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055
n. 神经元
D a nerve cell that carries information between the brain and other parts of the body
E Neurons are individual nerve cells.
神经元就是独立的神经细胞。
056
n. （神经细胞）树突
D one of the short parts like threads at the edge of a nerve cell that carry messages to the cell
E As we develop and learn, the dendrites of the neurons in the cerebral cortex grow and connect with other neurons.
随着我们的成长和学习，大脑皮层的神经元树突也会成长并和其他神经元连接。
057
（神经细胞）终端钮
D the branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters
E Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are stored in the terminal buttons.
神经递质是储存在神经细胞终端钮的化学物质。
058
n. （神经）轴突
D a long, thread-like structure attached to a nerve cell that sends out signals away from the nerve cell
E The axon carries the impulse between the soma and terminal branches.
轴突传导神经元细胞体和终端钮之间的神经冲动。
059
髓鞘
D a fatty substance that insulates the axon
E The nodes of Ranvier and myelin sheath both help increase the speed of neural transmission.
郎飞节和髓鞘都能加快神经传导的速度。
060
动作电位
D a neural impulse
E This brief electrical charge that travels down an axon is called an action potential.
这个短暂的、在轴突中传导的电位就是动作电位。
061
n. 阈值
D the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
E Increasing the level of stimulation above the threshold will not increase the neural impulse's intensity.
使刺激程度高于阈值并不会加大神经冲动的强度。
062
不应期
D in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired
E During the refractory period, subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state.
在不应期，下一个动作电位必须等到轴突回到静息状态才能出现。
063
n. （神经元的）突触
D the point at which electrical signals move from one nerve cell to another
E Hormones are present in the bloodstream, while neurotransmitters work in the synapse.
荷尔蒙在血液中存在，而神经递质在突触中起作用。
064
n. 神经递质
D a chemical that carries messages between neurons or between neurons and muscles
E Inhibitory neurotransmitters and excitatory neurotransmitters are two different types of neurotransmitters.
抑制性神经递质和兴奋性神经递质是两种不同类型的神经递质。
065
n. 再摄取
D a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
E Prozac relieves depression by partially blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
百忧解通过局部阻止神经递质血清素的再摄取来缓解抑郁症。
066
n. 内啡呔
D a chemical naturally, released in the brain to reduce pain, that in large amounts can make you feel relaxed or full of energy
E Oversupply with opiate drugs can suppress the body's natural endorphin supply.
过量摄入鸦片类药物会抑制体内自然的内啡肽分泌。
067
n. 多巴胺
D a neurotransmitter that is made naturally in the body and may also be given as a drug
E The neurotransmitter dopamine helps us move, think, and feel.
神经递质多巴胺帮助我们活动、思考和感受。
068
n. 血清素
D a neurotransmitter that helps you feel relaxed and happy
E Depression is associated with low levels of serotonin.
抑郁症和体内血清素含量过低有关。
069
n. 兴奋剂
D a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action
E Some opiate drugs are agonists.
某些鸦片类药物是兴奋剂。
070
n. 拮抗剂
D a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter's action
E Antagonists decrease a neurotransmitter's action by blocking production or release.
拮抗剂通过阻止神经递质的产生或释放来抑制其作用。
071
神经系统
D the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
E Neurons are the elementary components of the nervous system.
神经元是神经系统的基本组成部分。
072
中枢神经系统
D the brain and spinal cord
E The central nervous system (CNS) is the body's decision maker.
中枢神经系统是身体的决策者。
073
周围神经系统
D the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
E The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for gathering information and for transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts.
周围神经系统负责收集信息并将中枢神经系统的决定传递到其他身体部位。
074
感觉（传入）神经元
D neurons that carry incoming information from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
E The incoming information from all of our senses, except for smell, travels to the sensory neurons of the thalamus.
从我们所有感官（除了嗅觉）传入的信息都传导到了丘脑的感觉神经元。
075
运动（传出）神经元
D neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
E The path of a reflex arc goes from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
反射弧的路径是从感觉神经元到运动神经元。
076
n. 中间神经元
D neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
E Once information reaches the brain or spinal cord, interneurons take the messages and send them elsewhere in the brain or on to efferent neurons.
一旦信息到达大脑或脊髓，中间神经元就会把它们传导到大脑的其他部位或者传出神经元。
077
躯体神经系统
D the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
E The PNS can be subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
周围神经系统可以分为躯体神经系统和自主神经系统。
078
自主神经系统
D the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)
E The PNS can be subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
周围神经系统可以分为躯体神经系统和自主神经系统。
079
交感神经系统
D the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
E The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
自主神经系统可以分为交感神经系统和副交感神经系统。
080
副交感神经系统
D the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
E The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
自主神经系统可以分为交感神经系统和副交感神经系统。
081
n. 反射作用
D a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus
E The information reaches your brain and you realise your knee has been stimulated but only after this reflex has occurred.
只有在反射作用发生后，信息才会到达大脑，你才能意识到膝盖被刺激了。
082
内分泌系统
D the body's “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
E The endocrine system's glands secrete another form of chemical messengers, hormones.
内分泌系统中的腺体分泌另一种化学信使——荷尔蒙。
083
n. 荷尔蒙
D chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
E Hormones are different from neurotransmitters in many ways.
荷尔蒙和神经递质在很多方面都是不同的。
084
肾上腺
D the top of the kidneys that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline)
E The adrenal glands trigger the fight-or-flight response.
肾上腺激发我们的“战斗或逃跑反应”。
085
n. 去甲肾上腺素
D a hormone that helps keep blood pressure at a constant level, especially if it falls too low
E Norepinephrine affects levels of alertness.
去甲肾上腺素影响我们的警惕程度。
086
n. 脑垂体
D the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
E The pituitary gland is the master gland of the endocrine system.
脑垂体是内分泌系统中的主腺体。
087
脑电图
D a medical test that measures and records electrical activity in the brain
E Brain scans and EEG recordings show that emotions also activate different areas of the brain's cortex.
大脑扫描和脑电图（EEG）记录显示情绪也能激活大脑皮层的不同区域。
088
计算机断层扫描
D the use of X-rays to make three-dimensional images of flat sections of the body
E Children's brain injuries, shown in CT scans, predict impairments in their intelligence and memory processing.
利用计算机断层扫描（CT）显示出的儿童大脑损伤预示了其智力和记忆处理方面的损伤。
089
磁共振成像
D a system for producing electronic pictures of the organs inside a person's body, using radio waves and a strong magnetic field
E MRI uses extremely powerful electromagnets and radio waves to get 3-D structural information from the brain.
磁共振成像（MRI）利用极强的电磁体和无线电波来获得大脑的3D图像。
090
n. 功能性磁共振成像
D a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure.
E Functional MRI (fMRI) and PET scans (Positron Emission Tomography) are techniques that allow scientists to view the brain as it is working.
功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和正电子发射扫描成像（PET）技术都能允许科学家看到大脑正在运作的状态。
091
n. 延髓
D the area of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing
E The brainstem, including the pons and medulla, is an extension of the spinal cord.
脑干包含脑桥和延髓，是脊髓的延伸。
092
n. 丘脑
D the brain's sensory control centre, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
E The thalamus is located on top of the brainstem.
丘脑位于脑干的上方。
093
n. 小脑
D the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory
E The cerebellum coordinates some habitual muscle movements.
小脑协调一些习惯性的肌肉运动。
094
边缘系统
D neural system (including the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
E Phineas Gage's limbic system was separated from his frontal lobes in an accident.
菲尼斯·盖奇的边缘系统在一场意外中从他的额叶脱离出来。
095
n. 杏仁体
D one of two parts of the brain that affect how people feel emotions, especially fear and pleasure
E Since the amygdala and hippocampus connect to olfactory nerves, it is easy to understand why certain smells trigger memories.
因为杏仁体和海马体与嗅觉神经相连，所以我们很容易理解为什么有些气味能够引发记忆。
096
n. 下丘脑
D a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
E The hypothalamus has been identified as an area controlling feeding.
下丘脑被发现和控制食量有关。
097
n. 海马体
D a neural centre located in the limbic system that helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events
E Damage to the hippocampus prevents the formation of new memories.
海马体损伤会阻碍新记忆的形成。
098
n. 大脑皮层
D the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing centre
E When we are born, our cerebral cortex is full of neurons but the neurons are not yet well connected.
当我们出生时，我们的大脑皮层中布满了尚未形成紧密连接的神经元。
099
额叶
D the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
E The frontal lobe is involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
额叶的功能包括控制说话、肌肉运动、制定计划和做出判断。
100
顶叶
D the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear
E The parietal lobe receives sensory input for touch and body position.
顶叶接收关于触摸的感觉信息和身体位置的信息。
101
枕叶
D the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head
E The occipital lobe receives information from the visual fields.
枕叶接收来自视野区的信息。
102
颞叶
D the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears
E The temporal lobe receives information primarily from the ears.
颞叶主要接收来自耳朵的信息。
103
运动皮层
D an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
E The top of the motor cortex controls the feet and toes of the body.
运动皮层上部控制身体的脚和脚趾部分。
104
感觉皮层
D an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
E The sensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe.
感觉皮层位于枕叶中。
105
布洛卡区
D an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
E Broca's area helps control language expression.
布洛卡区帮助控制语言的表达。
106
韦尼克区
D a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe
E Damage to the Wernicke's area makes people unable to understand others' words and could speak only meaningless sentences.
韦尼克区的损伤会让人们无法理解他人的话语，并且自己说出的语言也没有任何意义。
107
联合区
D areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions
E Association areas are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
联合区负责更高级的大脑功能，比如习得、记忆、思考和说话。
108
n. （大脑的）可塑性
D the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
E Plasticity may also occur after serious damage, especially in young children.
大脑可塑性可能发生在严重的脑损伤之后，尤其是在幼童身上。
109
（脑）胼胝体
D the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
E On average, women have larger corpus callosums than men.
平均来看，女性的脑胼胝体要比男性的大。
110
裂脑
D a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them
E Split brain patients can describe objects without deficit if presented in the right visual field.
裂脑病人可以分毫不差地描述右侧视区里的物体。
111
n. 意识
D the state of being awake, thinking, and knowing what is happening around you
E He lost consciousness after his accident and never regained it.
事故发生后他便失去了知觉，再也没有苏醒过来。
112
n. 盲视现象
D a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
E After stroke or surgery has damaged the brain's visual cortex, some have experienced blindsight.
在中风或手术损伤了大脑的视觉皮层后，有些人会出现盲视现象。
113
n. 遗传
D the process by which characteristics are given from a parent to their child through the genes
E Diet and exercise can influence a person's weight, but heredity is also a factor.
节食和运动可以影响一个人的体重，但遗传也是一个因素。
114
同卵双胞胎
D develop from a single fertilised egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
E Identical (monozygotic) twins share 100 percent of their genetic material.
同卵双胞胎的基因物质相似度达100%。
115
异卵双胞胎
D Either of two children or animals develop from separate fertilised eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
E Fraternal (dizygotic) twins have, on average, only 50 percent of their genes in common.
异卵双胞胎的基因平均只有50%是相同的。
116
自然选择
D the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
E In the book, Darwin proposed a theory of natural selection, which said that all creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time.
在书中，达尔文提出自然选择论，即所有生物都是经过很长一段时间才进化成当前的状态。
117
昼夜节律
D our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
E This circadian rhythm appears in our daily patterns of body temperature, arousal, sleeping, and waking.
昼夜节律体现在我们日常的体温调节、兴奋、睡眠和唤醒的规律性变化中。
118
n. 褪黑素
D a hormone in the body that produces changes in skin colour and is involved in controlling biorhythms such as our sleep pattern
E Researchers have discovered some hormones, notably melatonin, that play a role in sleep.
研究人员发现一些荷尔蒙，比如褪黑素，能够调节睡眠。
119
快速眼动睡眠
D rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
E Dreams usually occur in REM sleep.
梦通常在快速眼动睡眠期间发生。
120
n. 失眠症
D the condition of being unable to sleep over a period of time
E Holly suffered from insomnia caused by stress at work.
霍莉因为工作压力失眠了。
121
n. 嗜睡症
D a medical condition that makes you go to sleep suddenly and when you do not expect it
E Narcolepsy occurs far more rarely than insomnia.
嗜睡症远没有失眠症发生得频繁。
122
睡眠呼吸暂停
D a sleep disorder characterised by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
E Sleep apnea causes a person to stop breathing for short periods of time during the sleep.
睡眠呼吸使人在睡眠期间短暂地停止呼吸。
123
夜惊症
D a sleep disorder characterised by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified
E Unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep.
和噩梦不同的是，夜惊症发生在非快速眼动睡眠的第三阶段。
124
显性梦境内容
D the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream
E Freud believed that the images and occurrences in dreams—the manifest content of dreams—are actually symbols representing the latent, or truly meaningful, content of dreams.
弗洛伊德认为，显性梦境的内容，即梦中的画面和场景，象征了潜性梦境的内容。
125
潜性梦境内容
D the underlying meaning of a dream
E The latent content is the emotional significance and underlying meaning of the dream.
潜性梦境内容代表了梦的情感意义和其隐藏的含义。
126
弗洛伊德（梦的）愿望满足理论
D a hypothesis saying that dreams are wish-fulfilling, meaning that in our dreams we act out our unconscious desires
E Freudian wish-fulfillment theory proposes a method to uncover the repressed information in the unconscious mind.
弗洛伊德的愿望满足理论提出了一个挖掘无意识中压抑信息的方法。
127
（梦的）激活整合理论
D a hypothesis saying that dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input while we are sleeping
E According to activation-synthesis theory, dreams are the brain's attempt to synthesise random neural activity.
根据激活整合理论，梦是大脑尝试合成随机的神经活动的结果。
128
梦的信息处理理论
D a hypothesis saying that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate them in memory
E The information-processing theory points out that stress during the day will increase the number and intensity of dreams during the night.
梦的信息处理理论认为，白天所经历的压力会增加夜晚做梦的数量和强度。
129
快速眼动睡眠反弹
D the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
E Most mammals also experience REM rebound.
大多数的哺乳动物也会经历快速眼动睡眠反弹。
130
精神药物
D a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
E Most of us manage to use some psychoactive drugs in moderation and without disrupting our lives.
大部分人可以适度服用精神药物，而不影响正常的生活。
131
n. （对药物的）耐受性
D the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
E Tolerance will eventually cause withdrawal symptoms in users.
（对药物的）耐受性，最终会导致药物使用者的戒断症状。
132
n. 戒断症状
D the unpleasant physical and mental effects that result when you stop doing or taking something, especially a drug, that has become a habit
E He was suffering from all the classic withdrawal symptoms associated with giving up heroin.
他经历了戒除海洛因过程中的所有典型戒断症状。
133
n. 抑制剂
D a drug that slows the rate of the body's functions
E Alcohol is a depressant.
酒精是一种抑制剂。