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Section 1：题型解读
问：词汇题和指代题的题型种类有哪些？
答： 词汇题和指代题在阅读理解题中有以下三种：①指示代词题；②熟词生义题；③陌生词汇题。此类题型的提问方式主要有以下几种：
The underlined word “______” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.
What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?
In the last paragraph, the underlined word “which” refers to ______.
Section 2：技巧解密
1．指示代词题
问： 指示代词题的常见解题方法是什么？
答： 指示代词题主要考查指示代词指代的内容，常见的指示代词有it、they、that、this、which等，具体的解题方法是就近往回寻找一到两句话。要特别注意前面的句子中所出现的名词。如果出现多个名词，要根据具体的语境以及单复数来进行判断。
真题再现一
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal （夜间活动的） species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
1．What does “it” （Paragraph 1） most probably refer to?
A．The night.
B．The moon.
C．The sky.
D．The planet.
解析： 本题是指代题。答案通常是之前句子中最接近它的一个名词。根据该原则很容易得出答案是______。最后一句话的句意是：但这是唯一的方法来解释我们对夜晚做了什么：我们让光亮充满夜晚以适应它。
2．熟词生义题和陌生词汇题
问：词汇题的常见解题方法是什么？
答： 词汇题的解题总原则是根据上下文来推测画线的某个词的词义。常见的解题方法有以下几种：
A：同义并列法
画线词通常和上下文中的某个词是同义或并列关系，或感情色彩是一致的，比如两者都是褒义或贬义，都表示开心或悲伤，等等，常有and、as well as、also等标志词出现。
真题再现二
And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal . Dr. Dominoni said, “In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem. I have people coming to me saying 'You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls?'. During the breeding （繁殖） season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep.”
robin：知更鸟
artificial：人造的
blackbird：黑鸟
seagull：海鸥
2．What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in this paragraph mean?
A．Active at night.
B．Inactive at night.
C．Active during the day.
D．Inactive during the day.
解析： 根据上文的And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light和标志词also，以及本段最后一句话they are very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep可知，黑鸟和海鸥情况一样，也就是说这两种鸟晚上都不睡觉、很兴奋，故选择______。
B：反义转折法
画线词通常和上文中的某个词是反义关系，比如褒义对贬义、快对慢、高对低等等，常有but、or、however、while（表转折）、although、contrary等标志词出现，有时还有un-、im-等否定前缀出现。
真题再现三
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research , both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
3．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Big eaters.
B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters.
D．Tall thin persons.
解析： 本题的解题关键在于contrary to前后句的含义。一方面说的是avoid eating with heavier people，即“避免与体重较重的人一起吃饭”，那与之相反的（contrary to）就应该是指避免与“高高瘦瘦的人”一起吃饭。所以答案为______。
C：举例论证法
举例论证法比较常用，主要是通过举例来解释和说明画线词汇的含义，常伴随for example、such as等标志词出现，但有时也会直接举例，不出现标志词。
真题再现四
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl （水禽） were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat （栖息地）.
4．What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Acquire.
B．Export.
C．Destroy.
D．Distribute.
解析： 本题的解题关键是Unfortunately和后文的举例说明。根据下文中的Millions of waterfowl were killed和Millions of acres of wetlands were dried可知，探险者和定居者破坏了这里的自然资源。所以答案为______。
D：因果关系法
上下文的关系是因果关系。有时给出原因，求画线词意思；有时给出结果，求画线词意思。此类题型常伴随for、because、reason等标志词出现。
真题再现五
Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen as “ boats on land ” for their ability to carry loads. Besides, the whole body of an ox is full of treasures. Their meat and milk are food full of nutrition, and their skin can be used to make clothes and shoes. With all these qualities, oxen are regarded as generous creatures.
5．The words “boats on land” underlined in this paragraph refer to ______.
A．animals for taking goods
B．creatures for pulling plows
C．treasures of the folk culture
D．tools in the farming economy
解析： 本题的解题关键是后文的for。for their ability to carry loads是对画线部分的解释，即牛被称为“boats on land”是出于它在载物方面的能力。所以答案为______。
E：词根词缀法
画线的词汇本身由某个词根或词缀构成。如果大家掌握了一些词根词缀含义的话，就可以比较容易地解出答案。比如transplant一词，如果考生知道trans-常表示“从……到……”，plant表“种植”，那么很快就能得出其意思为“移植”，即“从一个地方种到另一个地方”。如果想要系统地掌握词根词缀，可以参考本系列中的畅销书籍《24天突破高考英语词汇3500》。
真题再现六
When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can't achieve something. Then, there are other distractions , such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate. When I feel tense, it helps a lot to repeat words such as 'calm', 'peace' or 'focus', either out loud or silently in my mind. It makes me feel more in control and increases my confidence. This is a habit that can become second nature quite easily and is a powerful psychological （心理的） tool.”
6．What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to?
A．Ways that help one to focus.
B．Words that help one to feel less tense.
C．Activities that turn one's attention away.
D．Habits that make it hard for one to relax.
解析： 本题可以用两种方法来解答。
● 词根词缀法：本题的画线词为distractions。该词有着明显的词根词缀。dis-是前缀，意思为“分开”；tract为词根，意思为“吸引”；-ion为名词后缀。所以distraction的含义为“把……吸引开”，即“分心，走神”。所以本题答案为______。
● 反义转折法：本段前文提到a voice inside my head tells me that I can't achieve something，而后文提到The key is to concentrate（关键是要集中精神），可知前文举例就是为了说明会“分心，走神”。
KEY
1．A
2．A
3．D
4．C
5．A
6．C
Section 1：真题精练
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。本章节重点练习词汇题和指代题。
A
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds （滑板）. Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.
1．The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in this paragraph means ______.
A．made the path wet
B．made the path hard
C．made the path wide
D．made the path slippery
B
However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, who led the new study. West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction. I thought, 'Why don't they just try rolling the things?’” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized. That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”.
So he tried it .
2．What does the underlined word “it” in this paragraph refer to?
A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.
B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.
C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.
D．Rolling the blocks with fat.
C
For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator, they point out, there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings, and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense, they argue, the elevator's role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally （水平地）, and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical （垂直的） columns.
3．What does the underlined word “this” refer to?
A．The general view of elevators.
B．The particular interests of experts.
C．The desire for a remarkable machine.
D．The enthusiasm for transport vehicles.
D
That particular day, my brother and I sat through both movies twice, trying to escape the heat. We bought three bags of popcorn and three sodas each. Then, we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. We'd already seen the second movie once before. It had been at the theater since January, because Mr. Bellow loved anything with John Wayne in it .
4．What does the underlined word “it” in this paragraph refer to?
A．The heat.
B．The theater.
C．The Music Man.
D． The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.
E
The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.
5．The underlined word “modest” in this paragraph most probably means _______.
A．relatively high
B．extremely low
C．relatively low
D．extremely high
F
However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that , in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. To become great at certain things, it'll require even more time, time that most people won't put in.
6．The underlined word that refers to ______.
A．being good at something
B．setting a practical goal
C．putting in more time
D．succeeding in life
G
It is not clear which of the two situations is better. As we have seen, work has to be compared with other values like family life, which often get lost in interest. It is too early to explain the different trends （趋势） in happiness over time in different countries. But it is a disappointing idea that in the United States happiness has made no progress since 1975, while it has risen in Europe. Could this have anything to do with trends in the work-life balance （平衡） ?
7．The underlined word “which” refers to ______.
A．family life
B．situations
C．other values
D．trends
H
The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as steering them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits.
8．The word “steering” underlined in the last sentence most probably means ______.
A．forcing
B．guiding
C．driving
D．moving
I
Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for top managers to spend at least one day in their work, touring the park dressed as Mickey Mouse or something like that. This provides them with a perfect chance to examine the scene and watch the customers without being noticed.
9．What does the word “this” underlined in the last sentence refer to?
A．Visiting Disneyland.
B．Wearing attractive clothes.
C．Acting Mickey Mouse.
D．Dressing up and walking around.
J
It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number. Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over. The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university , they fear that many of life's doors will remain forever closed.
10．A “prestigious university” is most probably ______.
A．a famous university
B．a technical university
C．a traditional university
D．an expensive university
K
A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
11．What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?
A．A party designed by specialists.
B．A plan requiring careful thought.
C．A situation causing difficulty or trouble.
D．A demand made by guests.
L
Time is something from which we can't escape. Even if we ignore it, it's still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who's in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally .
12．The underlined word “ally” in this paragraph most likely means somebody or something that is ______.
A．your slave and serves you
B．your supporter and helps you
C．under your control and obeys you
D．under your influence and follows you
M
The scientists' next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish's blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein （蛋白质） never before seen in the blood of a fish. When it was removed, the blood froze at seawater temperature. When it was put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point.
Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules （分子） held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein . So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein.
13．What does the underlined word “it” refer to?
A．A type of ice-salt mixture.
B．A newly found protein.
C．Fish blood.
D．Sugar molecule.
14．What does “glyco-” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Sugar.
B．Ice.
C．Blood.
D．Molecule.
Section 2：答案详解
1．解析： 根据下文的either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle可知，用湿的泥土和牛油是为了让路更加平滑，所以正确答案为D。
2．解析： 本题是指代题，答案应从上文寻找。根据上一段的A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides可知，正确答案为A。
3．解析： 根据this的前一句话For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles可知，大部分人都认为电梯是不值得关注的机器。而克里斯托弗·维尔克博士认为这是一种错误的想法，他认为电梯和汽车几乎同样重要。故this是指大众对于电梯的错误看法，A正确。
4．解析： 本题是指代题，可知答案应该在上文。但前一分句的主语也是it，所以继续往前寻找：we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance 和We'd already seen the second movie once before，由此可知，正确答案为D。
5．解析： 由前面的and可知，modest与relatively small为并列关系，所以答案在A和C之中。又根据small对应的是low，所以正确答案为C。
6．解析： 本题是指代题，可知答案应该在上文。由上文to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical可知，答案为B。
7．解析： 本题是指代题，可知答案应该在上文，但是最近的上文有两个名词，一个是other values，一个是family life，所以可以确定答案在A和C之间。再根据get为单数形式可知，答案为C。
8．解析： 由前面的as well as可知，steering与encourage是并列的，然后再借助选项进行匹配，能与encourage匹配的只有guiding，所以答案为B。
9．解析： 本题是指代题，可知答案应该在上文。由上文的touring the park dressed as Mickey Mouse or something like that可知重点是touring和dressed as，故正确答案为D。
10．解析： 由前面的And可知，a prestigious university与上文中的a good college是并列关系，所以答案为A。
11．解析： 画线词之前的主语是party，后一句话的主语为it，指代的也是party。也就是说party不是hassle，party 是fun，从而得出hassle等于not fun；再根据选项进行匹配，只有C合适。
12．解析： 根据前文句意，我们可以得出答案。“要么让时间溜走，成为我们的敌人；要么我们管好时间，使之成为我们的______。”两句句意相反，故画线词应与其对应的enemy 为反义词，所以B为正确答案。
13．解析： 本题是指代题，可知答案应该在上文，但上一句话的主语也是it，所以继续往前寻找：由Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein never before seen in the blood of a fish可知，他们的研究发现了某种由蛋白质组成的奇怪的东西，而这种东西是之前在鱼的血液中没见过的——把它移走，血就冻结；把它放回去，血就抗冻，所以本题答案为B。
14．解析： 本题可以采用因果关系法。由上文的Because of its sugar content可知，它里面有糖的成分，所以它才被称作glycoprotein；反过来，它之所以被称作glycoprotein是因为有糖的成分，故答案为A。