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第3章
词类

第1节 动词

一、动词的种类

1. 动词的种类

动词主要分为下面几类:

(1)不及物动词;(2)及物动词;(3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词;(4)双宾动词;(5)短语动词;(6)合成动词;(7)系动词;(8)助动词和情态动词。

2. 不及物动词

这种动词一般没有宾语:

Sometimes our necks ache due to heavywork. 有时,工作过度会让我们脖子疼。

Many scientists believe that alien civilisations exist. 很多科学家相信存在外星文明。

Ruth coughed all night. 鲁思咳了一夜。

Visitors wept as Gana held her lifeless child up in the air. 当加娜将她已无气息的孩子高举空中时,游客们都动容流泪。

下面是一些常见的不及物动词:

还有好多不及物动词表示运动或停在某处,后面常跟一个表示方向或地点的状语,如:

The Chinese frigate was allowed to sail in those waters.中国护卫舰有权在这些海域航行。

More job applicants are expected to flow to emerging first-tier cities. 预计将有更多求职者流向新兴一线城市。

She remained in bed for three days. 她在床上躺了三天。

常见的这类不及物动词有:

还有些不及物动词经常和某个介词一起用,这时后面可跟宾语。如:

They re ly on starch and hemicelluloses in the plant for energy. 他们依靠植物中的淀粉和米纤维素来获取能量。

Light consists of waves. 光由光波组成。

We must persist in our own efforts. 我们必须坚持依靠自己不懈的努力。

常见的这种结构有:

3. 及物动词

这种动词一般都有宾语:

Please describe what you have seen. 请描述一下你看到的情况。

The populist outsiders lack governing experience. 信奉民粹主义的局外者缺乏执政经验。

这类动词为数极多,下面是一些常用的此类动词:

续表

有些及物动词通常以表示人的名词或代词为宾语,如:

His joke didn't interest me. 他的笑话并不使我感兴趣。

His speech angered the audience. 他的讲话激怒了听众。

常见的这类动词有:

另外,有些及物动词常和介词短语或副词连用,如:

This will prevent her from doing so. 这会阻止她这样做。

We owe our success to your cooperation. 我们的成功多仰仗了你的合作。

常见的这类动词有:

还有一些及物动词后面通常跟名词从句,如:

I suggest that we leave earlier. 我建议我们早点儿动身。

She asked who would like to go. 她问谁愿意去。

此外还有部分动词后面常跟反身代词作宾语,如:

Don't deceive yourself. 不要欺骗你自己。

这种动词称为反身动词(reflexive verbs)。下面这些动词常可跟反身代词:

有几个动词常和一些名词一道表示一个动作,但其本身的词义并不明显,如:

She gave a long sigh. 她长叹了一声。

I think I could make a guess at it. 我想我可以猜一猜。

这类动词的宾语一般用单数,应在其前加a或加some。这类动词虽为数有限,却十分有用,它们可以和许多名词搭配,如:

have之后可以跟:

give之后可以跟:

take之后可以跟:

make之后可以跟:

另外,do也可以和某些名词一道表示一个动作,所用名词不同,意思也不同,如:

Go and do your hair . 去梳头去。

Have you done your teeth ? 你刷牙了吗?

Can you do the room now? 你现在能打扫房间了吗?

She was doing the dishes . 她在洗盘子。

When is he coming to do the windows ? 他什么时候来擦窗子?

They do fish very well in that restaurant. 那家餐馆的鱼烧得不错。

How would you like your steak done ? 你希望牛排烤到什么程度?

He found her doing the flowers . 他发现她在插花。

Are you doing science at school? 你在学校学科学吗?

He still has to do his military service . 他还得服兵役。

4. 兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词

大多数动词实际上都可兼作及物动词和不及物动词。现举出一些常见的例子:

有些动词有两个或更多意思,用于其中一个意思时为不及物动词,用于另外一个意思时为及物动词。

I ran as quickly as I could. 我尽快地跑。( vi.

Teach me how to run business. 教我怎样管理企业。( vt.

The train was already moving . 火车已经开动。( vi.

Her story moved me deeply. 她的故事使我很受感动。( vt.

这类动词很多,常见的有:

有些动词在意思基本不变的情况下,可作及物动词,后面跟宾语,也可作不及物动词,不带宾语,如:

I drank some brandy. 我喝了一些白兰地。( vt.

He has been drinking again. 他又在喝酒了。( vi.

I read a good article in today's paper. 我在今天的报上看到了一篇好文章。( vt.

He got a magazine and sat down to read . 他拿了一份杂志坐下来看。( vi.

有不少动词表示“相互的”,可以称为相互动词(reciprocal verbs),如:

They wanted to marry (each other). 他们想结婚。

The two sisters embraced (each other) warmly. 两姐妹热情拥抱。

Their children are always fighting . 他们的孩子老打架。

这类动词有时后面跟each other或one another这种相互代词,这时它就是及物动词,如果不跟,就是不及物动词。常见的这类动词有:

我们翻一翻词典,就会发现大部分动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。应注意的是它们在什么情况下作及物动词,在什么情况下作不及物动词。

5. 双宾动词

双宾动词(ditransitive verbs)后面跟两个宾语,直接宾语(Od)为动词直接涉及的事物,间接宾语(Oi)往往指涉及的人,如:

I can't promise you (Oi) anything (Od) now. 我目前不能答应你什么。

He handed her (Oi) the timetable (Od). 他把时刻表递给了她。

间接宾语有时可放到后面去,由介词to引导,变成介词短语,如:

He handed his key to the teacher . 他把钥匙交给了老师。

常见的能跟这类以 to 引导的(短语来表示)间接宾语的动词有:

也有间接宾语以for引导,放在句后(for表示承受者),如:

She played some ancient Chinese music for us . 她给我们放了一些中国古代的音乐。

常见的这类动词有:

还有一些动词的间接宾语不能以to或for引导,而只能放在直接宾语前面,如:

They forgave him his crimes. 他们宽恕了他的罪行。

She wished them a safe journey. 她祝他们一路平安。

常见的这类动词有:

6. 短语动词

两三个词可在一起构成一个短语,称为短语动词。其作用和动词差不多,也可分及物和不及物,但意义往往与原动词有些差别,如:

I look forward to receiving your job application when you are finished with school. 当你完成学业时,我期待着收到你的求职信。

The book consists of three parts. 这本书包含三部分。

这种动词主要有五类:

不及物动词+副词(后无宾语):

I must have dozed off . 我准是睡着了。

The boys are fooling around . 男孩子们在瞎胡闹。

常见的这类短语动词有:

续表

不及物动词+介词(后接宾语):

We must abide by the rules. 我们必须遵守规定。

I'm used to dealing with matters of this sort. 我已习惯于处理这类事情。

常见的这类短语动词有:

及物动词+副词:

大部分这类短语动词的一大特色是宾语可放在副词之前或之后:

We've decided to put the meeting off . 我们决定把会议推迟。

We've decided to put off the meeting.

How are we to carry out this policy? 我们怎样执行这个政策?

How are we to carry this policy out ?

这类短语动词很多,常见的有:

续表

及物动词+介词:

They agreed to let him into their secret. 他们同意让他知道他们的秘密。

They tried to set his daughter against him. 他们设法让他的女儿反对他。

常见的这种短语动词有:

动词+副词+介词:

还有一部分短语动词由三个词构成,即“动词+副词+介词”,介词后跟一个宾语,如:

Why do they put up with such treatment?他们为什么忍受这样的待遇?

China and the Republic of Korea called on Japan to face up to its wartime past. 中国和韩国呼吁日本面对战争历史。

常见的这类短语动词有:

7. 合成动词

有些动词是由两个词合成的,称为合成动词,如:

They cross-examined the defence witness. 他们盘问了被告的证人。

We hitchhiked through France to Spain. 我们搭顺风车穿过法国来到西班牙。

合成动词也可分为不及物动词和及物动词。不及物合成动词如:

We often went window-shopping . 我们常常出去逛商店(闲逛,不买东西)。

He refused to kowtow to the emperor. 他不肯向皇帝磕头。

及物合成动词如:

He could proof-read four pages an hour. 他一小时可以校对四页。

She cross-checked the names against a list. 她用一个名单把名字核对了一遍。

还有的既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,如:

I'm going to spring-clean (the house) this weekend. 这个周末我将进行大扫除。

8. 系动词

系动词(linking verbs)中最常用的是be,它后面都跟一个表语,或称补语(complement)。主要的系动词有:

be 用得最多:

What nationality is he? 他是哪国人?

I'm all for it . 我完全赞成。

另外还可加上形容词及介词构成be fond of, be sure of, be tired of, be careful of, be keen on等短语。

The apple appeared sound , but it was rotten. 苹果看起来像是好的,但却已腐烂。

The house appeared deserted . 房子里好像空无一人。

有时和不定式连用

The patient appeared to be all right after taking the medicine. 服药后,病人显得好多了。

The car appears to have no brake. 这车的刹车好像失灵了。

有时跟名词:

appear作系动词时主要解作“好像”“似乎”,常与形容词及过去分词连用:

He appeared a normal person . 他看起来是一个正常的人。

It appears a true story . 这似乎是一个真实的故事。

有时以it作主语,后面跟从句:

It appears (that) the plane did not land at Rome . 好像飞机没在罗马降落。

It appears to me that you are all mistaken . 我感到你们都错了。

become作系动词时可以跟名词、形容词或过去分词:

It' s becoming a serious problem . 这正在成为一个严重问题。(跟名词)

She became quite cheerful . 她变得很高兴。(跟形容词)

At last the truth became known . 最后真相大白了。(跟过去分词)

fall有时作系动词,这时它后面多跟形容词:

All three fell asleep . 三个人都睡着了。

He has fallen ill . 他生病了。

有时跟名词:

He fell (a) victim to her charms. 他中了她的魔法。

She fell an easy prey to him. 她很容易地被他俘获了。

有时跟介词短语:

He fell into a doze . 他打起盹来了。

The house fell into decay . 这栋房子已经朽坏。

feel有时也用作系动词,后面主要跟形容词,表示“感到”:

He felt utterly miserable . 他感到极其痛苦。

When he got up, he felt dizzy . 他站起来时,感到头晕。

feel后可跟很多与感受有关的形容词,如:well, awkward, (un)com­fortable, sick, dizzy, lonely, bad, gloomy, sympathetic, weak, ill, chilly, right, guilty, proud, sure, glad, sorry,等等。

还可跟过去分词:

They felt insulted . 他们感觉受到了侮辱。

其他还可跟relieved, puzzled, hurt, embarrassed, disheartened, depressed, discouraged, comforted, refreshed, inclined,等等。

feel还有另一个意思,即“摸(感觉)起来”,也为系动词,后面也常跟形容词:

Silk feels soft and smooth . 绸缎摸起来柔软光滑。

get是最常用的系动词之一,表示“变得”,后面多跟形容词:

It' s getting chilly . 天凉起来了。

How fat Jim is getting ! 吉姆变得多胖了!

还可跟:

get后面还常常跟过去分词:

She got married two days ago. 两天前她结婚了。

I'm getting bored and homesick . 我感到无聊且想家。

“get+过去分词”和被动语态很接近:

He got engaged (=was engaged) to her last winter. 去年冬天,他和她订婚了。

有时后面还可跟一个现在分词、名词或介词短语:

Then we got chatting together. 后来,我们在一起聊了起来。(现在分词)

She was getting an old woman . 她正在变成老妇人。(名词)

We'll let you know as soon as production gets under way . 一旦等生产上了轨道,我们就通知你。(介词短语)

go只是在表示“变得……”时才用作系动词,后面常跟形容词:

Your hair has gone quite white . 你的头发已经变得很白了。

When I mentioned it he went red . 我提到它时,他脸红了。

此外,还可跟:

有时可跟介词短语或名词:

They went out of fashion years ago. 它们好多年前已变得不时尚了。

He went off his mind . 他精神错乱了。

grow用作系动词时也不少,也表示“变得”,后面跟形容词时最多:

The sea is growing calm . 大海变得平静起来。

The pollution problem is growing serious . 污染问题日益严峻。

还有许多形容词可以跟在它后面,如cold, hot, old, big, fat, tall, thin, bright, close, angry, rich, restless, uneasy, worse, weak, fierce, violent, serious, loud, intimate,等等。

有时后面可跟过去分词(一般与心情有关):

He said I would grow used to it. 他说我会变得习惯起来。

I grew excited , and a little frightened. 我变得激动,也有点害怕。

有时跟介词短语:

It has grown out of date . 它已经过时了。

keep有时也可用作系动词,表示“保持(某种状态)”,后面主要跟形容词:

I hope you'll keep fit . 希望你身体保持健康。

She knew she must keep calm . 她知道她必须保持镇静。

此外,还可以跟well, cool, warm, close, near, fine, happy, clear,等等。有时keep还可跟副词或介词短语:

Keep away from them. 不要靠近它们。(跟形容词)

They did their best to keep on their guard . 他们尽量保持警惕。(跟介词短语)

prove有时也可用作系动词,表示“(最后)证明”或“事实表明”,后面主要跟形容词:

His advice did prove sound . 他的忠告的确证明是对的。

The article has proved most useful . 这篇文章证明很有用。

有时还可跟名词或be的不定式:

It proved a waste . 这证明是浪费。(名词)

Our discussion proved to be of the greatest value to us.

我们的讨论证明对我们极有价值。(be的不定式)

remain有时也可用作系动词,表示“继续保持(仍然处于某种状态)”,后面可以跟形容词、分词、名词或介词短语:

She remained relatively calm . 她保持相对的平静。(形容词)

The door remained closed . 门仍然关着。(过去分词)

They remained listening . 他们一直在听。(现在分词)

We can remain friends . 我们可以继续做朋友。(名词)

The Indian people remain in deep poverty . 印第安人仍处于极端贫困状态。(介词短语)

rest只在少数情况下用作系动词:

The affair rests a mystery. 这件事一直是个谜。

Rest easy. 不要紧张。

run有时也可用作系动词,表示“变成(什么样子)”,相当become,后面只跟少数形容词:

The well ran dry . 井干涸了。

I have run short of money . 我缺钱用了。

These shirts run small . 这些衬衫小了。

Our supplies are running low . 我们的供应品不多了。

偶跟副词或介词短语:

Our supplies soon ran out . 我们的供应品很快用完了。(副词)

The truck' s run out of gas again. 卡车又没有汽油了。(介词短语)

seem是一个常用的系动词,表示“看来”“似乎”,相当于appear和look,后面可跟各种成分:

The doctor seems very capable . 那位医生似乎很能干。(形容词)

She seemed well pleased . 她似乎很高兴。(过去分词)

Claire seemed lacking in enthusiasm. 克莱尔似乎缺乏热情。(现在分词)

She seems an unusually clever girl . 她似乎是一个绝顶聪明的姑娘。(名词)

You seem in high spirits . 你看来情绪很高涨。(介词短语)

stay只在少数情况下用作系动词,意思是“保持(某种状态)”,后面一般跟形容词:

The temperature has stayed hot this week. 这星期气温仍然很高。

The shop stays open till seven o'clock. 这家商店一直营业到七点。

有时跟介词短语:

They are unlikely to stay in power after the next election.

下次选举之后,他们不太可能继续执政。

Father hoped we'd stay out of trouble . 父亲希望我们别碰上麻烦。

turn可作系动词,表示“变得(成)”,相当于become,通常跟形容词:

He turned pale at the thought. 想到这,他脸色变得苍白。

It turned awful chilly . 天变得非常凉。

有时跟名词(前面都不加冠词),表示“变成某人或某类从业者”:

He has turned traitor . 他成了叛徒。

Is it wise for a general to turn politician ? 将军从政明智吗?

9. 助动词和情态动词

be,have,do:

这三个动词都可以用作助动词,和别的动词一道构成不同的时态、语态以及问句和否定句,它们本身没有特别的意思:

(1)be有am, are, is, was, were, been, being等各种形式,可以构成:

① 进行时态:

We were talking about our school days. 我们在谈我们的学生时代。

What will you be doing tomorrow evening? 你明天晚上(会在)干什么?

② 被动语态:

The road is being repaired . 路正在修整。

She was brought up by her aunt. 她是她姑姑带大的。

③ 复合谓语,(和不定式一道用)表示“打算做的或必须做的”事:

Where are we to meet ? 我们将在哪儿碰头?

You' re to be back tomorrow. 你明天得回来。

(2)have有has, have, had三种形式,主要用来构成:

① 完成时态,表示一段时间内已完成的动作或存在的情况:

We had never met before. 以前我们从未见过面。

② 完成进行时态,表示一段时间内一直进行的动作:

He said he had been waiting for a reply. 他说他一直在等候回信。

(3)do有do, does, did三种形式,可以用来:

① 构成疑问句:

How do you like the weather here? 你觉得这里的天气怎样?

② 构成否定句:

He didn't go to the show. 他没有去看演出。

③ 加强语气:

She does feel that way. 她确实有那种感觉。

④ 代替前面的动词以避免重复:

“I love flowers.” “So do I.”“我喜欢花。”“我也喜欢。”

She got there earlier than I did . 她比我到得早。

shall,will,should,would:

这几个词可以作助动词,构成将来时态,这时它们本身没有意思。它们也可作为情态动词,这时有一定的意思。

(1)will主要用来构成将来时态,可用于各个人称(否定式will not常紧缩为won't /wLʊnt/):

We will never forgive the terrorists. 我们永远不会宽恕这些恐怖分子。

(2)shall主要用来构成将来时态中第一人称作主语的问句,用来征求对方的意见:

Shall we stop over in Tokyo? 我们要不要在东京停留?

(3)would主要用来构成过去将来时态(可用于多种人称):

That would energise poaching, not stop it. 这无法阻止偷猎行为,反而会刺激偷猎。

(4)should用来构成过去将来时的情况越来越少了,现在它主要用作情态动词表示“应当”:

Blue skies will not be, and should not be, a luxury . 蓝天在未来不会也不应该成为奢侈品。

can,could,may,might,must:

这五个是主要的情态动词,它们一般和不带to的不定式(也可称为动词原形)构成谓语。它们各有一定的意思,在任何人称后形式都不改变:

(1)can主要表示“能够”“会”“可以”,(它的否定形式can not常紧缩为can't,在英式英语中读作/kɑ:nt/,在美式英语中读作/kænt/):

It is an intolerable situation and it can't be allowed to go on.这种情形令人无法容忍,不应该继续下去。

(2)could可以用作can的过去式,意思相同(否定式could not可紧缩为couldn't,读作/'kudnt/):

You could look for a career abroad where environmental jobs are better paid and more secure.你可以在国外找份工作,那里的环保工作薪水更高,也更稳定。

也可以用来代替can,使口气显得委婉一些,意思无差别:

I wonder if you could pass the message on to her. 不知你可否把这口信带给她。

(3)may主要表示“可能”:

A vegetarian diet may not provide enough calories for a child's normal growth. 素食可能无法提供一名孩子正常成长所需要的足够热量。

(4)might可用作may的过去式,表示同样意思:

There's a report today that smoking might be banned in most buildings.今日有报道说,大多数建筑里有可能要禁止吸烟。

也可用来代替may,语气更不肯定:

He might be in his office now. 他现在说不定在办公室里。

(5)must主要表示“必须”“一定要”:

Microsoft must change . 微软必须改变。

Must I finish the work tonight? 我必须今晚完成这项工作吗?

否定式must not常紧缩为mustn't,读作/'mʌsnt/,表示“一定不要”:

We mustn't ignore it. 我们不能忽视它。

You mustn't forget to tell her about it. 你可别忘了告诉她这件事。

在回答包含must的问句时,若是肯定回答,可用must,若是否定回答,要用needn't:

Must we leave so soon?”“Yes, we must .”“我们必须这么早走吗?”“必须这么早走。”

Must I come over tonight?”“No, you needn't .”“我今晚必须过来吗?”“不必。”

ought to, have to, have got to, used to, be able to:

(1)ought to和should的意思差不多,表示“应该”:

The company ought to do something about the poor service. 公司应该对劣质的服务采取点措施。

ought not常可紧缩为oughtn't,读作/'ɔ:tnt/:

You oughtn't to go on living this way. 你不应该再这样生活下去了。

(2)have to的意思和must很相近,也表示“必须”“不得不”:

I had to walk fast enough to overtake him. 我得走得足够快才能赶上他。

have to的疑问及否定形式,多依靠助动词构成:

Do you have to leave so soon? 你必须这么早就走吗?

You don't have to worry. 你不必发愁。

(3)have got to的意思和have to基本上相同:

I have got to be off now. 我得走了。

The child has got to have an operation. 这孩子得动手术。

have got to的疑问及否定形式和现在完成时相同:

Have you got to go home this summer? 这个暑假你必须回家吗?

How long have they got to stay there? 他们得在那里待多久?

have to和have got to起着与情态动词相似的作用。

(4)used to表示“过去(常常)……”:

He used to write poetry when he was young. 他年轻时常常写诗。

It used to be a prosperous town. 它过去是一座繁荣的城市。

它的否定及疑问形式有两种构成方法:

① 借助did:

She didn't use to like classical music. 她过去是不喜欢古典音乐的。

Did Jane use to have long hair? 简过去是留长头发的吗?

甚至有did … used及didn't … used to这类形式,但很多人认为这种写法是不对的。

② 不借助did(usedn't 读作/'ju:snt/):

You usedn't to make such mistakes. 你过去是不犯这种错误的。

You used to live in London, usedn't you? 你过去是住伦敦的,是吧?

(5)be able to和can的意思相同,是对can的一种补充,因为它可以用于更多时态:

She won't be able to come on January 1. 她1月1日来不了。

I haven't been able to get in touch with him. 我未能和他联系上。

be able to还可和其他情态动词连用:

I ought to be able to live on my salary. 我应当能靠我的薪水生活。

She might be able to convince him. 她或许能说服他。

need, dare:

这两个动词可以说是半情态动词(semi-modal verbs),因为它们只在一定情况下用作情态动词:

(1)need主要在否定句中用作情态动词,可紧缩为needn't。读作/'ni:dnt/:

You need not dust all the furniture. 你无须掸掉所有家具上的尘土。

(2)dare也主要在否定句中用作情态动词(否定形式可紧缩为daren't,读作/deLnt/):

He dared not go near the place. 他不敢走近那个地方。

I scarcely dare think of it. 我对此想都不敢想。

在肯定句中,dare只能用在下面这类句子中(和say连用):

I dare say he will come. 我揣测他会来。

在其他肯定句中,dare不能用作情态动词,但可用作及物动词,和不定式连用:

She dared to walk the tightrope. 她敢走钢丝。

He dares to behave like that in my house! 他竟敢在我家这样做!

Many people are angry, but don't dare speak up. 许多人都很生气,但是嘴上不敢说。

二、动词的各种形式

1. 动词的四种主要形式

大多数动词都有四种主要形式:

现在时:

现在式是词典中所提供的形式,也可称为动词原形。其他形式多数由它派生而来。

过去时:

过去式有两类,一类为“规则动词”(regular verbs),由现在式加-ed词尾构成,如:

I work in the post office. 我在邮局工作。(work为现在式)

I worked in a bank last year. 去年我在一家银行工作。(worked为过去式)

另一类则有独特的过去式,称为“不规则动词”(irregular verbs),如:

We go there every day. 我们每天去那里。(go为现在式)

We went there last week. 我们是上星期到那里去的。(went为过去式)

过去分词:

过去分词也分为“规则”和“不规则”。规则动词的过去分词由现在式加-ed词尾构成:

I live near the park. 我在公园附近住。(live为现在式)

I have lived here for many years. 我在这里住了好多年了。(lived为过去分词)

不规则动词则有独特的过去分词:

I do my homework at home. 我在家做作业。(do为现在式)

I have already done my homework. 我的作业已经做完。(done为过去分词)

We buy bread in the supermarket. 我们在超市买面包。(buy为现在式)

We have bought a new apartment. 我们买了一套新公寓。(bought为过去分词)

过去时由过去式表示,而现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成。

现在分词:

现在分词由现在式加-ing词尾构成,因此也称作动词的-ing形式。许多时态都由现在分词构成,比如现在进行时由“be+现在分词”构成:

She is telling us a story. 她在给我们讲故事。

We are all listening to her. 我们都在听她讲话。

可以看出,动词的各种时态都离不开这四种形式。在日常交际中,几乎每句话都离不开时态。因此,正确掌握动词的这四种形式异常重要。

2. 规则动词与不规则动词

英语中大部分动词都是规则动词。规则动词都以加-ed词尾的方式构成过去式及过去分词,又以加-ing词尾的方式构成现在分词。比如:

但在加-ed及-ing时要注意以下几点:

(1)若以字母e结尾,过去式及过去分词只需加-d;而现在分词则要除去e,再加上-ing(双e结尾的除外):

love → loved → loving

acknowledge → acknowledged → acknowledging

live → lived → living please → pleased → pleasing

(2)“辅音字母+y”结尾,过去式及过去分词应先变y为i,再加-ed;现在分词只加-ing:

study → studied/studying try → tried/trying

fry → fried/frying

(3)“元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾,该音节又重读者,末尾辅音字母要双写,再加-ed或-ing:

plan → planned/planning beg → begged/begging

prefer → preferred/preferring permit → permitted/permitting

在其他情况下都直接加-ed或-ing:

play → played/playing(虽以y结尾,但前面是元音字母a)

pack → packed/packing(末尾是两个辅音字母,因此无须双写)

repeat → repeated/repeating(辅音字母前是两个元音字母,因此辅音字母无须双写)

open → opened/opening(后面音节不重读,因此末尾辅音字母也无须双写)

(4)“一个元音字母+l”结尾的词,在英式英语中双写,美式英语中却不双写:

travel → travelled/travelling(英)

traveled/traveling(美)

cancel → cancelled/cancelling(英)

canceled/canceling(美)

(5)若l前面有两个元音字母,l一概不双写:

reveal → revealed/revealing(英,美)

appeal → appealed/appealing(英,美)

(6)另有少数特殊的词,尽管末尾音节不重读,但末尾辅音字母在英式英语中仍然双写:

worship → worshipped/worshipping(英)

worshiped/worshiping(美)

kidnap → kidnapped/kidnapping(英)

kidnaped/kidnaping(美)

program → programmed(英,美)

programed(美式英语中有时用此拼法)

(7)以x结尾的词,x不双写:

tax → taxed/taxing mix → mixed/mixing

在英语中,不规则动词虽然数目有限,但大多是常用动词。下面是常用的不规则动词:

(1)过去式和过去分词与原形相同:

(2)过去式和过去分词相同:

续表

(3)过去式和过去分词不同:

续表

3. 现在分词的构成法

现在分词一般由动词原形加-ing构成:

go → going stand → standing

ask → asking answer → answering

study → studying be → being

see → seeing

但在下列情况下,拼写应做相应变化:

(1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,须去掉e再加-ing:

come → coming write → writing

take → taking become → becoming

但当将e去掉会引起发音变化时,最后的-e就应保留:

agree → agreeing singe → singeing

另外,e前为元音时,-e也应保留:

canoe → canoeing

(2)动词是闭音节的单音节词,或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,这个辅音字母须双写,然后再加-ing:

sit → sitting begin → beginning

run → running admit → admitting

stop → stopping forget → forgetting

(3)少数几个以ie结尾的单音节动词,须变ie为y,再加-ing:

die → dying tie → tying lie → lying

4. -s词尾的加法

在一般现在时中,如果主语是第三人称单数,则动词一般需加-s词尾:

She works in a computer company. 她在电脑公司工作。

He gives me a lot of help. 他给我许多帮助。

一般情况下都直接加-s:

comes lives plays listens

在加-s词尾时要注意下面两点:

以ch,sh,s,x或o结尾的词后要加-es:

teach → teaches catch → catches wish → wishes

wash → washes miss → misses guess → guesses

mix → mixes fix → fixes go → goes

do → does

以“辅音+y”结尾的词,先变y为i,再加-es:

try → tries study → studies

reply → replies fly → flies

在加-s词尾时,其读音有下面一些值得注意的地方:

(1)在/p/,/v/,/k/,/f/等清辅音后,-s读作/s/:

helps /helps/ hopes /hLʊps/ lets /lets/ gets /ɡets/

asks /ɑ:sks/ thinks /θɪKks/ laughs /lɑ:fs/ coughs /kɒfs/

(2)在/s/,/z/,/F/,/ʧ/,/ʤ/等音后,-s或-es读作/ɪz/:

guesses /ˑɡesɪz/ stresses /ˑstresɪz/

rises /ˑraɪzɪz/ pleases /ˑpli:zɪz/

washes /ˑwɒFɪz/ brushes /ˑbrQFɪz/

teaches /ˑti:tFɪz/ catches /ˑkAtFɪz/

urges /ˑɜ:dVɪz/ wages /ˑweɪdVɪz/

(3)在其他情况下都读/z/:

comes /kQmz/ goes /ɡLʊz/ sees /si:z/ brings /brɪKz/

reads /ri:dz/ lies /laɪz/ shows /FLʊz/

begins /bɪˑɡɪnz/ forgives /fLˑɡɪvz/

5. 动词的紧缩形式

很多时态中的谓语动词,特别是在口语中,常有紧缩形式(con­tractions),如:

I'm going home. (=I am going home.)

He's gone to town. (=He has gone to town.)

一些主要的紧缩形式列表如下:

另外,否定结构也常有紧缩形式:

续表

三、动词的限定形式和非限定形式

1. 动词的限定形式

动词在用作谓语时,它要受主语的制约,如:

它和主语要在人称上一致:

I know that. (第一人称)

She knows that. (第三人称)

它和主语要在数上一致:

She is a doctor. (第三人称单数)

They are doctors. (第三人称复数)

此外它还要表示:

时态(tense):

We had an English lesson yesterday. (过去时)

We will have another English lesson tomorrow. (将来时)

We're having an English lesson now. (现在进行时)

语态(voice):

Everybody respects him. (主动语态)

He is respected by everybody. (被动语态)

语气(mood):

He is rather careless.(陈述语气)

Be careful.(祈使语气)

I wish he were more careful. (虚拟语气)

这些形式称为限定形式(finite forms),也有人称为谓语形式,即作谓语时用的形式。有少数动词,如情态动词,不受主语的影响,在任何人称后形式都不变。因此它们也被称为无变化动词 (defective verbs)。

2. 时态

英语中不同时间发生的动作要用不同的形式来表示,这称为时态(tenses)。英语中一共有16个时态,它们是:

各种时态的构成法大致归纳如下:

(1)一般现在时用动词原形,但在第三人称单数的主语后,一般动词要加-s;

(2)一般过去时用动词的过去式,不分人称,全用一种形式(但动词be除外,第一、第三人称单数后用was,其他情况都用were):

I (He) was excited. We (They) were excited.

(3)一般将来时通常用“will+动词原形”构成,在问句中若主语是第一人称,可用“shall+动词原形”:

You (He, She, They) will try .

Shall I try ?

Will you try ?

(4)一般过去将来时通常用“would+动词原形”构成,在个别情况下第一人称可用should:

We knew we should win.

(5)各种进行时态都用“be+现在分词”构成,时间由be表现出来:

(现在)We are (I am /He is ) learning a new tense.

(过去)She was (They were ) playing bridge.

(将来)I will be thinking of you.

(过去所指的将来)I told him we would be thinking of him.

(6)各种完成时态都用“have (has)+过去分词”构成,时间由have表现出来:

(现在)He has written a poem.

(过去)He showed me the poem he had written .

(将来)You will have got the letter by tomorrow.

(过去所指的将来)I told him that he would have got an answer by that night.

(7)各种完成进行时态都由“have+been+现在分词”构成,时间由have表现出来:

(现在)He has been teaching for eight years.

(过去)He told me that he had been teaching for eight years.

(将来)By July, I' ll have been teaching here for ten years.

(过去所指的将来)I heard by July you' d have been teaching here for ten years.

把这些时态归纳起来可以形成下表:

续表

这些时态并不都是同样活跃的。最基础的是下面五种时态:

一般现在时 现在进行时 一般过去时 一般将来时

现在完成时

其次是下面五种时态比较常用:

过去进行时 过去完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 将来进行时

其他时态只是偶然用到。

在学习时态的过程中要注意两类形式:

否定式:通常由在系动词be、助动词或情态动词后加not构成:

疑问式:一般疑问句和特殊疑问句一般按下面方式构成:

3. 语态

英语中有两种语态(voices),一种是主动语态(the active voice),一种是被动语态(the passive voice)。大部分句子用的是主动语态。这时动词表示主语的动作:

He wrote many plays. 他写了许多剧本。(“写”是“他”的动作)

She broke a cup. 她打破了一个杯子。(“打破”是“她”的动作)

但有时主语和动词是被动关系。这时动词要用被动语态,也可说句子是被动结构:

The play was written by Cao Yu. 这个剧本是曹禺写的。(“剧本”是“写”的对象)

The cup was broken by Mary. 杯子是玛丽打破的。(杯子被打破了)

被动语态通常由“be+过去分词”构成,时间由be表现出来:

(现在)She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)

(过去)She was born in a small town. 她出生在一座小城。(一般过去时)

(将来)Who will be invited ? 将要邀请谁?(一般将来时)

(现在完成)He has been sent abroad. 他被派到国外去了。(现在完成时)

(现在进行)The question is being discussed. 这问题正在讨论。(现在进行时)

主动结构变为被动结构后,原句的宾语就成了主语,而原句子的主语则和by构成状语,说明是谁的动作。

并不是所有时态都有被动语态。有被动语态的时态基本上有以下八个:

4. 语气

按说话的意图动词需用不同形式,称为语气(moods)。英语中主要有四种语气(陈述语气、祈使语气、疑问语气、虚拟语气):

陈述语气(indicative mood)——陈述事实或提出看法。英语中的句子绝大部分都是陈述语气:

She was very nervous. 她非常紧张。

You may be right. 你可能是对的。

疑问语气(interrogative mood)——提出问题:

Why are you so nervous? 你为什么这样紧张?

祈使语气(imperative mood)——提出请求、命令、要求等。祈使语气都用动词原形表示,否定式加do not:

Have a smoke.请抽烟。(建议)

Fasten your seat belt. 系好安全带。(指示)

Be sure to get there before nine. 务必在九点以前到达。(命令、要求)

Take care not to catch a cold.注意不要感冒。(劝告)

Have a pleasant trip! 祝旅途愉快!(祝愿)

祈使句否定形式的主语通常是不说出来的。但有时也说出来(1),也可加呼语(2):

(1)Somebody fetch a pail of water. 谁去打一桶水来。

You be quiet! 你们安静!

(2)Come in, Mrs. Brown. 布朗夫人,进来。

Stand up, everybody. 大家起立。

虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)——表示一种假想的情况或主观愿望:

If only I weren't so nervous. 但愿我不这样紧张。

Long live peace! 和平万岁!

虚拟语气的使用范围较为有限,主要用于条件从句或某些特定的句型。

5. 动词的非限定形式

动词除了在句子中充当谓语外,还可充当许多其他成分。由于在充当其他成分时它们不需要和主语在人称和数上保持一致,又不按照时间变换词形,所以它们被称作动词的非限定形式(nonfinite forms),也有人称为非谓语形式。非限定形式有不定式、动名词和分词三个:

不定式(the infinitive):

一般是在动词原形前面加to,在句中可构成各种成分:

To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。(主语)

Who is going to be his assistant? 谁将当他的助手?(谓语)

I went to France to learn French . 我到法国去学法语。(状语)

I have a question to ask you . 我有一个问题要问你。(定语)

I want you to read the sentence clearly . 我要你把句子读清楚。(复合宾语)

The house is to let . 房屋出租。(表语)

在一些词语后面,不定式就不带to,如let, help, would rather, had better,等等。这时也可构成某些成分:

We had better do it ourselves. 我们最好自己干。(构成谓语)

Mother helped me (to) do my homework . 妈妈帮助我做作业。(构成复合宾语)

动名词(the gerund):

不少动词的-ing形式起名词的作用,称为动名词,在句中也可担任不同成分:

His job is looking after sheep . 他的任务是看羊。(表语)

Dancing is fun. I love it. 跳舞很有意思,我很喜欢。(主语)

She loves swimming . 她喜欢游泳。(宾语)

Thank you for calling . 谢谢你打电话来。(介词的宾语)

还可构成合成词:

waiting room 候车室 swimming-pool 游泳池

sleeping-car 卧车 sightseeing 观光游览

分词(the participle):

分词又分现在分词(the present participle)和过去分词(the past participle)。现在分词是另一种-ing形式,主要起形容词的作用,可以作表语、定语、状语等,有时单独一个分词构成一个成分,有时跟宾语或状语等构成短语作为句中的一个成分:

We were worrying about you. 我们正在为你发愁呢。(谓语)

The theory is quite convincing . 这理论很有说服力。(表语)

Public-health crises such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic tend to affect those living in poverty . 当下新冠肺炎疫情等公共卫生危机会对贫困地区的人口产生影响。(定语)

Laughing and shrieking , the crowd rushed out of the park.又是笑又是叫,那群人从公园里冲了出来。(状语)

I heard someone knocking at the door .我听见有人敲门。(复合宾语)

过去分词也同样可以作这类成分:

She has been transferred to another unit. 她调到另外一个部门去了。(谓语)

They were delighted with the result . 他们对这个结果感到很高兴。(表语)

This was a record set by a Chinese girl . 这是一个中国姑娘创造的纪录。(定语)

Guided by these principles , they achieved remarkable success.在这些方针的指引下,他们取得了可喜的成就。(状语)

He hated to see any bird killed . 他憎恨人打死鸟。(复合宾语) QSdrDOHx9clVA4XXZ/s/05ImQR+8q+/f79zMQLJWI2ljWz7GD1Eaedz2lBPXtege

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