Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples

blacksmith[ 'blæksmɪθ ]

n. 铁匠，锻工

one that forges and shapes iron with an anvil and hammer

bronze[ brɑ:nz ]

n. 青铜

any of various alloys of copper and tin in various proportions, sometimes with traces of other metals

cavalry[ 'kævlrɪ ]

n. 骑兵

troops trained to fight on horseback

ceremonial[ ˌserɪ'moʊnɪəl ]

adj. 正式的

of, appropriate to, or characterized by ceremony; formal or ritual

【近】 ceremonious , ritual

chariot[ 'tʃærɪət ]

n. 双轮战车

an ancient horse-drawn two-wheeled vehicle used in war, races, and processions

complexity[ kəm'pleksətɪ ]

n. 复杂

the quality or condition of being complex

【近】 complication , intricacy

concentration[ ˌkɒnsen'treɪʃən ]

n. 集中

the act or action of concentrating

copper[ 'kɑ:pər ]

n. 铜

a ductile, malleable , reddish-brown metallic element

cultivated[ 'kʌltɪveɪtɪd ]

adj. 耕耘的，栽植的

of or relating to cultivation ; produced in cultivation

demographic[ ˌdemə'græfɪk ]

adj. 人口统计学的

relating to the dynamic balance of a population

demonstrate[ 'demənstreɪt ]

v. 证明，展示

to show clearly and deliberately; manifest

【近】 display , manifest , reveal , show

【记】de加强语义，monst显示→加强显示→证明

desiccation[ ˌdesɪ'keɪʃn ]

n. 干燥

the act or process of desiccating or the state of being or becoming desiccated

diffuse[ dɪ'fju:s ]

v. 扩散，传播

to spread about or scatter; disseminate

【近】 disperse , spread

【记】dif不同，fuse流→向不同方向流→散射

domestic[ də'mestɪk ]

adj. 家庭的，驯服的，国内的

produced in or indigenous to a particular country

domesticated[ də'mestəˌkeɪtɪd ]

adj. 被驯养了的

trained to live in a human environment and be of use to human beings

fascinating[ 'fæsɪneɪtɪŋ ]

adj. 迷人的

possessing the power to charm or allure; captivating

【近】 attractive , bewitching , enchanting , engaging

flee[ fli: ]

v. 逃，逃避

to run away , as from trouble or danger

furnace[ 'fɜ:rnɪs ]

n. 火炉，熔炉

an enclosure in which energy in a nonthermal form is converted to heat

hoe[ hoʊ ]

n. 锄头

a tool with a flat blade attached approximately at a right angle to a long handle

implement[ 'ɪmplɪment ]

n. 工具，器具

a tool or an instrument used in doing work

【近】 instrument , tool , utensil

ingenious[ ɪn'dʒi:nɪəs ]

adj. 灵敏的，精巧的

having or arising from an inventive or cunning mind; clever

【近】 creative , innovative , innovatory , inventive , original

intermediate[ ˌɪntər'mi:dɪət ]

adj. 中间的

lying or occurring between two extremes or in a middle position or state

linguistic[ lɪŋ'gwɪstɪk ]

adj. 语言的

of or relating to language or linguistics

livestock[ 'laɪvstɑ:k ]

n. 家畜，牲畜

domestic animals , such as cattle or horses, raised for home use or for profit, especially on a farm

metallurgy[ 'metlɜ:rdʒɪ ]

n. 冶金

the science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores

mild[ maɪld ]

adj. 温和的

warm and full of sunshine ; pleasant

【近】 moderate , temperate

millet[ 'mɪlɪt ]

n. 稷，玉蜀黍之类，粟

an annual grass cultivated in eurasia for its grains and in North America for hay

opponent[ ə'poʊnənt ]

n. 对手，敌手

one that opposes another or others in a battle, contest, controversy, or debate

【近】 adversary , antagonist

ore[ ɔ:r ]

n. 矿石

a mineral or an aggregate of minerals from which a valuable constituent, especially a metal, can be profitably mined or extracted

permanent[ 'pɜ:rmənənt ]

adj. 永久的，固定的

lasting or remaining without essential change

【近】 abiding , lasting , long-lasting

prior[ 'praɪər ]

adj. 在先的，在前的

preceding in time or order

profound[ prə'faʊnd ]

adj. 极深的，深厚的

thoroughgoing; far-reaching

receptiveness[ rɪ'septɪvnəs ]

n. 接受能力

ready acceptance of often new suggestions, ideas, influences, or opinions

ritual[ 'rɪtʃʊəl ]

adj. 仪式的

of or relating to rites or a ritual; ceremonial

【近】 ceremonial , ceremonious , ritualistic

savannah[ sə'vænə ]

n. 大草原

a tropical or subtropical grassland

sophisticated[ sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd ]

adj. 复杂精密的

very complex or complicated

sorghum[ 'sɔ:rgəm ]

n. 高粱，蜀黍

an old world grass (sorghum bicolor), several varieties of which are widely cultivated as grain and forage or as a source of syrup

subsequently[ 'sʌbsɪkwəntlɪ ]

adv. 后来，随后

after an event in the past

【近】 afterward , afterwards

temporary[ 'tempərerɪ ]

adj. 暂时的，临时的

lasting, used, serving, or enjoyed for a limited time

thrive[ θraɪv ]

v. 繁荣，茁壮成长

to grow vigorously; flourish

【近】 bloom , blossom , flourish

traverse[ trə'vɜ:rs ]

v. 横过，穿过

to travel or pass across , over, or through

warrior[ 'wɔ:rɪər ]

n. 战士，武士

one who is engaged in or experienced in battle

【近】 fighter , soldier rgR5f0SpNL+ncCsn5UUUo90MWxcEQ9LWdkqxuhMX2Xshqg47ve6MIjFjMf6T8YJH