语法学习在雅思写作里是很重要的。
能够写出 没有错误的句子(error-free sentences) 是剑桥雅思考试的明确要求。其实,即便我们中文也是如此,如果一篇文章的句子都不通顺,小错误很多,分数怎么可能会很高呢?
很多考生说到语法就很害怕,因为以前中学六年、大学四年都没搞懂的东西,如果现在要搞懂,岂不是要过10年才能通过雅思考试?
其实, 传统的教学方法太过注意一些不重要的细节,导致语法学习过于繁重。语法学习只有两个部分:句子结构和语法错误。 掌握这两个部分的内容其实只需要 2~3天的时间 。
我们首先说一下怎么学习句子结构。这主要分两步。
第一步:学习词性 (如名词、动词、形容词等词性),搞清楚这些词都是作什么成分的。
第二步:学习单句和从句 。
我们现在通过一些简单的句子,稍微讲解一下一些常见的词性和句子结构。
(主+谓+宾)翻译练习: 汽车和飞机的尾气导致空气污染(air pollution)。
答案: The emissions from vehicles and planes can cause air pollution.
(主+谓+宾+宾补)翻译练习: 现代科技让富人更加容易积累财富(accumulate wealth)。
答案: Modern technology has allowed rich people to accumulate wealth more easily.
(主+谓+间宾+直宾)翻译练习: 电脑科技可以给人们相互交流的机会。
答案: Computer technology gives people opportunities to communicate with each other.
(主+被动语态)翻译练习: 那些重犯(serious offenders)需要被送到监狱(sent to prison)服刑。
答案: Those serious offenders should be sent to prison.
(主+不及物动词)翻译练习: 学费(tuition fee)一直在上涨。
答案: The tuition fee has been rising.
(主+系+表)翻译练习: 长时间工作(work long hours)已经成为公司里的惯例。
答案: Working long hours has become the norm in companies.
(there be句型)翻译练习: 有很多应聘者(job applicants)竞争有限的职位。
答案: There are many job applicants competing for limited positions.
(it充当形式主语或者宾语)翻译练习: 创造幸福、繁荣的社会(prosperous society)将会是很难的。
答案: It would be difficult to create a happy,prosperous society.
(状语从句)翻译练习: 一些国家的人如果犯罪会面临长期服刑。
答案: People in some countries have to face a long prison term if they commit crimes.
(名词性从句)翻译练习: 一些人认为严厉的惩罚可以减少犯罪(deter crime)。
答案: Some people argue that harsh punishments can help deter crime.
(定语从句)翻译: 减税对于那些生活拮据(live on a tight budget)的人有好处。
答案: Tax reductions are beneficial to those who live on a tight budget.
通过分析这些简单的句子,我们大概了解了8种常见的单句和3种常见的从句。
单句:①主+谓+宾;②主+谓+宾+宾补;③主+谓+间宾+直宾;④主+被动语态;⑤主+不及物动词;⑥主+系+表;⑦there be句型;⑧以it作形式主语或者宾语的句子。
从句:①状语从句;②名词性从句;③定语从句。
然后,大家也要熟悉下面8种句子成分和12种词性。搞懂了这些,你的写作基本上就入门了。否则,你写句子的时候都是糊里糊涂的。
翻译1:经常做运动会提高人的自信。
×错误的句子:Exercise regularly can rise one’s confidence.
错误1:这里exercise 如果是动词,应该用其动名词形式,如果是名词,不能用副词修饰。
错误2:rise是不及物动词。
√正确的句子: Regular exercise can increase one’s self-confidence .
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(confidence)
翻译2:教学质量对学生成绩有很大影响。
×错误的句子:Teaching qualities are important to students improve academic performance.
错误1:quality表示质量的时候是不可数名词。
错误2:to是介词,后面不用加句子。
√正确的句子:The quality of teaching can make a huge difference to students’ academic performance.
句子结构:主语+谓语+宾语
翻译3:家长和老师应该努力去减少小孩看电视的时间。
×错误的句子:Parents and teachers should do their efforts to curb the time of watching TV on children.
错误1:make an effort to 是固定表达。
错误2:curb一般是抑制某种行为,后面不接time。
错误3:watching TV on children也不通。
√正确的句子:Parents and teachers should make an effort to limit children’s screen time.
句子结构:主语(parents and teachers)+及物动词(make)+宾语(effort)
翻译4:经济的下滑(economic slowdown)导致失业率的上升。
×错误的句子:Economic slowdown made the climbing unemployment rate.
错误1:描述事实,不要用过去时。
错误2:句子前面加定冠词好一点,如果强调的是一个目前正在发生的经济增长变慢的过程。
√正确的句子:The economic slowdown has led to a climbing unemployment rate.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语
翻译5:经济的发展需要年轻的劳动者。
×错误的句子:The economic development requires a great number of fresh working forces.
错误:没有working forces 这个表达。
√正确的句子:A country’s economic development relies on a supply of young workers.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语
翻译6:工作量大的人没有时间去休息。
×错误的句子:People do with heavy workload cannot have adequate times to rest and recharge batteries.
错误1:do的功能不详,本句已有谓语。
错误2:time在这里是不可数名词。
错误3:cannot 表示不可能,这里应该用do not表示没有。
√正确的句子:People with a heavy workload do not have adequate time to rest.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语
翻译7:在中国,很多学生晚上都要上自习。
×错误的句子:Large number of students in China have to study at night.
错误:a large number of是固定搭配。
√正确的句子:A large number of students in China have to do self-study at night.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语
翻译8:文化遗产(heritage sites)因为城市发展而受到威胁。
×错误的句子:The development of cities have pose a threat on heritage sites.
错误1:have pose 动词形式错误,而且主谓不一致。
错误2:pose a threat to 是固定搭配。
√正确的句子:The development of cities has posed a threat to heritage sites.
句子结构:主语(development)+及物动词(pose)+宾语(threat)
翻译9:我们不能忽视面对面的交流。
×错误的句子:It cannot be ignored by people to have some face-to-face communication.
错误1:it指代不清楚。
错误2:to have face-to-face communication不对,不定式一般表示没有发生但有可能发生的事情。
√正确的句子:We should not ignore face-to-face communication.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(communication)
翻译10:有些公共服务很难做到收支平衡。
×错误的句子:Some public services have problems in break even.
错误:break是动词,在这里in是介词,后面应该加动名词。
√正确的句子:Some public services have problems in breaking even.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(problems)
翻译11:我们需要考虑社会和经济环境。
×错误的句子:We have to consider about social and economic context.
错误:consider 是及物动词,后面不需要加介词。
√正确的句子:We have to consider the social and economic context.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(context)
翻译12:密度种植对生物多样性造成了威胁。
×错误的句子:Intensive farming poses a threat to stemming the lose of bio-diversity.
错误1:pose a threat to stemming the loss of bio-diversity,翻译得太啰唆了。
错误2:lose是动词,而of前后一般要加名词。
√正确的句子:Intensive farming can pose a threat to bio-diversity.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(threat)
翻译13:平等接受教育能帮助解决学生学习成绩不好的问题。
×错误的句子:Equal access to education can overcome educational underachievement.
错误:overcome educational underachievement搭配不好;educational underachievement是指“学生成绩不好”。
√正确的句子:Equal access to education can help tackle educational underachievement.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(help)+宾语(to tackle...这里省略了to)
翻译14:接触不同的文化可以促进创新。
×错误的句子:Contacting with a wide variety of cultures can promote the creativity of native culture.
错误1:Contacting with 是中国式英文。
错误2:native culture 这个搭配别扭,不知道为什么要说本土文化。
√正确的句子:Exposure to different cultures can encourage creativity.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语
翻译15:政府应该重视社会福利(welfare services),尤其是医疗服务。
×错误的句子:The government should give a priority to social welfare,especially the healthcare.
错误:give priority to 中没有a;healthcare是不可数名词,不要加定冠词。
√正确的句子:The government should give priority to welfare services,especially healthcare.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语
翻译16:教育或许决定了人的工作机会。
×错误的句子:Education may do hold the key to one’s job prospects.
错误:may和do不能连用。
√正确的句子:Education may hold the key to one’s job prospects.
句子结构:主语(education)+及物动词(hold)+宾语(the key)
翻译17:使用化石燃料可能对环境造成破坏。
×错误的句子:Use fossil fuels can cause damage to the environmental problem.
错误1:use 是动词,不能作主语。
错误2:cause damage to已经表示出对环境的破坏,不需要再说problem。
√正确的句子:The use of fossil fuels can cause damage to the environment.
句子结构:主语(use)+及物动词(can cause)+宾语(damage)
翻译18:建造住宅楼有助于解决城市的拥挤问题。
×错误的句子:Building apartment blocks contribute to solve the crowed problem in cities.
错误1:building是动名词,主谓不一致。
错误2:contribute to 后面要加名词,而不是动词原形。
错误3:没有crowed problem这个表达。
√正确的句子:Building apartment blocks helps solve overcrowding in cities.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(helps)+宾语(solve overcrowding,前面省略了to,本来是不定式to solve overcrowding)
翻译19:贫穷的人可以通过努力工作来提高社会地位。
×错误的句子:People at disadvantage are likely to improve their social status by working hard,studying hard.
错误1:没有at disadvantage 这个表达。
错误2:working hard和studying hard间缺少连词。
√正确的句子:People from disadvantaged backgrounds can improve their social status by working hard.
句子结构:主语(people)+及物动词(improve)+宾语(status),from disadvantaged backgrounds是people的定语
翻译20:因为全球化,人们需要和来自不同背景的人一起工作。
×错误的句子:Because of the globalisation,people should work with others who comes from different backgrounds.
错误1:the globalisation中的the比较多余。
错误2:who comes from 没有必要用定语从句。
错误3:should “必须”语气过重。
√正确的句子:Because of globalisation,people need to work with those from diverse backgrounds.
注:这里的those 就是“其他人”的意思,不能说those people,这样会和主语重复。
句子结构:主语(people)+及物动词(need)+宾语(to work),because of globalisation介宾短语充当状语
翻译21:我们需要采取措施去解决一些棘手的问题。
×错误的句子:We must take measurement to tackle thorny problems.
错误:measurement 的意思是“测量”。
√正确的句子:We need to take action to solve some thorny problems.
句子结构:主语(we)+及物动词(need)+宾语(to take...)
翻译22:媒体通过夸大受害者的伤痛去吸引观众。
×错误的句子:Medias exaggerate the hurt of victims to attract public attentions.
错误1:media本身就是复数形式,不用再加s。
错误2:hurt 是动词,而of前后一般要加名词。
错误3:attention是不可数名词。
√正确的句子:The media attract public attention by sensationalising victims’ suffering.
句子结构:主语(the media)+及物动词(attracts)+宾语(attention);“by+...”方式状语
翻译23:基因工程让人们培养新品种农作物。
×错误的句子:Genetic engineering allows people to nurture new species crops.
错误:species crops 的语序有问题。
√正确的句子:Genetic engineering allows people to nurture crop varieties.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(people)+宾语补足语(to nurture...)
翻译24:经常运动使得人们保持健康的心态。
×错误的句子:Doing exercises regularly helps people maintain a healthy state of mind.
错误:doing exercise 一般是不可数。
√正确的句子:Doing exercise regularly helps people maintain a healthy state of mind.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(people)+宾语补足语(to maintain...省略了to)
翻译25:不健康的生活方式让人们处于生病的危险之中。
×错误的句子:Unhealthy lifestyle is likely to make people at risk of illness.
错误1:make somebody do something 或者是make somebody+形容词是更常见的用法。
错误2:lifestyle是可数名词,要加冠词,或者用复数形式。
√正确的句子:An unhealthy lifestyle may put people at risk of illness.
句子结构:主语(An unhealthy lifestyle)+及物动词(put)+宾语(people)+宾语补足语(at risk of illness)
翻译26:奖学金可以鼓励更多的学生去学习研究生课程。
×错误的句子:Scholarship could be regarded as something to inspire more students to take postgraduate curriculum.
错误1:scholarship 是可数名词,应该用复数形式或者前面加冠词。
错误2:regarded as something 过于啰唆。
错误3:curriculum不是course的替换词,curriculum的意思是“课程大纲”。
√正确的句子:Government grants could encourage more students to take postgraduate courses.
句子结构:主语(government grants)+及物动词(encourage)+宾语(students)+宾语补足语(to take postgraduate courses)
翻译27:社区改造为罪犯提供了获得职业技能的机会。
×错误的句子:Replacing the long sentence by working for the locals provides offenders with transferable skills.
错误:主语很别扭,两种事物没有替换性。
√正确的句子:Community service provides offenders with opportunities to acquire transferable skills.
句子结构:主语+及物动词+宾语(offenders)+宾语补足语(with opportunities to...)
翻译28:法律应该将醉驾定为刑事犯罪。
×错误的句子:The government should introduce a law which is drunk driving a criminal offence.
错误:定语从句还原后是“a law is drunk driving”,这显然不对。中国考生有个误区,就是觉得一定要写从句才能加分。
√正确的句子:Legislation should make drink driving a criminal offence.
句子结构:主语(legislation)+及物动词(make)+宾语(drink driving)+宾语补足语(a criminal offence)
翻译29:乡村地区给人们提供远离现代生活的压力和噪声的机会。
×错误的句子:Rural area provides people with opportunity to escape pressure and noises of modern life.
错误1:rural area是可数名词,前面缺冠词,或者用复数形式。
错误2:opportunity 在这里用复数形式比较好。
√正确的句子:Rural areas provide people with opportunities to escape pressure and noises of modern life.
句子结构:主语(rural areas)+及物动词(provide)+宾语(people)+宾语补足语(with opportunities to...)
翻译30:人口老龄化促使国家提高法定退休年龄(statutory retirement age)。
×错误的句子:Compulsory retirement age will be abolished,and the reason is attributed to population aging and urban.
错误1:age是可数名词,前面要加冠词。
错误2:reason is attributed to 这个搭配不恰当。
√正确的句子:The ageing population has prompted countries to raise the statutory retirement age.
句子结构:主语(ageing population)+及物动词(prompt)+宾语(countries)+宾语补足语(to raise...)
翻译31:政府应该给一些城市提供资金去保护历史建筑(historic buildings)。
×错误的句子:Many areas now pay attention to protect historic buildings.
错误:pay attention to中的to是介词,后面不能加动词。
√正确的句子:Governments should offer some cities funds to preserve historic buildings.
句子结构:主语(governments)+及物动词(offer)+间接宾语(some cities)+直接宾语(funds)
翻译32:学校应该允许老师强制捣蛋的小孩离开教室。
×错误的句子:Schools should allow teachers to make the children with disruptive behaviours go out of classrooms.
错误:children with disruptive behaviours 略显啰唆。
√正确的句子:Teachers should be permitted to use force to remove disruptive children from the classroom.
主动语态:Schools should permit teachers to use force to remove disruptive children from the classroom.
句子结构:主语(schools)+及物动词(permit)+宾语(teachers)+宾语补足语(to use force...)
翻译33:农村的失业问题在某种程度上可以通过城乡转移(rural-to-urban shift)来解决。
×错误的句子:Unemployment in rural areas can be address by rural-to-urban shift.
错误1:被动语态中缺少过去分词。
错误2:shift是可数名词,前面要加冠词。
√正确的句子:Unemployment in rural areas can be addressed partially by the rural-to-urban shift.
句子结构:(主语+及物动词+宾语)的被动语态
翻译34:高层建筑有时候被认为是城市里的碍眼之物(eyesore)。
×错误的句子:Occasionally,high-rise buildings are tend to be regarded as the eyesore of a city.
错误1:occasionally表示“偶尔地,很少地”。
错误2:“be+do”是错的。
√正确的句子:High-rise buildings are sometimes regarded as eyesores of the city.
注:这句话里如果说the eyesore就是特指,意思是城市只有一处难看的地方,但事实上未必如此。
句子结构:somebody regards something as something是“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构,而这句话是这个结构的被动语态
翻译35:太空科技的投资应该获得政府的支持。
×错误的句子:The investment on space technology should be supported by government.
错误1:investment in是固定搭配。
错误2:应该用governments or the government。
√正确的句子:The investment in space technology should be supported by the government.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(support的被动语态)+宾语
翻译36:历史文物因为它的历史重要性而被保存。
×错误的句子:Antique heritages should be completely preserved due to its historical importance.
错误1:没有antique heritages这个表达。
错误2:heritage 是不可数名词。
错误3:既然主语是复数,为什么后面用代词its?
√正确的句子:Historic relics should be preserved for their historical significance.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(preserve的被动语态)+宾语
翻译37:学校活动要能让孩子体会到成就感,提升他们的幸福感。
×错误的句子:The main purpose of the school activities which can give the children’s a sense of accomplishment is to promote the students’s well being.
错误1:主语里加了个定语从句,太长。
错误2:给学生成功感和提升学生的幸福感应该不是方式和目的。
√正确的句子:Sports and other school activities can be designed to give children a sense of accomplishment and to promote their well-being.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(design的被动语态)+宾语
翻译38:一些员工被鼓励去打破陈规。
×错误的句子:Employee can breakthrough the obsoleted rules.
错误1:breakthrough 是个名词,没有动词含义。
错误2:没有obsoleted这个词,只有obsolete。
错误3:employee为什么用单数形式,难道只有一个员工?
√正确的句子:Some employees are encouraged to break the mould.
句子结构:主语(省略)+及物动词(encourage的被动语态)+宾语(employees变成了主语)+宾语补足语(to break the mould)
翻译39:因为堵车,上下班的时间变得更长了。
×错误的句子:Commuter time was prolonged because of traffic congestion.
错误1:commuter time 不是固定词伙。
错误2:was 时态错误。
√正确的句子:Commuting time has been prolonged because of traffic congestion.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(prolong的被动语态)+宾语
中文翻译:因为堵车上下班时间变得更长。
翻译40:电脑技能可以运用到学习和工作中。
×错误的句子:Computering applying in their academic study as well as their career life.
错误1:applying谓语不完整。
错误2:career life 这个词伙不是很恰当。
√正确的句子:Computer skills can be applied in their studies as well as their working lives.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(apply的被动语态)+宾语
翻译41:大部分的环境破坏都可以归咎于人类的活动。
×错误的句子:The most of environmental degradation is contributed to human activities.
错误1:the most后面一般加形容词,构成最高级。
错误2:contribute to 一般用主动语态,而且和attributed to 意思相反。
√正确的句子:Most of environmental degradation is attributed to human activities.
句子结构:原句是“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”(attribute something to something)这个句子是被动语态
翻译42:许多孩子每天接触暴力内容。
×错误的句子:Many children are expose to violent contents in every day.
错误1:content作“内容”讲时是不可数名词。
错误2:expose 是及物动词,“be+do”这个结构错误。
错误3:every day本身可以充当状语,不用加介词in。
√正确的句子:Many children are exposed to violent content every day.
句子结构:主语+及物动词(expose的被动语态)+宾语补足语(to violent content)
主动语态是:something exposes children to violent content(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)
翻译43:家庭环境被认为对小孩成长的影响最重要。
×错误的句子:Family environment is widely thought to be the most important influence on children development.
错误:children development 没有使用所有格。
√正确的句子:The family environment is widely thought/believed to be the most important influence on children’s development.
句子结构:主语(family environment)+及物动词的被动语态(is thought)+宾语补足语(to be)
翻译44:随着越来越多的年轻人参加志愿者工作,社区的凝聚力(cohesion)会加强。
×错误的句子:With more young people join the volunteer works,community’s cohesion will be enhanced.
错误1:with是介词,后面不能加句子。
错误2:work在这里是不可数名词,不能用复数形式。
√正确的句子:With an increasing number of young people participating in volunteer work,community cohesion will be enhanced.
句子结构:主语(community cohesion)+及物动词的被动语态(be enhanced),而“with an...participating in”是“介词+名词+分词”结构,充当状语
翻译45:移民有时候被认为是对社会团结的一个威胁。
×错误的句子:Immigrants sometimes was recognised as a threat to the social cohesion.
错误1:句子的时态错误。
错误2:主谓不一致。
错误3:cohesion是不可数名词,不需要用the去特指。
√正确的句子:Immigrants are sometimes recognised as a threat to social cohesion.
句子结构:原句可能是“People sometimes recognise immigrants as a threat.”结构是主语(people)+及物动词(recognise)+宾语(immigrants)+宾语补足语(as a threat)。这句话是被动语态。
翻译46:没有受过高等教育的年轻人只能找到低技术的工作。
×错误的句子:Young people without tertiary education qualifications normally have low-skilled jobs.
错误1:have low-skilled jobs里的have语气比较弱,表示不出“只能找到”的意思。
√正确的句子:Young people without tertiary education qualifications normally end up working in low-skilled jobs.
句子结构:主语+不及物动词(end up)+状语(分词working in…)
翻译47:一些人不支持转基因食品。
×错误的句子:People hold the objection to the proliferation of genetically modified food.
错误:hold the objection to这个表达很不恰当,而且啰唆。
√正确的句子:Some people disapprove of genetically modified food.
句子结构:主语+不及物动词(disapprove)
翻译48:旅游景点竭力满足游客的需要和品位。
×错误的句子:Tourist spots devote to fulfilling tourists’ needs and tastes.
错误1:devote 是及物动词,后面要有宾语。
错误2:fulfil tastes不是惯用词伙。
√正确的句子:Tourist spots endeavor to cater for tourists’ needs and tastes.
句子结构:主语+不及物动词;to do不定式
翻译49:在竞争激烈的社会,有工作的成年人关心职业发展。
×错误的句子:In the highly competitive society,working adults are usually focusing on career advancement.
错误1:应该用a,而不是the,否则,别人还以为世界上只有一个激烈竞争的社会。
错误2:用进行时有点怪。
√正确的句子:In a highly competitive society,working adults usually focus on career advancement.
句子结构:主语+不及物动词(focus);in a highly competitive society是介宾短语充当状语
翻译50:审美观是因文化而异的。
×错误的句子:Perception of beauty is differed from culture to culture.
错误:differ 是不及物动词,没有被动语态。
√正确的句子:Perception of beauty differs from culture to culture.
句子结构:主语+不及物动词;from culture to culture是介宾短语充当状语
翻译51:因为费用的下降,航空业最近几十年发展得很快。
×错误的句子:The airline has sharp development in recent decades,with the cost decline.
错误1:时间状语是in recent decades时,句子一般要用现在完成时。
错误2:has sharp development表达比较别扭。
错误3:with是介词,后面不能接句子。
√正确的句子:Because of low-cost carriers,the aviation industry has developed at an astounding pace over the past decades.
句子结构:主语(the aviation industry)+不及物动词(developed);because of low-cost carriers是原因状语;over the past decades是时间状语;at an astounding pace是程度状语
翻译52:动物实验有时候不能检验出药物的不良副作用。
×错误的句子:Animal experiment is occasionally unable to examine drugs side effects.
错误1:animal experiment是可数名词,要用复数形式。
错误2:occasionally意思是“偶尔地,极少地”。
错误3:drugs side effects 没有使用所有格。
√正确的句子:Animal experiments sometimes fail to detect the undesirable side effects of drugs.
句子结构:主语+不及物动词(fail)+状语(to...)
翻译53:非法捕杀导致某些动物的灭亡。
×错误的句子:Hunting illegally leads to the extinct of species.
错误:extinct是个形容词,而lead to后面要加名词。
√正确的句子:Some animals have died out because of illegal hunting.
主语(some animals)+不及物动词(have died out)+状语(because of...)
翻译54:电脑对人的交流技能的影响随年龄而变化。
×错误的句子:The impact on people’s communication skill from computer,varies between ages.
错误1:skill是可数名词,要用复数形式。
错误2:varies between ages表达不恰当。
错误3:the impact...from computer表达不恰当。
√正确的句子:The impact of computers on communication skills varies across ages.
句子结构:主语(impact)+不及物动词(varies);of computers on communication skills都是定语
翻译55:很多女孩都不愿意在男人居多的行业里(male-dominated world)找工作。
×错误的句子:A number of girls are not willing to hunting jobs in the male-dominated world.
错误1:willing to do something是固定搭配。
错误2:a number of 在这里感觉意思是“一些”。
错误3:定冠词不恰当,因为世界上男人居多的行业有很多,不可能特指一个。
√正确的句子:Many girls are not willing to seek employment in a male-dominated world.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语(willing)
翻译56:学校的主要功能是给下一代灌输知识(impart knowledge)。
×错误的句子:The main function of school is impart knowledge to the next generation.
错误1:school是可数名词,前面要加冠词或者使用其复数形式。
错误2:is+do这个结构是错的。
√正确的句子:The main function of schools is to impart knowledge to the next generation.
句子结构:主语+系动词(is)+表语(to impart knowledge to the next generation)
翻译57:艺术不属于学校的主科。
×错误的句子:Arts is not regarded as a core curriculum at school.
错误1:主谓不一致。
错误2:curriculum是所有课程的总称。
√正确的句子:The arts are not among core subject areas at school.
句子结构:主语(the arts)+系动词(are)+表语(介词among+宾语,充当表语)
翻译58:因为不够明朗的经济前景(economic outlook),很多公司不可能招聘新的职员。
×错误的句子:Because of unclear/ambiguous economic outlook,many companies are unlikely to recruit new employments.
错误1:ambiguous一般不修饰outlook。
错误2:employments用词不当,应该是employees。
√正确的句子:Because of the uncertainty about the economic outlook,many companies are unlikely to recruit new employees.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语;because of 是介词词组引导原因状语
翻译59:空运可能产生很多温室气体。
×错误的句子:Air freight is likely to exhaust a large number of greenhouse gases.
错误1:exhaust作动词时,没有“排放”的意思,这是很常见的错误。
错误2:a large number of 很少形容gases,goods强调总量,而不是个数的东西。
√正确的句子:Air freight is likely to create enormous greenhouse gases.
注:这句话也可以使用完成时态:Air freight has produced enormous greenhouse gases.完成时在这里最大的问题是把air freight变成了一个持续的完整的事物,而我们都知道空运是有次数分别的。
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语
也可以用比较状语从句扩充:
Air freight is likely to create more greenhouse gases than other modes of transport.
中文翻译:空运可能比其他运输方式产生更多的温室气体。
翻译60:孩子很有可能有行为的问题。
×错误的句子:The children are likely to meet behaviour problems.
错误1:meet problems 搭配不对。
错误2:behavioural problems是固定搭配。
√正确的句子:Some children are likely to have behavioural problems.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语(likely)
翻译61:人口的扩大是大量垃圾产生的原因。
×错误的句子:Population expansion constitutes the main reason of enormous garbages.
错误1:reason for是固定搭配。
错误2:garbage 和waste都是不可数名词。
√正确的句子:The rapid population expansion is the main reason for the huge accumulation of waste.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语(reason)
翻译62:严厉的惩罚是减少犯罪的有效手段。
×错误的句子:Stiff sentences is an effective method to decrease crime rates.
错误1:主谓不一致。
错误2:decrease crime rates表达不恰当。
√正确的句子:Imposing stiff punishment is an effective method to reduce crime.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语+不定式(to reduce crime)
翻译63:我们的环境还是很糟糕。
×错误的句子:Our environment still be in a dire state.
错误:没有谓语动词。
√正确的句子:Our environment is still in a dire state.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语(介宾短语in a dire state充当)
翻译64:因为失业率高涨,大学生感到有压力而努力学习。
×错误的句子:Undergraduates are forced to study under pressure due to severe situation of unemployment rate is ascending currently.
错误1:due to是介词,后面要加名词。
错误2:ascend,“坑爹”替换词。
√正确的句子:Undergraduates feel under increasing pressure to study hard,because of the soaring unemployment rate.
句子结构:主语(undergraduates)+系动词(feel)+表语(介宾短语under pressure充当)
翻译65:种族歧视仍然很严重。
×错误的句子:People find it hard to overcome the racial discrimination against some social groups.
错误:这个句子比较大的问题是people和后面的social groups是相同的,既充当句子的主语,又充当介词的宾语很奇怪。
√正确的句子:Racial discrimination remains a serious problem.
句子结构:主语+系动词(remain)+表语
翻译66:死记硬背乘法表并不是提高算术能力的最好方式。
×错误的句子:Learning time tables by rote are not the best way that improves arithmetic ability.
错误1:动名词作主语,谓语动词应该用单数is。
错误2:way that...定语从句太烦琐。
√正确的句子:Learning the times table by rote is not the best way to improve numeracy.
句子结构:主语(learning the times table by rote)+系动词(is)+表语(the best way);而to improve numeracy是后置定语修饰way
翻译67:贫穷国家的首要问题是满足人们的基本生存需求。
×错误的句子:Deprived countries concern how to satisfy citizens’ requirements of survive.
错误1:concern 类似于worry或者involve,在这里不恰当。
错误2:requirements 语意理解错误。
错误3:of 后面要加名词,而survive是动词。
√正确的句子:The top priority for deprived countries is to satisfy citizens’ basic needs.
句子的结构:主语(priority)+系动词(is)+表语(to satisfy citizens’ basic needs)
翻译68:转基因食品对健康的影响仍然未知。
×错误的句子:The impact that genetic food has on our health still remains unknown.
错误1:在定语从句中,最好要规避这种先行词充当从句宾语的情况,读起来比较别扭。
错误2:remains 已经包含still的意思,语意重复。
错误3:genetic food这个表达不是很好。
√正确的句子:The health effect of GE food remains unclear/yet to be known.
句子结构:主语(health effect)+系动词(remains)+表语(unclear)
翻译69:网络购物已经成为很多人生活中很普通的一部分。
×错误的句子:It has become an important part for most people to shop online in daily life.
错误:part of daily life是固定的说法。
√正确的句子:Online shopping has become a normal part of people’s everyday life.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语
翻译70:在一个消费社会里,人们不再满足于生活必需品(bare necessities)。
×错误的句子:In a throw-away society,people are not satisfied with bare necessities any more.
错误1:throw-away society 这个词伙不对。
错误2:not...any more 一般是形容量的东西,而no longer强调动作的持续性。
√正确的句子:In the consumer society,bare necessities are not able to satisfy people’s needs.
翻译71:人们不健康的生活方式是他们倾向于依赖科技的结果。
×错误的句子:Unhealthy lifestyle is the result of trend to rely on science and technology.
错误1:unhealthy lifestyle 是可数名词,需要加冠词。
错误2:trend toward doing something还有tendency to do something是常用搭配。
√正确的句子:People’s unhealthy lifestyle is the result of their tendency to rely heavily on technology.
句子结构:主语(unhealthy lifestyle)+系动词(is)+表语(the result); of...是定语
翻译72:贫穷是社区犯罪增多的原因。
×错误的句子:The reason which cause increasingly number of community crimes in society is poverty.
错误1:reason which cause,从句的主谓不一致,而且搭配不好。
错误2:increasingly number副词不能修饰名词。
错误3:这个考生硬是把简单的事情啰唆地说出来,很别扭。雅思考试考查的是语言的通顺
和地道,而不是考查你的句子是否够复杂。
√正确的句子:Poverty is responsible for the crime wave in many communities.
句子结构:主语(poverty)+系动词(is)+表语(responsible)
翻译73:电子汽车的发明是我们维护环境所做努力的其中一部分。
×错误的句子:The invention of electric vehicles is a part of our efforts aiming at preserving the environment.
错误1:“其中一部分”一般表达是part of。
错误2:effort to do something在这里更为通顺。
√正确的句子:The invention of electric vehicles is part of our effort to sustain the environment.
句子结构:主语(invention of electric vehicles)+系动词(is)+表语(part); of…是定语
翻译74:送贵重的礼物(lavish gifts)是中国的习惯。
×错误的句子:It is very common for Chinese to send lavish gifts to other.
错误:other是形容词,充当定语,这里需要一个名词性的代词,充当介词to的宾语。
√正确的句子:It is very common for Chinese people to exchange lavish gifts.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语;it是形式主语,to exchange lavish gifts不定式是真正的主语。
其他译法:Exchanging lavish gifts is a tradition in China.
句子结构:主语+系动词+表语
翻译75:未来几十年,我们很难保护植物多样性。
×错误的句子:We will find it difficult for us to protect the biodiversity of vegetation in the coming decades.
错误1:we...for us 重复。
错误2:biodiversity of vegetation 略显重复。
√正确的句子:We will find it difficult to preserve biodiversity in the coming decades.
句子结构:主语+谓语+宾语(it,形式宾语)+宾语补足语(difficult);不定式是真正的宾语
翻译76:随着年龄增长,很难和朋友和家人保持联系。
×错误的句子:As the growing age,people is hard to connect with their families and friends frequently.
错误1:没有as the growing age 这个表达。
错误2:people is 主谓不一致。
错误3:人无难易之分,hard在这里不恰当。
错误4:connect frequently搭配不当。
√正确的句子:With age,people find it difficult to maintain contact with family and friends.
句子结构:主语(people)+谓语(find)+宾语(it,形式宾语)+宾语补足语(difficult);不定式是真正的宾语
注:contact作动词时是及物动词,不能加介词,如people find it easy to contact their friends today.
翻译77:免费上大学使得家境不好的学生有同等的上学机会。
×错误的句子:Free tuition fees makes it possible for students from less well-off background have equal access to tertiary education.
错误1:make it possible for somebody to do something是惯用搭配,to不能省略。
错误2:background应该用复数形式。
√正确的句子:Free university education makes it possible for students from less well-off backgrounds to have equal access to tertiary education.
注:access 是不可数名词,access to something 是习惯搭配;access也可以作及物动词,但是一般没有access education这个说法。tertiary education=university education
句子结构:主语+谓语+宾语(it,形式宾语)+宾语补足语(possible);不定式(to have equal access to tertiary education)是真正的宾语
翻译78:很多人觉得自己有必要赶时尚。
×错误的句子:Many people think that they are necessary to chase after fashion.
错误:人没有necessary这么一说; chase在这里用作及物动词比较好。
√正确的句子:Many people consider it necessary to follow fashion.
句子结构:主语(many people)+及物动词(consider)+形式宾语(it)+宾语补足语(necessary);真正的宾语是to follow fashion
翻译79:经费削减让很多年轻人很难接受大学教育。
×错误的句子:Cutting the budget of the education pose a threat to the opportunities of the young people who want to take part in the higher education.
错误1:动名词cutting作主语,但是谓语动词没有用单数形式。
错误2:pose a threat to the opportunities搭配不当。
错误3:后面用定语从句也是过于累赘,opportunities to do something 是习惯表达。很多中国考生的问题是习惯把表达复杂化,觉得那样才是好作文,其实native speaker更加注意文字的简练和清楚。
√正确的句子:Budget cuts make it difficult for many young people to receive a college education.
句子结构:主语(budget cuts)+及物动词(make)+宾语(it形式宾语)+宾语补足语(difficult);真正的宾语是to receive a college education
翻译80:有时候,很难去评估人类行为的环境代价。
×错误的句子:Sometimes,it is difficult to evaluate the environmental costs of people’s behaviors.
错误1:environmental cost在这里用单数就好,因为是在说整个影响,而不是不同的影响。
错误2:应使用英式拼写behaviours。
错误3:behaviours在这里不如activities好,因为behaviours是指人的瞬间举动,activities一般指动作持续时间比较长。
√正确的句子:Sometimes,it is difficult to evaluate the environmental cost of human activities.
句子结构:主语(it)+系动词(is)+表语(difficult);to evaluate the environmental cost of human activities不定式充当形式主语。
翻译81:在大城市有一些贫困的社区。
×错误的句子:In large-scale cities have some deprived communities.
错误:in large-scale cities是介宾短语,不能充当主语。
√正确的句子:There are some economically deprived communities in large cities.
句子结构:there be句型
翻译82:按照能力分班和学生的成绩没有明显的联系。
×错误的句子:There is no clear link between selection in terms of students’ ability and their academic performance.
错误:in terms of 是一个被中国考生用烂的短语,有时候显得过于啰唆。
√正确的句子:There is no clear link between grouping students by ability and their levels of attainment.
句子结构:there be句型
翻译83:体育课可以促进身体健康,增强信心。
×错误的句子:The PE class not only improves students physical conditions but also boosts their confidence.
错误1:not only...but also...一般连接两个并列的、联系不密切的事物,而不是有因果关系的事物。在这里,improve physical conditions很明显会boosts their confidence,二者具备因果关系。
错误 2:students 要用所有格 students’。
√正确的句子:The PE class improves students’ physical condition and boosts their confidence.
句子结构:两个并列句结构相同,都是主语+及物动词+宾语
翻译84:竞争激烈,一些城市处于弱势,因为缺少资源,比如天然气和化石燃料。
×错误的句子:Countries competition are intensively and lack of resources such as the natural gas and fossil oil.
错误1:主谓不一致。
错误2:intensively是副词,不能充当表语。
错误3:第一个and后面没有接句子。
√正确的句子:The competition is intense and some countries are at a disadvantage because of the lack of resources such as natural gas and fossil fuels.
句子结构:两个并列句结构相同,都是主语+系动词+表语
翻译85:在发展中国家开设新的分公司可以降低生产成本,产生巨大的利润。
×错误的句子:Opening new branches in developing countries can reduce the cost of production and earn huge profits.
错误:opening new branches 不可能是earn的主语。
√正确的句子:Opening new branches in developing countries can reduce the cost of production and generate huge profits.
句子结构:两个并列句结构相同,都是主语+谓语+宾语
翻译86:生活方式的轻微变化也能够产生巨大的变化,并且可以减少我们日常活动对环境的影响。
×错误的句子:The slightly lifestyle changes make a huge difference and alleviate impacts caused by our daily activities on the environment.
错误1:slightly是副词,不能修饰lifestyle。
错误2:减少影响不能用alleviate。
错误3:impacts caused by 是中式英语。
√正确的句子:Small lifestyle changes can make a huge difference and reduce the environmental impact of our daily activities.
句子结构:两个并列句结构相同,都是主语+谓语+宾语
A.冠词的使用错误
冠词分为不定冠词(a 或者an)和定冠词(the)。
a.可数名词前一般要加定冠词或者不定冠词;可数名词如果使用定冠词,要么表示一类东西,要么表示特指。否则的话,要变成复数形式。另外一种可能性是使用所有格的形式。
不可数名词则无此约束。它们意思的区别见下表。
例1:Computer is a machine for collecting,processing and presenting information.
错误:computer 是可数名词,要加冠词。
改正:The computer is a machine for collecting,processing and presenting information.
翻译:电脑是一台用来收集、处理和发布信息的机器。
例2:Government should provide students from low-income families with more support.
错误:government 一般用作可数名词,要加冠词,或者用复数governments。
改正:The government should provide students from low-income families with more support.
翻译:正确。政府应该给低收入家庭的学生提供更多帮助。
b.不可数名词一般不用定冠词,除非特指。可数名词复数一般也不用定冠词,除非特指。
例1:The education is important to one’s job prospects.
错误:education 是不可数名词,如果出现冠词,表示特指。
改正:Education is important to one’s job prospects.
翻译:教育对于一个人的工作前景是重要的。
例2:The parents tend to prefer boarding schools to day schools.
错误:因为是泛指所有的父母,所以不应该加定冠词。
改正:Parents tend to prefer boarding schools to day schools.
翻译:父母倾向于喜欢寄宿学校,而不是走读学校。
c.有一些形容词前面常加定冠词,比如说only,main,same,top。
例:People with same experience should be paid same.
错误:same 前要加the。
改正:People with the same experience should be paid the same.
翻译:经验相同的人应该工资相同。
d.序数词和形容词最高级前要加定冠词。
例1:Tourism has become the top earner of foreign currency for many countries since late twentieth century.
错误:twentieth 这个序数词前要用the。
改正:Tourism has become the top earner of foreign currency for many countries since the late twentieth century.
翻译:自从20 世纪后期开始,旅游业已经成为很多国家赚取外汇的首要手段。
例2:The cigarette is most common method of smoking tobacco.
错误:most common是形容词最高级形式,所以most前要加the。
改正:The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco.
翻译:纸烟是吸食烟草的最普遍方式。
e.有一些词虽然以元音字母开头,却要用不定冠词a。如unique,university,union,European,而另一些词虽然以辅音字母开头,却要用不定冠词an,如hour,honour。
例:An university is an institution where students study for degrees.
错误:university 前不能加an。
改正:A university is an institution where students study for degrees.
翻译:大学是学生通过学习获得学位的地方。
B.名词的单复数问题
a.有一些词或者短语后面一般要加可数名词的复数形式,如a few,few,a variety of,various,other,numerous,a number of,different,one of,many,several,these。
例:Smoking cessation is one of the likely factor that contribute to the development of obesity.
错误:one of 的后面要加名词的复数形式。
改正:Smoking cessation is one of the likely factors that contribute to the development of obesity.
翻译:停止抽烟是可能导致肥胖症的一个因素。
b.有一些词后面一般要加可数名词的单数形式,如any other,another,each,neither,either。
例:Many teenagers begin smoking habits due to peer pressure but not for any other reasons.
错误:any other 后不可以加名词的复数形式。
改正:Many teenagers begin smoking habits due to peer pressure but not for any other reason.
翻译:很多十几岁的年轻人出于同伴的压力而开始抽烟,而不是因为其他任何原因。
c.有一些词或者短语后面一般要加不可数名词,如a little,little,less,much,a large amount of。
例:Little progresses have been made towards tackling poverty.
错误:little 后不能加可数名词的复数形式。
改正:Little progress has been made towards tackling poverty.
翻译:在解决贫困问题上,目前的进展甚微。
d.不可数名词没有复数形式。如information,knowledge,evidence,behaviour,news,research,waste,pollution。
例:There are evidences that rules can lead to children’s anti-social behaviour.
错误:evidence 是不可数名词,没有复数形式。
改正:There is evidence that rules can lead to children’s anti-social behaviour.
翻译:有证据表明:规则会导致小孩的反社会行为。
e.有些可数名词的复数形式变化不规则,不是仅仅加s 或者es。
例:The datas are a valuable asset to the company.
错误:data本身已经是复数形式。
改正:The data are a valuable asset to the company.
翻译:数据对公司来说是一项宝贵的财产。
f.注意代词的单复数形式,代词he,she,it,one,anybody,everybody,somebody,nobody 都是单数形式,而代词they 是复数形式。
例:Anybody who does not save money for their retirement will have to accept a lower standard of living in later years.
错误:anybody是单数,而后面的代词是their。
改正:Anybody who does not save money for his/her retirement will have to accept a lower standard of living in later years.
翻译:任何不能为退休提前存钱的人都要接受晚年比较低的生活标准。
A.主谓不一致
a.动名词和不定式作主语时,谓语动词一定是单数形式。
例1:Raising standards of literacy are the government’s priority.
错误:句子的主语是raising standards,而不是standards。
改正:Raising standards of literacy is the government’s priority.
翻译:提高文化素质是政府的首要任务。
例2:To rear a child alone are challenging to any parent.
错误:句子的主语是to rear a child,所以谓语动词要用单数形式。
改正:To rear a child alone is challenging to any parent.
翻译:独立抚养一个小孩对于任何父母亲都是有挑战性的。
b.不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词一定是单数形式;如果主语是“...of...”的词组,谓语的数需要和“of”之前的名词保持一致。
例:The adequacy of financial resources are crucial to the operation of a not-for-profit organisation.
错误:adequacy是不可数名词,谓语动词不应该用are。
改正:The adequacy of financial resources is crucial to the operation of a not-for-profit organisation.
翻译:资金的充足对于非营利机构的运作是至关重要的。
c.当主语后跟with,together with,coupled with,combined with,as well as,like 时,谓语动词的数跟随主语变化。
例:Overworking,combined with a poor diet,lead to physical degeneration.
错误:主语是overworking,不可数名词。
改正:Overworking,combined with a poor diet,leads to physical degeneration.
翻译:工作过度,连同不良的饮食,会导致体质下降。
d.一些代词(anybody,anything,everybody,everything,nobody,nothing,somebody,something,each,every,none)后面的谓语动词一定是单数形式。
例:Even if somebody fall sick,everything go on as usual.
错误:somebody 和everything 后的动词都应该用单数形式。
改正:Even if somebody falls sick,everything goes on as usual.
翻译:即便有人病了,一切还是照常进行。
e.there be句型中谓语动词的数跟随其后面的名词变化。
例:There is a number of countries which perform poorly in containing pollution.
错误:主语是countries,谓语动词应该用复数形式。
改正:There are a number of countries which perform poorly in containing pollution.
翻译:有不少国家在控制污染上表现很差。
f.由what,whether,how,that,where 引导的主语从句中,谓语动词常用单数形式。
例:How we cope with massive technological change in the 21st century are an interesting issue.
错误:how 引导的主语从句后的谓语动词用单数形式。
改正:How we cope with massive technological change in the 21st century is an interesting issue.
翻译:我们如何处理21 世纪的大规模技术变化是一个有趣的问题。
B.情态动词的使用错误
a.使用情态动词(can,could,must,need,may,might 等)时,需要注意它们意义上的区别。
例:Children’s confidence should be shaken if they are not given adequate support.
错误:“小孩的信心”不是“一定”被动摇。
改正:Children’s confidence can be shaken if they are not given adequate support.
翻译:小孩的信心可能被动摇,如果他们没有被给予足够的支持。
b.情态动词后面只加动词原形。
例1:This trend can persisted for years.
错误:情态动词后面一般只加动词原形。
改正:This trend can persist for years.
翻译:这个潮流能持续很久。
例2:Clothes for travel should was lightweight and practical.
错误:was的原形应该是be。
改正:Clothes for travel should be lightweight and practical.
翻译:旅游用的衣服应该轻便和实用。
c.如果情态动词后是被动语态,动词应该是be done的形式。
例:Environmental problems should be solve as soon as possible.
错误:被动语态应该是should be solved。
改正:Environmental problems should be solved as soon as possible.
翻译:环境问题应该尽快解决。
C.助动词的使用错误
a.助动词使用时需要符合下表的搭配。不难发现,当be,been,being 出现时,后接的动词不是原形,而是动词的现在分词或者过去分词形式。
例1:A country should be balance the budget each year.
错误:be 动词后不可以加balance 的动词原形。
改正:A country should balance the budget each year.
翻译:一个国家每一年都必须平衡开支。
例2:Teachers are always play an important role in formal education.
错误:be 动词后不可以加play 的动词原形。
改正:Teachers always play an important role in formal education.
翻译:老师总是要在正式教育中扮演一个重要的角色。
b.初学者需要不断参考前面的表格,确保谓语动词完整。
例:One of the many benefits of travelling overseas learning how to cope with the unexpected.
错误:这句话并没有谓语动词,learning 是现在分词,不能构成完整的谓语动词。
改正:One of the many benefits of travelling overseas is learning how to cope with the unexpected.
翻译:去外国旅行的众多好处中的一个,是学习如何处理突发事件。
c.下面是几种常用时态的区别。在雅思大作文中,很少出现过去时,主要是现在时和将来时。
例:This incident reflected the decline of team sports in today’s universities.
错误:如果是一般过去时,就意味着和现在已经没有联系和影响。
改正:This incident has reflected the decline of team sports in today’s universities.
翻译:这个事件反映了在当今大学里团体体育运动的衰落。
d.很多充当时间状语的副词或者短语提示句子的时态。
例:During the last decade,there was much discussion and controversy over the impact of global economic integration.
错误:时间状语是during the last decade,提示句子需要用现在完成时。
改正:During the last decade,there has been much discussion and controversy over the impact of global economic integration.
翻译:在过去十年里,有很多讨论和争论是关于国际经济一体化的影响。
e.has/have有可能是助动词,用于完成时;也可能是实义动词,表示“有”。
例:Obesity has a problem to many Americans for decades.
错误:has 在这里是“有”的意思,“肥胖有问题”,明显不恰当。
改正:Obesity has been a problem to many Americans for decades.
翻译:几十年来,肥胖对于很多美国人来说,都是一个问题。
A.主语一般由名词或者具备名词性质的短语、词语或者从句充当,而动词不可以充当主语
例:Give children a comfortable home environment is parents’ duty.
错误:give是一个动词,不能充当句子的主语。
改正:Parents’ duty is to give children a comfortable home environment.
翻译:父母的责任是给孩子一个舒适的家庭环境。
B.宾语一般由名词或者具备名词性质的短语、词语或者从句充当,而动词不可以充当宾语
一些动词,如continue,start,pretend,intend,attempt,decide,learn,后面经常加动词不定式作为宾语。
例:Many rural residents have decided move to cities.
错误:move是动词,不能充当decide的宾语。
改正:Many rural residents have decided to move to cities.
翻译:很多农村的居民已经决定搬到城市。
C.不及物动词和系动词没有被动语态
不及物动词后不能直接加任何名词或者名词性质的成分作宾语;如果要加宾语,则要加介词;不及物动词没有被动语态,如happen,appear,disappear,rise,emerge,occur,take place 等词都没有被动语态。
例1:The accident was similar to the one that was happened last year.
错误:happen 是不及物动词,没有被动语态。
改正:The accident was similar to the one that happened last year.
翻译:这个事故和去年发生的那个类似。
例2:I disagree many points made by the supporters of globalisation.
错误:disagree 是不及物动词,不能直接加宾语points。
改正:I disagree with many points made by the supporters of globalisation.
翻译:我不同意全球化支持者所提出的很多观点。
D.有一些动词词组如consist of,belong to,take place,benefit from 也没有被动语态
例:The curriculum is consisted of core courses and optional courses.
错误:consist of没有被动语态。
改正:The curriculum consists of core courses and optional courses.
翻译:教学大纲由主课和选修课组成。
E.准系动词如seem,remain,prove,appear,look,smell,taste 等一般不用被动语态
例1:Most children are seemed to be better at remembering bad habits,instead of good ones.
错误:seem 是系动词,没有被动语态。
改正:Most children seem to be better at remembering bad habits,instead of good ones.
翻译:大部分孩子看来都比较容易记得坏习惯,而不是好习惯。
例2:Teamwork has been proven effective in improving students’ performance.
错误:prove 是系动词,没有被动语态。
改正:Teamwork has proven effective in improving students’ performance.
翻译:团队工作在提高学生表现方面已经被证明是有效的。
F.及物动词的使用错误
a.及物动词后一定要加名词或者名词性质的成分作宾语,构成主语+谓语动词+宾语的基本句型;否则就是错误的。
例1:I will discuss in some detail.
错误:discuss 是及物动词,后面必须有宾语,而in some detail只是状语。
改正:I will discuss this topic in some detail.
翻译:我会比较详细地讨论这个话题。
例2:In many countries,salaries remain unchanged and even reduce.
错误:reduce 是及物动词。
改正:In many countries,salaries remain unchanged and even drop.
翻译:在很多国家,收入一般不变,甚至下跌。
b.有一些及物动词后面跟宾语和宾语补足语,构成主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语的基本句型,如make,see,have,let,这些词后面跟的动词常用不加to 的动词不定式形式。
例1:Education can let young people to find jobs easily after they finish their education.
错误:to 是多余的。
改正:Education can let young people find jobs easily after they finish their education.
翻译:教育能够让年轻人在完成学业后很容易找到工作。
例2:Whether we like it or not,our families shape our lives and make us to be what we are.
错误:to be 是多余的。
改正:Whether we like it or not,our families shape our lives and make us what we are.
翻译:不管我们是否喜欢,我们的家庭决定我们的生活,让我们成为不同的个人。
c.有一些及物动词后面跟宾语和不定式,构成主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语的基本句型,如enable,encourage,allow,prompt。
例:Private sponsorship has allowed the academic community survive.
错误:allow somebody to do something 是固定表达,to不能省略。
改正:Private sponsorship has allowed the academic community to survive.
翻译:私人赞助让学术界可以生存下去。
d.有一些及物动词同时也是不及物动词,注意在语境中确定其词性。
例:Consumer confidence should improve,as it is crucial to an economic recovery.
错误:消费者信心应该是被提高。
改正:Consumer confidence should be improved,as it is crucial to an economic recovery.
翻译:消费者信心应该被提高,这对经济复苏是至关重要的。
G.介词的使用错误
a.介词不是连词,一般后面只接名词或者具备名词性质的短语或者带连词的宾语从句,因此不能加句子。比较容易被当作连词的介词(短语)有despite,in spite of,during,because of,due to,也不能加动词。
例1:Many smokers are unwilling to cease smoking despite they have knowledge of ill health effects.
错误:despite 不是although,不是连词。
改正:Many smokers are unwilling to cease smoking despite their knowledge of ill health effects.
翻译:很多抽烟者不愿意停止抽烟,尽管他们知道这有害健康。
例2:Many children depend on their parents give support.
错误:on 是介词,后面不能加句子。
改正:Many children depend on their parents’ support.
翻译:很多小孩依赖他们父母的支持。
b.to在某些情况下(如词组give rise to,contribute to,pay attention to,conform to,lead to中)作介词,需要加名词或者具备名词性质的成分充当宾语,而不是加动词原形充当不定式。
例1:Public disorder can lead to damage a country’s economy.
错误:to 是介词,后面不能加动词。
改正:Public disorder can lead to a country’s economic crisis.
翻译:社会的无秩序状态可能导致一个国家的经济灾难。
例2:There are many solutions to deal with the problem.
错误:to 是介词,后面不能加动词。
改正:There are many solutions to the problem.
翻译:这个问题有很多解决方法。
c.有一些词既可以作介词,也可以作连词(跟句子),考生需根据语境进行判断,如for,since,after,before,as。
例:Traditional buildings are desired sometimes,for the simple reason is that they are of commercial and cultural values.
错误:for 在这里是介词,不是连词,后面不能加句子,that they are...是表语从句。
改正:Traditional buildings are desired sometimes,for the simple reason that they are of commercial and cultural values.
翻译:传统建筑有时候是受人喜爱的,因为一个简单的原因——它们有经济和文化价值。
d.介词在很多情况下用法是固定的,考生除了熟背之外,好像并无他法,如aware of,damage to,preference for。
例:People have different attitudes for life.
错误:与attitude 搭配的介词一般是towards。
改正:People have different attitudes towards life.
翻译:人们对生活有不同的态度。
H.副词的使用错误
a.副词或者名词短语充当状语时,前面不能加介词。
例1:Students are more likely to do homework on the computer in today.
错误:today 作状语时是一个副词,前面不能加介词。
改正:Today,students are more likely to do homework on the computer.
翻译:学生如今更有可能在电脑上做作业。
例2:People can travel to and from duty in every day on foot or by bike.
错误:every day 作状语,前面不能加介词。
改正:People can travel to and from duty every day on foot or by bike.
翻译:人们可以每天步行或者骑自行车上下班。
b.副词几乎可以修饰所有语法成分,但是不能修饰名词或者代词,形容词只可以修饰名词或者代词。
例1:There are not easy answers to the problems facing this country.
错误:not 是副词,不能修饰名词answers,应该用具备形容词性质的no,等于not any,not one或者not a。
改正:There are no easy answers to the problems facing this country.
翻译:这个国家面临的问题没那么容易解决。
例2:A balanced diet is an integral part of a healthily lifestyle.
错误:healthily是副词,不能修饰名词。
改正:A balanced diet is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle.
翻译:饮食平衡是健康生活的重要部分。
c.副词一般很少充当表语,而只有形容词才可以。
例1:Young drivers are more possibly to have accidents than old drivers.
错误:possibly 是副词,不能作表语。
改正:Young drivers are more likely to have accidents than old drivers.
翻译:年轻的驾车者比年长的驾车者更容易出车祸。
例2:Cycling is beneficially to our health.
错误:beneficially 是副词,不能作表语。
改正:Cycling is beneficial to our health.
翻译:骑车对我们的健康是有益的。
d.副词在have/has been这个结构中一般出现在这两个词的中间。
例:The importance of education for one’s success has been long recognised in society.
错误:这里long是副词。
改正:The importance of education for one’s success has long been recognised in society.
翻译:教育对一个人成功的重要性在社会上一直都被大家认同。
A.一个完整的句子不能充当另外一个句子的主语
在这种情况下,需要将其中一个句子改成从句,或者使用形式主语it。
例1:Students receive job training is important.
错误:students receive job training是一个句子,不能充当另外一个句子的主语。
改正:It is important for students to receive job training.
翻译:学生接受工作训练是重要的。
例2:Students receive job training can become competitive in the labour market.
错误:students receive job training是一个句子,不能充当另外一个句子的主语。
改正:Students can become competitive in the labour market if they receive job training.
翻译:如果学生接受工作培训的话,他们在劳动力市场上会变得非常有竞争力。
B.连词的使用错误
a.一般来说,两个连词不能同时用在一个句子当中,典型的例子包括because和so,although和but。
例:Although the crime rate is falling in many parts of the world,but violent crimes are constantly rampant.
错误:although 和but 不能连用。
改正:Although the crime rate is falling in many parts of the world,violent crimes are constantly rampant.
翻译:虽然在世界上很多地方犯罪率在下降,暴力犯罪仍然是非常猖獗的。
b.标点符号中,分号semi-colon(;)类似于连词,而逗号comma(,)不具备连词的功能。
例:Education has been made available to more people nowadays,however,many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy.
错误:however 是副词,不是连词,前后都是完整的句子,因此不能用逗号连接。
改正:Education has been made available to more people nowadays; however,many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy.
翻译:如今,更多的人可以获得教育;然而,很多成年人仍然有读写和计算的问题。
c.有一些副词,如however,therefore,otherwise,thus,hence,常被误认为是连词,实际上这些词是不可以连接句子的。试看下面四个准确的句子。
句1:He studied hard; therefore,he passed the test.(分号等于句号)
句2:He studied hard.Therefore,he passed the test.(句号连接句子)
句3:He studied hard,so he passed the test.(so 是连词)
句4:He studied hard,and therefore,he passed the test.(and是连词)
例:People like to think that being on a diet is healthy,however,there is considerable evidence to the contrary.
错误:however 是副词,不能连接两个句子。
改正:People like to think that being on a diet is healthy; however,there is considerable evidence to the contrary.
翻译:人们总是喜欢认为节食是健康的;然而,有大量的证据证明这是错误的。
d.多于一个的名词、动词、形容词等出现的时候,需要使用并列连词and,but 或者or。
例1:Smoking,drinking are banned in many places of work.
错误:smoking 和drinking 都是主语,要用连词。
改正:Smoking and drinking are banned in many places of work.
翻译:抽烟和喝酒在很多工作场所都是被禁止的。
例2:More people would prefer cycling,walking if conditions were right.
错误:cycling 和walking 都是宾语,应该用连词。
改正:More people would prefer cycling or walking if conditions were right.
翻译:如果条件适当的话,更多人会喜欢骑自行车或者走路。
C.句子残缺
a.从属连词(because,although 等)一定要连接两个句子。状语从句一般是由从属连词(because,although,since,as 等)引导的。
例1:Because it is not serious.Many countries do not take any real countermeasure.
错误:because引导的是一个从句,缺一个主句。
改正:Because it is not serious,many countries do not take any real countermeasure.
翻译:因为这不是很严重,很多国家没有采取任何实质性的对策。
例2:Some countries are not able to solve environmental problems.Although these countries have realised these problems’ devastating effect.
错误:although引导的是一个从句,缺一个主句。
改正:Some countries are not able to solve environmental problems,although these countries have realised these problems’ devastating effect.
翻译:有一些国家不能解决环境问题,尽管这些国家意识到这些问题的影响。
b.完整的句子一定要有谓语。
例:Tourism has instead of agriculture as the main industry in many places.
错误:instead of 是介词词组,不能充当谓语动词。
改正:Tourism has replaced agriculture as the main industry in many places.
翻译:旅游业在很多地方已经代替农业成为支柱产业。
c.完整的句子一定要有主语。
例:In China has more than 100 million subscribers to cable television.
错误:in China 是介宾短语,不能充当主语。
改正:China has more than 100 million subscribers to cable television.
翻译:中国有超过一亿的有线电视观众。
D.名词性从句的使用错误
a.whether 和that 不能同时使用。
例:The question remains whether that it was a serious love affair or a passing fancy.
错误:whether 和that 不能同时使用。
改正:The question remains whether it was a serious love affair or a passing fancy.
翻译:这究竟是严肃的感情,还是一时的好感,这个问题仍然存在。
b.名词性从句可以用how,what,why,when,where等词引导,但不能与that 同时使用。
例:Many people do not realise that how serious environmental problems can be.
错误:that 和how 不能同时使用。
改正:Many people do not realise how serious environmental problems can be.
翻译:很多人意识不到环境问题可以多么的严重。
c.that引导名词性从句时,从句一定是完整的句子,这和定语从句有显著的不同。
例:It is widely believed that people improving efficiency by using computers.
错误:improving不是完整的谓语动词。
改正:It is widely believed that people can improve efficiency by using computers.
翻译:被广泛认可的事情是人们可以通过使用电脑提高效率。
d.和状语从句、定语从句类似,名词性从句出现时,必须要有主句,否则句子不完整。
例:The fact that education is the key to a country’s long-term success.
错误:the fact引导同位语从句,但没有主句。
改正:Government funding is supported by the fact that education is the key to a country’s long-term success.
翻译:政府的资助基于一个事实:教育是国家长期成功的关键。