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1 His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. C5-T1-P1
☆词汇
approach n. 方法，手段
intensely adv. 非常地
☆分析
句子主干为His approach to the problems was intensely practical。that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries是定语从句，修饰problems。
☆翻译
对于在整个17世纪末期和18世纪初期一直困扰着作家的问题，他给出的解决方法非常实用。
2 This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. C5-T2-P3
☆词汇
reach v. （影响等）扩及，延及
☆分析
not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research是前一个分句的表语。that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide inter-national audience是find的宾语从句。
☆翻译
这不仅仅是因为像美国这样的英语国家在科学研究中的重要性；许多非英语国家的科学家发现，他们需要用英语写研究论文，以吸引广泛的国际读者。
3 Schemmelpennink designed conspicuous, sturdy white bikes locked in special racks which could be opened with the chip card—the plan started with 250 bikes, distributed over five stations. C14-T1-P2
☆词汇
conspicuous adj. 明显的
rack n. 支架；架子
sturdy adj. 结实的；坚固的
distribute v. 使分布；分散
☆分析
句子主干为Schemmelpennink designed conspicuous, sturdy white bikes—the plan started with 250 bikes. 破折号前后的两个句子为并列句。locked in special racks为后置定语修饰bikes，相当于which are locked in special racks。which could be opened with the chip card是定语从句，修饰racks。distributed over five stations是bikes的后置定语，相当于which are distributed over five stations。
☆翻译
Schemmelpennink设计了醒目坚固的白色自行车，锁在特殊的架子上，用芯片卡可开锁——计划开始时有250辆自行车，分散在五个站点。
4 The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age. C6-T3-P3
☆词汇
hormone n. 激素，荷尔蒙
caloric adj. 热量的
insulin n. 胰岛素
pancreatic adj. 胰脏的
retain v. 保留，保持
☆分析
compared with control animals that eat normally作状语，引入比较的对象。demonstrate that后面有两个并列的宾语从句，分别是caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin和they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones。tend to fall with age是hormones的定语从句。
☆翻译
对这些猴类的研究证实，与正常进食的对照组动物相比，热量摄入受限的猴子的体温和胰岛素水平都较低，而且它们体内某些激素的水平仍维持在年轻时的水平，而这些激素往往会随着年龄的增长而下降。
5 European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. C7-T3-P3
☆词汇
increasingly adv. 越来越多地，渐增地
no...other than... 除了……之外都不……
如：No fuels other than petroleum will be fit for this purpose.
除石油外其他燃料都将不适于这种用途。
deterioration n. 恶化，退步（动词形式为deteriorate）
☆分析
threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate是前面major threats的同位语，其中又用定语从句which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate修饰了先行词threats。
☆翻译
欧洲国家越来越重视欧洲森林面临的主要威胁，这些威胁除了地理或气候以外，其他都是不分国界的，诸如空气污染、土壤恶化、日益增加的森林火灾，有时甚至是我们对林地和森林遗产的管理不善。
6 In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they work on a task, some subjects heard loud burst and others heard soft bursts. C7-T4-P3
☆词汇
subject n. 接受试验者，实验对象
burst n. （突然的）一阵
be exposed to... 使暴露于……
☆分析
in the Glass and Singer study是介词短语作状语，in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they work on a task是定语从句，修饰前面的先行词study。
☆翻译
在Glass和Singer的实验中，实验对象在完成一项任务时暴露在阵阵噪音中，一些实验对象听到的是强烈的噪音，另一些则听到的是柔和的噪音。
7 The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognizes their environmental responsibility. C7-T4-P2
☆词汇
certify v. 认证，给……颁发合格证书
☆分析
该句子的主语是the Council，谓语是certifies，有三个定语从句和一个非谓语动词。which was founded in 1996修饰先行词Council；that meet high environmental standards修辞先行词fisheries；that recognizes their environmental responsibility修饰先行词a label。非谓语enabling them to use a label作谓语动词certifies的结果状语。
☆翻译
该委员会成立于1996年，对符合高环境标准的渔业进行认证，让它们能够使用承认其环境责任的标签。
8 At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today. C7-T1-P2
☆词汇
innovative adj. 革新的，新颖的
sewer n. 污水管，下水道
layout n. 布局，设计
☆分析
句子的主语是nine major systems，谓语是supplied，宾语是occupants of Rome。as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today是修饰前面water的定语从句。
☆翻译
在罗马帝国的鼎盛时期，人们修建了九条主要水利系统，其疏水管道和污水管道均以革新的方式铺设，为罗马城区居民提供用水，当时的人均用水量和现今工业社会很多地区的人均用水量相当。
9 In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. C7-T1-P1
☆词汇
dominate v. 支配，控制，操纵
scrape v. 勉强维持生活
☆分析
本句有一个定语从句和一个原因状语从句。定语从句when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy修饰前面的先行词time；because they found ways of scraping a living at night是原因状语从句，解释我们的祖先能够存活下来的原因。
☆翻译
在恐龙主宰着白昼的时代，我们的哺乳动物祖先之所以能够生存下来，可能完全是因为他们找到了在夜间谋生的方法。
10 They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet’s revolution around the sun. C8-T1-P1
☆词汇
successive adj. 连续的
axis n. 轴，轴线
rotate v. （以轴为中心而）旋转，回转
☆分析
本句有三个非谓语动词作定语分别修饰前面的名词：marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis修饰the solar day；following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth修饰the lunar month；defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet’s revolution around the sun修饰the solar year，其中定语从句that accompany our planet’s revolution around the sun修饰seasons。
☆翻译
他们的历法以三个自然周期为基础：太阳日——随着地球绕地轴自转，以连续的光明和黑暗周期为标志；农历的月份——在月球绕地球轨道运行时，遵循月球的盈亏；太阳年——由季节变化来定义，伴随着地球绕太阳公转。
11 This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. C8-T2-P1
☆词汇
virtually adv. 几乎
☆分析
本句包含三个用but和and连接的并列句，其中有两个非谓语动词修饰前面的名词。to be made是不定式的被动态，修饰前面的glass。marked作宾语补足语，修饰前面的both sides of the glass。
☆翻译
这使得我们可以不间断地制造出几乎任何厚度的玻璃，但滚轴会在玻璃的两边留下标记，所以之后需要对这些标记进行研磨和抛光。
12 Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. C8-T2-P1
☆词汇
unaided eye 肉眼
☆分析
该句中有两个非谓语动词和一个定语从句。主语是inspection technology，谓语是allows。to be made是不定式的被动态，作宾语补足语。locating flaws是现在分词形式的非谓语，强调谓语动作的结果。定语从句the unaided eye would be unable to see修饰前面的flaws。
☆翻译
检测技术能够在一秒钟内对色带进行超过一亿次测量，从而定位肉眼无法看到的缺陷。
13 Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. C8-T3-P1
☆词汇
neutralise v. 中和
discharge v. 放电，释放
brave v. 勇敢地面对，对抗
☆分析
该句的主干是两个用and连接的并列的句子。在后面一个句子中，包含非谓语动词和定语从句。equipped with修饰主语they；先行词lasers在定语从句they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike里作point的宾语，而这个定语从句又是一个包含时间状语before lightning can strike的复合句。
☆翻译
在实验室试验中，他们已经测试了中和雷暴威力的策略。今年冬天，他们将勇敢地面对真正的雷暴，他们将装备一大批激光武器，对准天空，在雷击来袭之前释放雷云。
14 If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. C8-T3-P1
☆词汇
break down 毁掉，打破
☆分析
该句是一个包含条件状语从句和时间状语从句的复合句。If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud是条件状语从句，before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge是时间状语从句。
☆翻译
如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线，就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前，用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来。
15 He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the color reminded fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. C9-T1-P1
☆词汇
dye n. 染料
assure v. 使确信；向……保证
☆分析
该句的主语是he，谓语是asked，宾语是advice。Robert Pullar后面跟了一个定语从句who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the color reminded fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low来修饰此人。该定语从句中有一个that引导的宾语从句，此宾语从句里又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句。
☆翻译
他向苏格兰染料厂的老板Robert Pullar征求意见，Robert使他确信，如果染料不会很快褪色，且制作成本相对较低，那么制造这种染料是划算的。
16 However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconvincible that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. C9-T1-P2
☆词汇
galaxy n. 星系；银河系
orbit v. 绕……周围的轨道运转
inconvincible adj. 无法使人信服的
☆分析
该句由两个句子并列而成。分号前的句子是有着由when引导的时间状语从句和it作形式主语的从句的复合句。分号后的句子主语是guess，谓语是leads，estimate后面是that引导的宾语从句。
☆翻译
然而，当我们观察银河系中的1000亿颗恒星，以及可观测宇宙中的1000亿个星系时，似乎很难相信这些星球中没有一个有生命存在；事实上，根据我们对碳基生命条件有限的了解，我们所能做出的最有根据的猜测是，估计每10万颗恒星中的一个会有一颗绕其旋转的、有生命存在的行星。
17 You only have to look at other primates—such as the capuchin monkeys who rub themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter mosquitoes, or the chimpanzees who use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites—to realize that our ancient ancestors too probably had a basic grasp of medicine. C14-T3-P2
☆词汇
deter v. 威慑，阻止
rid v. 去除，摆脱
mosquito n. 蚊子
☆分析
该句的主干是You have to look at other primates to realize that...。such as the capuchin monkeys or the chimpanzees表列举；who rub themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter mosquitoes为定语从句，修饰capuchin monkeys；who use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites为定语从句，修饰chimpanzees；that our ancient ancestors too probably had a basic grasp of medicine为宾语从句，作realize的宾语。
☆翻译
你只需要了解其他灵长类动物——如卷尾猴用带有毒素的千足虫驱逐蚊子，或了解下黑猩猩使用有毒的森林植物摆脱肠内寄生虫——就会意识到，我们的祖先可能也掌握了一些基本的医药知识。
18 Feeling on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit—but the ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations. C9-T2-P2
☆词汇
transit n. 通行
pitching n. （船或飞机的）上下摇晃
☆分析
该句包含两个由but连接的并列句。前一个句子中有两个非谓语动词，feeling是主语Le Gentil的伴随动作，crossing是强调warship的动作状态。
☆翻译
Le Gentil在一艘法国军舰上感受到了穿越印度洋的美妙时刻，但这艘船摇摇晃晃，让他无法进行准确观测。
19 Those who are professionally engaged in the art interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities. C9-T4-P3
☆词汇
steer v. 循（航线、方向）行进
given prep. 考虑到；如果
☆分析
该句主语是those，系动词是are，表语是in a difficult position。主语被who引导的定语从句who are professionally engaged in the art interpreting history修饰；同时该句含有一个as引导的原因状语从句as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’和given引导的介词短语结构given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities。
☆翻译
因此，那些专业从事诠释历史这门艺术的人处于一种困难的境地，因为他们必须在“证据”和“吸引力”之间谋求一条狭窄的通道，特别是考虑到遗产行业日益需要创造收入的活动。
20 Working to deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. C5-T1-P1
☆词汇
draw on 利用；动用（钱等）
如：The company can draw on their vast reserves to pay for the project.
公司可以动用其雄厚的储备金来支付该工程的费用。
☆分析
该句用working to deadline这个现在分词形式的非谓语表原因，该动作work的发出者就是本句的主语he。
☆翻译
为了赶在最后期限前完成工作，他不得不借鉴以前所有词典的精华，使他的著作成为一部规模宏大的集大成之作。
21 When hill-farmers, for example can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. C5-T4-P1
☆词汇
trekker n. 徒步旅行者
☆分析
该句是一个复合句。分句是由when引导的时间状语从句when hill-farmers can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields。主句使用了主语从句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是many of them give up their farm-work。which is thus left to other members of the family为定语从句，修饰farm-work。
☆翻译
例如，当山区农民为外国徒步旅行者做几周搬运工就能挣到比他们在地里干一年的活还多的钱时，他们中的许多人放弃干农活就不足为奇了，农活因此留给家庭其他成员去做。
22 The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn’t know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier, and their ‘radar’ achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. C7-T1-P1
☆词汇
feat n. 绝技，技艺
☆分析
该长句由but连接的两个并列句组成，but后的句子中包含一个由that引导的宾语从句，作knows的宾语，该句还包含一个由that引导的定语从句that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration，修饰前面的名词feats。
☆翻译
声纳和雷达的先驱们那时不知道，但现在全世界都知道，蝙蝠，或者说是自然选择对蝙蝠的影响，在几千万年前就完善了系统，它们的“雷达”在探测和导航方面的本领可以让一个工程师目瞪口呆。
23 Besides the laboratory evidence for this, we know from our experience that we often remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn. C7-T1-P3
☆词汇
peripherally adv. 周围地，周边地
☆分析
该句主语是we，谓语是know，然后是that引导的宾语从句that we often remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn。而该宾语从句又是一个包含由after引导的时间状语从句after we have forgotten what we set out to learn的复合句。
☆翻译
除了实验室的证据外，我们从经验中知道，我们经常会在忘记我们要学习的东西很久之后，才会在外围记住我们所感知到的东西。
24 Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of European databank on the subject. C7-T3-P3
☆词汇
resolution n. 决议
☆分析
该句是一个复合句，从句是由although引导的让步状语从句although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent，主句里包含一个同位语从句that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of European databank on the subject，作resolution的同位语。
☆翻译
虽然森林火灾对整个欧洲的影响没有那么大，但鉴于破坏程度，专家们提出第三个决议，建议斯特拉斯堡会议考虑建立关于这个问题的欧洲数据库。
25 It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. C7-T3-P1
☆词汇
fungus n. 真菌，菌类
propagate v. 繁殖
☆分析
It是形式主语，真正的主语是第一个that引导的主语从句that the fungus...was a single type...。主语从句中又包含两个定语从句和一个非谓语动词。that引导的定语从句that ants cultivate修饰fungus。that引导的另一个定语从句that they had propagated修饰a single type；同时a single type还有一个被动形式的非谓语动词unchanged from the distant past作后置定语。
☆翻译
人们曾经认为，蚂蚁培育的真菌是它们繁殖的单一类型，基本上与远古时期没有变化。
26 But that their minds are not different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kelpler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colors of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear. C8-T3-P2
☆词汇
outrageous adj. 反常的，令人惊讶的
☆分析
该句包含一个主语从句和一个同位语从句。句子主干是that is demonstrated by the fact，that后面的their minds are not different from our own是真正的主语。fact后接了一个同位语从句the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kelpler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colors of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear。
☆翻译
但是像开普勒或爱因斯坦这样的科学家来之不易的发现成为小学生的普遍知识，像Paul Klee这样的艺术家喜欢的反常的造型和色彩很快出现在我们衣服上，这些说明他们的思想和我们的并没有什么不同。
27 We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognize the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to top. C8-T3-P2
☆词汇
single-mindedness n. 一心一意
integrity n. 正直
☆分析
该句包含两个由but连接的并列句。在but后面的句子中，有一个省略了引导词的定语从句they may have paid，用来修饰price，后面接了一个介词短语in terms of。
☆翻译
我们也许会羡慕他们的成就和名望，但我们也应该认识到他们在很多方面付出的代价，比如毅力、专注、奉献、对个人生活的限制、对精力和时间的要求，并且他们要不断有勇气去坚持正直或攀到顶峰。
28 Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions. C8-T3-P3
☆词汇
mutation n. 突变
optimal adj. 最好的，最理想的
☆分析
该句是由and连接的并列句。and前面的句子中有because of介词短语作原因状语；and后面的句子是一个被动句they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions。
☆翻译
由于遗传物质的变化（突变），这些（生物体）有了新的特征，并且个体生命的过程也在考验它们对周围的环境条件是否有最佳的或更好的适应性。
29 If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the aging process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme. C8-T3-P3
☆词汇
life span 寿命
☆分析
该句是一个复合句，包含一个条件状语从句if a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic。主句是it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock；internal clock由两个which引导的定语从句修饰，分别是which in some way measures and controls the aging process和which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme。
☆翻译
如果一个人的寿命是由基因决定的生物学特性，那么从逻辑上讲，就有必要提出一个内部时钟的概念。内部时钟在某种程度上测量和控制衰老过程，并最终决定死亡作为固定程序的最后一步。
30 By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticides spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. C8-T4-P2
☆词汇
alarming adj. 惊人的
pesticide n. 农药，杀虫剂
outbreak n. 爆发，剧增
outlay n. 支出额，经费
necessitate v. 使……成为必要
account for（数量）占……
☆分析
该句的主干是the situation took an alarming turn，非谓语动词结构necessitating pesticides spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides表示谓语动作的结果。
☆翻译
到20世纪60年代中期，情况发生了惊人的变化，又出现了四种新的害虫。这就要求喷洒杀虫剂，以至于棉花生产中50%的财政支出都用到了杀虫剂上。
31 And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favors only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find. C9-T1-P1
☆词汇
potential n. 潜力
☆分析
该句的主语是Perkin，谓语是saw，宾语是the potential。主语前面是一个现在分词形式的非谓语结构proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favors only the prepared mind’。
☆翻译
Perkin证明了著名科学家Louis Pasteur的话“机会只青睐有准备的人”，他看到了自己的意外发现的潜力。
32 It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future. C9-T2-P1
☆词汇
imperative adj. 必要的，非做不可的
promulgate v. 颁布，公布
☆分析
该句的结构是it is imperative that+主语从句，it为形式主语，真正的主语为that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future。
☆翻译
在制定今后将颁布的适当的国际标准时，必须考虑到这些儿童的需要。
33 But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos—detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars. C9-T2-P2
☆词汇
transit n. （天文）凌日
cosmos n. 宇宙
breakthrough n. （科学等的）突破，重大进展
☆分析
该句主语是such transits，谓语是have paved，宾语是the way，后面的for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos是宾补部分。破折号后面的内容作为同位语，用于解释前面的breakthrough。
☆翻译
但这样的凌日现象已经为探测围绕其他恒星公转的、与地球体积类似的行星铺平了道路，这可能被证明是宇宙中最重要的突破之一。
34 However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn （1979）suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. C9-T4-P2
☆词汇
contingent on 取决于……
distinct adj. 不同的
☆分析
该句的主语是Lewis and Brooks-Gunn，谓语是suggest，宾语是that引导的宾语从句。在宾语从句中，主语是infants’ developing understanding，谓语是leads to，宾语是a growing awareness。宾语从句的主语和宾语分别用了同位语从句修饰：that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own是understanding的同位语从句，that they are distinct from other people是awareness的同位语从句。
☆翻译
然而，Lewis和Brooks-Gunn （1979）认为，婴儿逐渐理解到他们在镜子中看到的动作取决于他们自己，这使得婴儿越来越意识到自己与其他人是不同的。
35 Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as well. C4-T1-P2
☆词汇
track v. 追踪，跟踪
interface n. 交界处
airborne adj. 在空中的，飞着的
☆分析
现在分词短语judging from the way作方式状语；it watches and tracks airborne flying fish是省略了in which的定语从句，修饰the way。
☆翻译
从它观察和追踪空中飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能够通过空气和水面的交界处非常清楚地看见（飞鱼）。
36 Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about US$12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested. C4-T2-P2
☆词汇
orthodox adj. 正统的
☆分析
该句是由and连接的两个并列分句组成的复合句。第二个分句中，that have not been scientifically tested是定语从句，修饰前面的名词therapies。
☆翻译
1990年，美国人去看替代疗法专家的次数比去看正规医生的次数还多，每年他们花在未经科学验证的医疗上的钱约为120亿美元。
37 The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Lacer and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993. C4-T2-P2
☆词汇
consultation n. 咨询，就诊
☆分析
with alternative therapists 和reported in the 1990 survey均为550,000 consultations的后置定语。该句的主语是550,000 consultations，谓语是represented，according to Dr Lacer and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993作状语。
☆翻译
根据Lacer博士和他的同事在1993年的《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》上发表的文章，1990年的调查显示，咨询替代疗法专家的人数为55万，这个数字大约占了调查中所有医疗诊断人数的八分之一。
38 When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn’t care. C15-T4-P3
☆词汇
regulation n. 监管，管理
reverse n. 完全相反
out-compete v. 战胜
☆分析
该句的前半部分包含两个并列的由when引导的时间状语从句，主句的主语是big businesses，谓语是may out-compete。后半部分由表示转折的连接词but开头，but所在的句子中包含两个并列的if引导的条件状语从句。
☆翻译
当政府监管有效并且公众有环保意识时，环境污染少的大企业可能会在竞争中战胜污染严重的企业，但如果政府监管无效且公众不关心环保，情况可能正好相反。
39 English literature scholar and teacher Mark Edmundson describes how many college students actively avoid the classic literature of the 19th and 20th centuries in favour of something simpler as they no longer have the patience to read longer, denser, more difficult texts. C16-T4-P2
☆词汇
literature n. 文学作品
in favour of 支持；赞同
☆分析
该句中English literature scholar and teacher Mark Edmundson是主语，describes是谓语动词，之后的how引导了宾语从句。最后的as引导原因状语从句，表达学生拒绝读古典文学的原因。
☆翻译
英国文学学者和老师Mark Edmundson描述了很多大学生如何极力避免阅读19世纪和20世纪的古典文学，他们更喜欢简单些的作品，因为他们不再有耐心阅读更长、更密集、更晦涩难懂的文字。