果要困难得多。大多数与工作有关的行为都有多重组成因素。强调其中一个因素,其他因素就会被扭曲。
乘坐伦敦巴士旅行,你很快就会看到这一点是如何在司机身上体现的。留神观察人们上车并出示他们的车票。他们是否被仔细检查?从未。有人不付钱就坐车吗?当然有!有没有检票员来检查人们是否已经买票?可能有,但很少。还有那些追赶公交车的人呢?他们会被无视。那闯红灯呢?公交车闯红灯几乎和骑自行车的人一样频繁。
为什么?因为目标是准时。人们抱怨公交车晚点且班次少。因此,公交车和公交专用道的数量增加了,并根据所用的时间来对司机进行奖惩。司机们达到了他们的目标。但是他们也会撞到骑车的人。如果目标改为收入,你会发现将有更多的检票员和更敏感的定价。如果把标准改为安全,你会发现有更多遵守交通法规的小心谨慎的司机。但这两个标准都是以牺牲时间为代价的。
还有一个问题:人们为了达成目标会变得非常有创造力。你有没有注意到你乘坐的航班晚一个小时出发但仍然能准时到达?因为顺风吗?当然不是!航空公司只是改变了一个行程原本要花费的时间。一个小时的航程现在被计为两个小时的航程。
这些故事的寓意很简单。大多数工作都是多维度的,有多重标准。选择一个标准,你很可能会牺牲其他标准。所有事情都可以做得又快又省钱,但这是有代价的。设定目标可能而且确实会产生无法预见的负面后果。
这并不是要反对设定目标,而是要事先研究效果。所有好的目标都应该有多个与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素相关的标准。诀窍不仅在于确定目标的一个甚至两个维度,还在于了解如何帮助人们更好地完成目标。