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分词分为现在分词（-ing）和过去分词（-ed）。分词在句子中既可作定语又可作状语，有时分词还跟进行时态或被动语态形式一致，因此部分考生看到分词就不知所云，迷惑无比。分词的存在给考生理解句子带来了很大难度，因此有必要系统梳理与分词有关的语法知识。
分词作定语时相当于形容词的作用，如：
Computer engineering is a very promising occupation.（promising作定语修饰occupation。）
Such responses mean missed profit opportunities.（missed作定语修饰profit opportunities。）
分词亦可放在名词后，作后置定语，如：
I dislike the girl sitting over there .（sitting over there作定语，相当于定语从句who is sitting over there。）
The giant pagoda built in the 1930s remains intact.（根据built和remains可知二者之一为修饰语，而pagoda“塔”不能发出建造的动作，需用被动语态，可知built部分为定语，相当于which was built in the 1930s。）
分词作状语，可放在主句前或主句后，表示主句动作发生时伴随发生的另一动作或主句动作发生的原因、条件、方式等。如：He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water．该句可替换为：Holding the rope with one hand, he stretches out the other to the boy in the water.（holding the rope with one hand作伴随状语，表示伴随stretches out发生的另一动作。）该句还可以替换为：He stretches out the other to the boy in the water, holding the rope with one hand.
分词还常常作结果状语，该用法在雅思阅读中很常见，如：Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies.（prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies表示主句Most babies start developing their hearing的结果是促使很多父母在怀孕时就给胎儿播放古典音乐。）
过去分词亦可以作状语，如：Manufactured in the 1990s, the car still looks brand-new. （manufactured in the 1990s用过去分词表被动并表让步，相当于Although the car was manufactured in the 1990s, the car still looks brand-new.）
分词作状语可总结如下：
SVO, doing/done...（SVO表示句子主谓宾，代表完整句子）
Doing/Done..., SVO.
区分作定语和作状语的分词，一是可以看分词前的名词和分词之间 是否存在修饰关系 ，二是可以根据句中的分词部分是否有 逗号 ：作状语的分词与其前面的名词无修饰关系，且常有逗号作为标志；而作定语的分词一定在名词后修饰该名词，一般无逗号。
如： Babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to process information . raised in bilingual homes修饰babies，相当于一个定语从句that are raised in bilingual homes，二者之间是修饰关系，且无逗号。
再如： The reasons causing the disappearance of the species in the Paleolithic era are unknown . causing the disappearance of the species in the Paleolithic era修饰其前面的名词reasons，相当于which caused the disappearance of the species in the Paleolithic era，二者之间无逗号。