参考文献

[1] Rana G，Katerji N.Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field under Mediterranean climate：a review [J].European Journal of Agronomy，2000，13（2-3）：125-153.

[2] 屈艳萍，康绍忠，张晓涛，等.植物蒸发蒸腾量测定方法述评[J].水利水电科技进展，2006，26（3）：72-77.

[3] Holmes J W.Measuring evapotranspiration by hydrological methods [J].Agricultural Water Management，1984，8（1-3）：29-40.

[4] Li S，Kang S，Zhang L，et al.A comparison of three methods for determining vineyard evapotranspiration in the arid desert regions of northwest China [J].Hydrological Processes，2008，22（23）：4554-4564.

[5] 康绍忠，刘晓明，熊运章.土壤-植物-大气连续体水分传输理论及其应用[M].北京：水利电力出版社，1994.

[6] 张宝忠.干旱荒漠绿洲葡萄园水热传输机制与蒸发蒸腾估算方法研究[D].北京：中国农业大学，2009.

[7] Hupet F，Vanclooster M.Sampling strategies to estimate field areal evapotranspiration fluxes with a soil water balance approach [J].Journal of Hydrology，2004，292：262-280.

[8] 龚元石，李子忠.应用时域反射仪测定农田土壤水分[J].水科学进展，1997，8（4）：329-334.

[9] Allen R G，Pereira L S，Raes D，et al.Crop Evapotranspiration：Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements [M].Rome：FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper，No.56，1998.

[10] Young M H，Wierenga P J，Mancino C F.Monitoring near-surface soil water storage in turfgrass using time domain reflectometry and weighing lysimeter [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal，1997，61（4）：1138-1148.

[11] Moore C J.Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，1986，37（1）：17-35.

[12] Kaimal J C，Finnigan J J.Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows：Their Structure and Measurement[M].New York：Oxford University Press，1994.

[13] Foken T.Micrometeorology [M].Berlin：Springer Verlag，2008.

[14] Kaimal J C，Wyngaard J C，Izumi Y，et al.Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence [J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society，1972，98（417）：563-589.

[15] Wolf A，Saliendra N，Akshalov K，et al.Effects of different eddy covariance correction schemes on energy balance closure and comparisons with the modified Bowen ratio system [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2008，148：942-952.

[16] Lee X，Massman W J，Law B E.Handbook of Micrometeorology：A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis [M].New York：Kluwer Academic Publishers，2004.

[17] Wilczak J，Oncley S，Stage S.Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，2001，99（1）：127-150.

[18] Paw U K T，Baldocchi D D，Meyers T P，et al.Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，2000，97（3）：487-511.

[19] 李思恩.西北旱区典型农田水热碳通量的变化规律与模拟研究[D].北京：中国农业大学，2009.

[20] 张鑫.石羊河流域葡萄园三种耗水量测定方法的比较与评价研究[D].北京：中国农业大学，2010.

[21] Webb E K，Pearman G I，Leuning R.Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer [J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society，1980，106（447）：85-100.

[22] Falge E，Baldocchi D，Olson R，et al.Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2001，107（1）：43-69.

[23] Wilson K，Goldstein A，Falge E，et al.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2002，113（1-4）：223-243.

[24] Li Z Q，Yu G R，Wen X F，et al.Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites [J].Science in China，Series D，Earth Science，2005，48：51-62.

[25] Twine T E，Kustas W P，Norman J M，et al.Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2000，103（3）：279-300.

[26] Chávez J L，Gowda P H，Howell T A，et al.Estimating hourly crop ET using a two-source energy balance model and multispectral airborne imagery [J].Irrigation Science，2009，28（1）：79-91.

[27] Tolk J A，Howell T A，Evett S R.Nighttime evapotranspiration from alfalfa and cotton in a semiarid climate [J].Agronomy Journal，2006，98（3）：730.

[28] Ding R，Kang S，Li F，et al.Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China [J].Agricultural Water Management，2010，98（1）：87-95.

[29] 杨建房.西北旱区制种玉米耗水监测与计算方法研究[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2012.

[30] Schmid H P.Experimental design for flux measurements：matching scales of observations and fluxes[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，1997，87（2-3）：179-200.

[31] Gockede M，Rebmann C，Foken T.A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modelling for the characterisation of complex sites [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2004，127（3-4）：175-188.

[32] Schmid H P，Oke T R.A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrain [J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society，1990，494（116）：965-988.

[33] Wilson J D，Swaters G E.The source area influencing a measurement in the planetary boundary layer：The“footprint”and the“distribution of contact distance”[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，1991，55（1）：25-46.

[34] Schmid H P.Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies：a review and perspective [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2002，113（1-4）：159-183.

[35] Kljun N，Rotach M W，Schmid H P.A three-dimensional backward Lagrangian footprint model for a wide range of boundary-layer stratifications [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，2002，103（2）：205-226.

[36] Vesala T，RannikÜ，Leclerc M，et al.Flux and concentration footprints [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2004，127（3-4）：111-116.

[37] Horst T W，Weil J C.How far is far enough？The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes [J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology，1994，11（4）：1018-1025.

[38] Hsieh C I，Katul G，Chi T.An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows [J]. Advances in Water Resources，2000，23（7）：765-772.

[39] Kljun N，Calanca P，Rotach M W，et al.A simple parameterisation for flux footprint predictions[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，2004，112（3）：503-523.

[40] Foken T，Leclerc M Y.Methods and limitations in validation of footprint models [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2004，127（3-4）：223-234.

[41] Schmid H P.Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，1994，67（3）：293-318.

[42] Horst T W，Weil J C.Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，1992，59（3）：279-296.

[43] 丁日升.干旱内陆区玉米田水热传输机理与蒸散发模型研究[D].北京：中国农业大学，2012.

[44] Perez P J，Castellvi F，Ibanez M，et al.Assessment of reliability of Bowen ratio method for partitioning fluxes [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，1999，97（3）：141-150.

[45] Smith D M，Allen S J.Measurement of sap flow in plant stems [J].Journal of Experimental Botany，1996，47（12）：1833.

[46] Nicolas E，Torrecillas A，Ortuno M F，et al.Evaluation of transpiration in adult apricot trees from sap flow measurements [J].Agricultural Water Management，2005，72（2）：131-145.

[47] Granier A.A new method of sap flow measurement in tree stems [J].Annals of Forest Science，1985，42：193-200.

[48] Granier A.Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements[J].Tree Physiology，1987，3（4）：309-320.

[49] J，Deml M，Penka M.A new method of sap flow rate determination in trees [J].Biologia Plantarum，1973，15（3）：171-178.

[50] Sakuratani T.A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants [J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology，1981，37（1）：9-17.

[51] Senock R S，Ham J M.Heat balance sap flow gauge for small diameter stems [J].Plant，Cell&Environment，1993，16：593-601.

[52] Senock R S，Ham J M.Measurements of water use by prairie grasses with heat balance sap flow gauges [J].Journal of Range Management，1995，48（2）：150-158.

[53] Trambouze W，Voltz M.Measurement and modelling of the transpiration of a Mediterranean vineyard [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2001，107（2）：153-166.

[54] Peramaki M，Vesala T，Nikinmaa E.Analysing the applicability of the heat balance method for estimating sap flow in boreal forest conditions [J].Boreal Environment Research，2001，6（1）：29-44 .

[55] Granier A，Biron P，Bréda N，et al.Transpiration of trees and forest stands：short and long-term monitoring using sapflow methods [J].Global Change Biology，1996，2（3）：265-274.

[56] Lundblad M，Lagergren F，Lindroth A.Evaluation of heat balance and heat dissipation methods for sapflow measurements in pine and spruce [J].Annals of Forest Science，2001，58（6）：625-638.

[57] Lu P，Urban L，Zhao P.Granier's thermal dissipation probe（TDP）method for measuring sap flow in trees：theory and practice [J].Acta Botanica Sinica，2004，46（6）：631-646.

[58] Clearwater M J，Meinzer F C，Andrade J L，et al.Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes [J].Tree Physiology，1999，19（10）：681-690.

[59] Lu P，Woo K C，Liu Z T.Estimation of whole-plant transpiration of bananas using sap flow measurements [J].Journal of Experimental Botany，2002，53（375）：1771-1779.

[60] Saugier B，Granier A，Pontailler J Y，et al.Transpiration of a boreal pine forest measured by branchbag，sap flow and micrometeorological methods [J].Tree Physiology，1997，17：511-520.

[61] 张彦群.西北旱区葡萄园耗水规律和冠层水碳耦合模型研究[D].北京：中国农业大学，2012.

[62] 姜雪连.西北旱区制种玉米父本母本耗水特性及蒸发蒸腾量估算方法研究[D].北京：中国农业大学，2016.

[63] Bastiaansen W，Menenti M，Feddes R A，et al.A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land（SEBAL）.1.Formulation [J].Journal of Hydrology，1998，212：198-212.

[64] 张晓涛.区域蒸发蒸腾量的空间插值与遥感估算[D].北京：中国农业大学，2010.

[65] Van de Griend A A，Owe M.On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the normalized difference vegetation index for natural surfaces [J].International Journal of Remote Sensing，1993，14（6）：1119-1131.

[66] Su Z.The Surface Energy Balance System（SEBS）for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes [J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences，2002，6（1）：85-100.

[67] Malek E，Bingham G E.Comparison of the Bowen ratio-energy balance and the water balance methods for the measurement of evapotranspiration [J].Journal of Hydrology，1993，146：209-220.

[68] Pauwels V，Samson R.Comparison of different methods to measure and model actual evapotranspirationrates for a wet sloping grassland [J].Agricultural Water Management，2006，82（1-2）：1-24.

[69] 戚培同，古松，唐艳鸿，等.三种方法测定高寒草甸生态系统蒸散比较[J].生态学报，2008，28（1）：202-211.

[70] Barr A G，King K M，Gillespie T J，et al.A comparison of Bowen ratio and eddy correlation sensible and latent heat flux measurements above deciduous forest [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology，1994，71（1）：21-41.

[71] 刘绍民，孙中平，李小文，等.蒸散量测定与估算方法的对比研究[J].自然资源学报，2003，18（2）：161-167.

[72] Shi T T，Guan D X，Wu J B，et al.Comparison of methods for estimating evapotranspiration rate of dry forest canopy：Eddy covariance，Bowen ratio energy balance，and Penman-Monteith equation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres，2008，113（D19）：1-15.

[73] Brotzge J A，Crawford K C.Examination of the surface energy budget：A comparison of eddy correlation and Bowen ratio measurement systems [J].Journal of Hydrometeorology，2003，4（2）：160-178.

[74] Foken T.The energy balance closure problem：an overview [J].Ecological Applications，2008，18（6）：1351-1367.

[75] 张永强.土壤-植被-大气系统水热传输机理及区域蒸散模型[D].北京：中国科学院，2004.

[76] 马耀明，王介民，Menenti M，等.卫星遥感结合地面观测估算非均匀地表区域能量通量[J].气象学报，1999，57（2）：180-189. 5a7Vbr2X2/z0EGSA4XFpyMEFAyu/1cM4s1kVGgBR0rfbt7xJv/7qJgx5B1GlTMxe