根据胆道肿瘤解剖部位的不同,目前的研究显示胆道肿瘤靶基因较为复杂,聚焦于多种基因(表2-8-1) [1] 。相关癌基因及胆道肿瘤信号通路及其调控蛋白,都具有成为胆道肿瘤组织标志物诊断、治疗标志物的可行性。
表2-8-1 胆道恶性肿瘤相关靶基因 [1]
目前的研究发现, FEGR [2] 、 FGFR [3] 、 IDH [4] 等是胆管癌的驱动基因,在部分针对驱动基因的临床前研究中,胆管癌的靶向治疗显示出治疗效果 [5-9] 。随着精准医疗概念的提出及研究的深入,采用癌基因靶向治疗、免疫治疗等的肿瘤个体化治疗,可能会成为胆管癌患者治疗的重要手段 [10,11] 。但截至2018年,单一应用肿瘤靶向治疗或靶向联合化疗方案的胆道恶性肿瘤相关临床研究,均未取得重大的突破 [12-15] 。
基于DNA测序技术的胆道恶性肿瘤突变基因的临床研究表明,包括 IDH1 / 2 、 FGFR2 、 ERBB2 、错配修复蛋白 [16-18] 等,均有望成为具有潜在治疗价值的胆道肿瘤靶向分子 [19-21] 。同时,寻找、发现有效的靶向治疗的分子标志物,建立对应的胆道肿瘤分子分型体系,以及胆道肿瘤靶向治疗联合放疗、化疗及免疫治疗的价值等,是未来探索的方向。
由北京协和医院赵海涛教授作为主要研究者(principal investigator,PI),在中国发起的一项“多中心、非随机、开放性和观察性的肝胆恶性肿瘤靶向/免疫治疗的真实世界研究(NCT03892577)”,已于2017年10月启动。项目拟在2~3年内完成2 000例进展期肝胆恶性肿瘤患者入组,采用大panel的NGS二代基因测序方案对其进行检测,收集基因变异/免疫治疗生物学标志物信息,并对接受靶向/免疫单药或联合治疗人群的客观缓解率和无进展生存期,持续观察5年。截至2019年11月,包括编者团队所在的海军军医大学胆道恶性肿瘤专病诊治中心,共计有62家中国境内意向入组中心开放入组,已入组肝胆恶性肿瘤患者1 800例。该项目的完成,将有助于从多地域、大样本的角度,描绘出中国人群进展期肝胆恶性肿瘤患者精准治疗的现状和相关表观遗传学信息。
此外,虽然目前根据DNA测序发现驱动基因以指导精准治疗已推动肿瘤临床诊疗的显著进步,但仅基于基因层面了解肿瘤特征及指导治疗尚不够全面,还需从肿瘤细胞的蛋白合成及修饰等角度解读相关蛋白质的功能,方能满足肿瘤精准医学的要义。MALDITOF/TOF等质谱新技术的发展加速了肿瘤蛋白组学研究的步伐,2019年已陆续有多项基于蛋白组学的研究,发现了肝癌 [22,23] 、胰腺癌 [24] 等恶性肿瘤新的诊断及治疗靶标等重要成果。近期一项对结肠癌的研究还发现,通过对肿瘤组织进行蛋白组生物信息学、磷酸化组学等分析,获得的结果能够验证或矫正单纯基于DNA测序的基因组分析结果,从而能够为患者提供更为精准的个体化治疗方案 [25] 。上述研究有利地表明,整合基因组学-蛋白组学-代谢组学等研究路径,从多维度对肿瘤细胞及其微环境进行更为全面、清晰的认知,是未来肿瘤基础研究和精准医学发展的重要方向和必由之路,相关领域的进展也必将能够推动胆道肿瘤靶向治疗临床应用的快速进步。
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