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听力原文译文
M: How are you enjoying your new job?
W: So far so good. I don't miss having managers who deliver blunt, harsh feedback in the name of efficiency.
M: From the way you described your last company, no wonder they had a problem with high staff turnover.
W: Yeah. I couldn't wait to get out of there once my contract expired. [1] The problem with a company culture that prizes directness above all else is that it creates a toxic culture of brilliant jerks that drives people out and erodes itself from within.
M: [2] My company's managers tend to be accommodating and kind, overlooking mistakes or issues, so it's not to hurt feelings. Issues often get ignored there until they build up and reach a crisis point.
W: That's not surprising. [3] My new company seems to employ a feedback policy that combines compassion and directness. Employees have the power to speak up, give feedback, disagree and discuss problems in real time. It seems to help us to course correct, improve and meet challenges while also building teams that collaborate and care for one another.
M: But that would be based on an atmosphere of mutual trust, wouldn't it? Otherwise, people might interpret feedback as some kind of personal attack.
W: True. Without an atmosphere of trust, feedback can create stress and self-doubt. But I think when we get feedback from someone we trust, we understand that the feedback isn't some kind of personal attack. It's actually a kind of support, because it's offered in the spirit of helping us improve. I think sometimes people need to shift their mindsets around how they receive feedback.
M: [4] Yes, constructive feedback, after all, is how we learn and grow. It's the basis for healthy parenting, lasting friendships, career development, and so much more. If we shelter our children, friends and colleagues from information that might enrich and enhance their lives, we're not being caring, or actually doing harm to them.
W: That's exactly right.
1． How does the woman describe her previous company's culture? 女士如何描述她上一家公司的企业文化？
A）有毒的。
B）有效率的。
C）宽容的。
D）怪异的。
解析 ：对话中女士提到：“对直接性的重视高于一切，这种企业文化的问题在于，它创造了一种由聪明的‘蠢人’组成的有毒文化，这种文化迫使员工离开公司，并从内部侵蚀公司。”由此可知，选项A为正确答案。
2． What does the man say about his company's managers? 关于他公司的经理们，男士说了什么？
A）他们雄心勃勃。
B）他们顾及员工。
C）他们傲慢自大。
D）他们愚昧无知。
解析 ：对话中男士提到：“我公司的经理们通常比较顾及员工和友善，他们不计较错误或问题，所以不会伤害员工的感情。”由此可知，选项B与对话内容相符，为正确答案。其他三项对话中未提到，故均可排除。
3． What does the woman say the employees in her new company can do? 女士说在她的新公司员工能做什么？
A）他们的工作时间是弹性的。
B）他们可以打破常规。
C）他们可以各抒己见。
D）他们可以野心勃勃。
解析 ：对话中女士提到：“我的新公司似乎采用了一种结合了同情和直接性的反馈政策。员工有权实时发言、提供反馈、发表不同意见和讨论问题。”由此可知，选项C与对话内容相符，为正确答案。其他三项对话中未提到，故均可排除。
4． What does the man say about constructive feedback? 关于建设性反馈，男士说了什么？
A）它能改变人们的心态。
B）它能带来新的发现。
C）它有利于批判性思维。
D）它能让人们学习和成长。
解析 ：对话中男士提到：“是的，毕竟建设性的反馈是我们学习和成长的方式。”由此可知，建设性的反馈能让人们学习和成长，故选项D与对话内容相符，为正确答案。选项A中的alter people's mindsets是原文I think sometimes people need to shift their mindsets around how they receive feedback中shift their mindsets的同义转述，但这句话是女士说的，且这句话表达的是女士认为人们需要做什么，而不是建设性反馈能带来的影响，故排除。选项B和选项C对话中未提及，故均排除。
W: How was your holiday? Not too many other tourists around, were there?
M: No, very few, relatively. But I found myself moving from one accommodation to another, trying to find the perfect place. It made me realize that indecision is a big problem for me. [5] Instead of relaxing, I was looking for the best spot.
W: It seems you suffer from fear of better options. I've read about it. It describes this loop of indecision as part of our programming. [6] Essentially, we have this tendency to keep stretching out the decision-making process. Because as human beings, we are hard-wired to optimize. We have always looked to get the best things we can as a sort of survival of the fittest. Optimizing isn't the problem, but rather the process that we go through.
M: Well, that makes me feel better. [7] But I think thanks to technology, we can make comparisons more easily and have more access to choice and customization. We can now see what we could have, how we might get it, and what offers have that we might want. We keep looking over and returning to the same options, again and again.
W: [7] Yes, fear of better options offers little benefit. It's an ailment of abundance. You must have choices to have that fear of missing out on better options.
M: Yes. I need to note when I'm worrying about inconsequential things, I guess. If I'm spending too much time worrying over what to have for lunch, I'm robbing myself of the energy to focus on the things that matter.
W: Exactly. But for more important matters, I think gut instinct might be overrated. When you have 30 odd options, trusting your gut is not practical. [8] What you need to do is research, have a process, invest time exploring your options, and eliminate as many things as you can. The most toxic part of decision making is going over the same options, time and time again.
5． What does the man say about his holiday? 男士对于自己的假期说了什么？
A）他做到了每天游览不同的城市。
B）他愉快地观光，并享受放松时光。
C）他遇到了许多来自其他国家的游客。
D）他一直在寻找最好的住处。
解析 ：对话中，男士说：“我没有放松的感觉，而总是在寻找最好的住处。”由此可知，选项D与对话内容相符，为正确答案。同时可知选项B表述错误，故排除。选项A中的“不同的城市”和选项C中的“来自其他国家的游客”对话中均没有提及，故排除。
6． What does the woman say people tend to do when making decisions? 关于做决策时人们倾向于做什么，女士说了什么？
A）把所有相关因素考虑在内。
B）仔细考虑可能产生的后果。
C）延长过程以寻找最优选择。
D）优先考虑对他们最有利的事情。
解析 ：对话中，女士说：“从本质上讲，我们倾向于不断延长决策过程。”由此可知，选项C符合对话内容，故为正确答案。题干中的tend to是对话中have this tendency to的同义转述，选项C中stretch out the process对应对话中的keep stretching out the decision-making process。其他三个选项对话中并未提及，故均排除。
7． What has made decision making increasingly difficult? 是什么让决策变得愈加困难？
A）时间紧迫。
B）现代技术。
C）预算紧张。
D）竞争激烈。
解析 ：对话中，男士说：“但我认为多亏了技术，我们可以更轻松地进行比较，有更多的选择和定制机会。”接着女士回应：“是的，害怕有更好的选择并没有带来什么好处。这是一种富足病。你必须有的选，才会害怕错过更好的选择。”由此可知，正是因为现代技术给我们提供了太多选择，才导致我们总想寻求更好的选择，在反复比较中延长了决策过程，造成决策愈加困难。因此选项B与对话内容相符，为正确答案。其他三项对话中未提及，故均排除。
8． According to the woman, what should people do when making important decisions? 根据女士的看法，人们在做重要决策时应该做什么？
A）避免重复同样的选择。
B）尽可能多地研究不同的选择。
C）专注于实际的事情。
D）相信他们本能的直觉。
解析 ：对话最后，女士说：“你需要做的是研究，有一个过程，花时间探索你的选择，并尽可能多地排除选择。”由此可知，选项B与对话内容相符，为正确答案。选项A是强干扰项，虽然女士指出决策中最有害的部分就是一次又一次地重复相同的选择，但避免重复同样的选择是要达到的目的，而要达到该目的，应该做的就是研究多种选择，故排除选项A。选项C对话中没有提及，故也排除。对话最后女士说：“但对于更重要的事情，我认为本能的直觉可能被高估了。当你有30种不同的选择时，相信你的直觉是不现实的。”由此可知，选项D错误。
The role of homework in classrooms is not a new debate. Many parents and teachers are ardent supporters of homework. But do all students benefit from homework? [9] A 2006 research paper suggested some correlation between the amount of homework done by a student and future academic achievement for middle and high school students, but not so much for younger kids. A Stanford study in 2014 suggested that the same was true for students in California's affluent communities. The findings challenged the idea that homework was inherently good. The researchers concluded that there was an upper limit to the correlation between homework and achievement, suggesting that high school students shouldn't be doing more than two hours of homework a night. And the most valuable kind of homework for elementary-level children was simply assigned free reading.
The topic gets more complicated when we talk about the divide between rural and urban communities. [10] Studies found that in remote areas, the poor quality or lack of Internet access can put students at a disadvantage, because 70% of teachers in these areas assign homework that requires Internet access. But one in three households doesn't have Internet. Experts assert homework requiring the Internet isn't fair.
While the debate continues about the effect of homework on academic achievements, there are studies focusing on other benefits of homework. [11] A study in Germany found that homework could have an effect on students’ personalities, suggesting that doing homework might help kids to become more conscientious and independent learners.
9． What did the 2006 research find about homework? 关于家庭作业，2006年的研究有什么发现？
A）它对年幼的孩子没有多大帮助。
B）它受父母欢迎但不受孩子们欢迎。
C）它有利于孩子未来的发展。
D）它对穷人和富人群体都有好处。
解析 ：文章开头就提到了2006年的一篇研究论文的研究成果：学生完成的家庭作业量与初高中学生未来的学业成绩之间存在某种相关性，但对年幼的孩子来说相关性并没有那么强。由此可知选项A正确，选项中的not of much help对应文章中的not so much，选项中的younger kids是文章中的原词。选项B、C和D都不是2006年对家庭作业的研究得到的研究结果，属于无中生有，均排除。
10． What do experts think of homework requiring Internet access? 专家对需要上网的家庭作业有什么看法？
A）它可以弥合不同背景孩子之间的学习差距。
B）它有效提高了农村地区学生的学习质量。
C）它让大多数学生可以随时联系到他们的老师。
D）它可能会使一些偏远地区的学生处于不利地位。
解析 ：文章中间部分提到了需要上网的家庭作业：研究发现，在偏远地区，互联网接入质量差或没有互联网会让学生处于不利地位。选项D正是对这句话的概括总结，故为正确选项。其他三项均不是专家对需要上网的家庭作业的看法，故均排除。
11． What conclusion could be drawn from the study in Germany? 从德国的研究中可以得出什么结论？
A）做家庭作业的好处因人而异，差别很大。
B）做家庭作业对孩子的性格发展有积极的影响。
C）家庭作业的重点应始终放在学校科目上。
D）勤奋的学生往往独立完成家庭作业。
解析 ：文章结尾处提到了德国的研究：德国的一项研究发现，家庭作业可能会对学生的性格产生影响，这表明完成家庭作业可能有助于孩子们成为更加认真和独立的学习者。由此可知选项B正确，选项中的exerts a positive effect对应文章中的have an effect，kids' personality development对应文章中的students' personalities，positive是对原文suggesting that...become more conscientious and independent learners的概括。选项A中的“因人而异”和选项C中的“学校科目”文章均未提到，属于无中生有，故均排除。“勤奋”和“独立”是家庭作业可能会对学生性格产生的两个积极影响，“勤奋的学生独立完成作业”曲解了原文，故选项D不正确。
Robert Goddard, an American born in 1882, is widely regarded as the world's first rocket scientist. At age 27, Goddard published his first book, in which he hypothesized that a rocket launched from Earth could reach the Moon. Like many visionaries, the young scientist encountered numerous skeptics. [12] In January 1920, the New York Times ridiculed Goddard's theory that rockets could be utilized for space exploration. Forty-nine years later, Apollo 11 reached the moon. And the famed newspaper published an apology to Goddard. Goddard launched his first rocket from his aunt's farm in his native Massachusetts in March 1926. His maiden rocket voyage lasted a mere 3 seconds. It scaled an altitude of only 12 meters. [13] Nonetheless, it was a milestone in rocket science. [14] Goddard later consulted with a weather expert and determined that the climate of New Mexico was ideal for year-round rocket launches. In 1930, Goddard and his family relocated there, to a remote valley in the southwest of the country. There, he established a laboratory and test range. However, the ambitious scientist received negligible support from the government.
For four years, wealthy businessman Daniel Guggenheim provided Goddard with an annual $25,000 grant to pursue his dreams. Other rocket enthusiasts also raised funds for him. Over time, Goddard's rockets grew more sophisticated and included the installation of instruments. In spite of his many successes, Goddard was never able to interest the US military in rocket-propelled weapons. [15] He was granted over 200 patents and continued to pioneer rocket technology until his death in 1945.
12． What do we learn about Goddard's idea of using rockets for space exploration? 对于戈达德使用火箭进行太空探索的想法，我们可以了解到什么？
A）它被认为是有远见的。
B）这是一个长达49年的计划。
C）它曾被《纽约时报》嘲笑。
D）这是他后来为之道歉的事情。
解析 ：文章开头提到：1920年1月，《纽约时报》嘲笑了戈达德关于火箭可用于探索太空的理论。因此选项C正确。选项A中的visionary是文中的原词，但文中说的是“和许多有远见的人一样，这位年轻的科学家遇到了数不清的怀疑者”；选项B中的forty-nine-year也是文中的原词，但文中是说49年后，而非一个长达49年的计划；选项D与文章内容正反混淆，文中是说《纽约时报》因此而向戈达德道歉，而非戈达德道歉。故这三项均排除。
13． What does the passage say about Goddard's first rocket launch? 关于戈达德的第一次火箭发射，这篇文章说了什么？
A）它是在新墨西哥州完成的。
B）它对火箭科学具有重要意义。
C）它由于天气突然变化而失败。
D）它不知何故延迟了大约12分钟。
解析 ：文章中间部分提到：1926年3月，戈达德在他的家乡马萨诸塞州他姑妈的农场，发射了他的第一枚火箭。他的首次火箭航行仅持续了三秒。火箭的飞行高度只有12米。尽管如此，这却是火箭科学的一个里程碑。因此选项B正确，选项中的of great significance是文章中milestone的同义转述。同时排除选项A和选项D。文中提到后来戈达德咨询一位气象专家，但并没有说本次火箭发射时天气突然发生了变化，故排除选项C。
14． Why did Goddard move to New Mexico? 戈达德为什么要搬到新墨西哥州？
A）它的气候非常适合全年发射火箭。
B）那里已经建好了实验室和试验场。
C）它偏远的山谷对他和他的家人很有吸引力。
D）一位气象专家邀请他去那里执行任务。
解析 ：文章中间部分提到：戈达德后来咨询了一位气象专家，确定了新墨西哥州的气候非常适合全年进行火箭发射。1930年，戈达德和他的家人搬迁到了那里——美国西南部的一个偏远山谷。因此选项A正确。选项C、D都是根据此内容设置的干扰项，均排除。文章中提到：在那里，他建立了一个实验室和试验场，说明这是戈达德搬过去之后建立的，故排除选项B。
15． What does the passage say about Goddard's achievements? 关于戈达德的成就，这篇文章说了什么？
A）他增强了美国的军事实力。
B）他的工作获得了美国政府的奖励。
C）他得到了全世界火箭科学家的认可。
D）他在火箭技术方面获得了200多项专利。
解析 ：文章结尾处提到：他获得了200多项专利，而且持续开发火箭技术，直至1945年去世。因此选项D正确，选项中的was granted over 200 patents是文章中的原词。文中说“他始终无法使美国军方对由火箭推动的武器产生兴趣”，以及他“得到的政府支持却微乎其微”，据此排除选项A、B。选项C文中未提及，故排除。
[16] Working for a new venture comes with a lot of risks. There's instability, unclear responsibilities, and the need to be a master of all trades. But the primary benefit is usually the passion and excitement associated with playing a role in a promising new company. The person to thank for that passion and excitement is almost always the entrepreneur. There's something about the founder's energy and enthusiasm that infects the rest of the team. The willingness to take risks may inspire others to be more courageous. The optimism and positivity may motivate people to focus less on trivial and unimportant matters. The celebration of milestones may prompt staff to be more grateful about their own accomplishments and privileges, or become set in the firm's culture—it's a contagious collection of affirmative and positive emotions which are usually shared among the team. [17] Science has already done a good job approving the results that follow. These include better processes, greater team cohesion, reduced conflict and sharper alertness.
But what is yet to be demonstrated is whether the founders' passion leads to increased team performance. This was recently tested in a research which analyzed the teams of 73 new companies across a range of industries such as IT, medicine and energy. The CEOs were consulted once again years after the initial analysis, and most shared their firm's performance reports so that their success could be more objectively measured.
Entrepreneurial teams generally progress through three phases. The first is inventing a product or service. The second is founding a venture to sell that product or service. And the third is developing the firm so it continues to grow. The research has discovered that when the team is passionate about the third phase, developing the firm, there's a clear link to performance. But the first phase, a passion for invention, is not a reliable indicator that the firm will still be open for business a few years later. Likewise, the second, passion for founding the venture, doesn't necessarily translate into great success. The solution to great team performance stems from a willingness to recruit others who could direct their passion towards the third phase of entrepreneurialism—developing the business.
Employing more staff can in itself be a risk for an entrepreneur, as is paying them big dollars to attract them. [18] On many occasions, the entrepreneurs reported not paying themselves a wage at all initially in order to cover salaries and expenses.
16． What does the speaker say about working for a new venture? 关于为一家新成立的公司工作，讲话者说了什么？
A）它是相当有风险的。
B）它是相当令人沮丧的。
C）它在经济上通常会有回报。
D）它要求具有创业经历。
解析 ：录音开头就提到为一家新成立的公司工作有很多风险，与选项A的说法一致，该项为同义替换，故为正确答案。选项B录音中未提及，故排除。选项C、D文中虽提到了某些词，但是其具体内容和题目没有关系。考生在作答时，要特别注意一定要听清题目中的关键词working for a new venture，快速定位答案，为剩余题目节省时间。
17． What has science demonstrated regarding the positive culture of a new venture? 关于新成立的公司积极的企业文化，科学界证实了什么？
A）它有助于业务快速扩张。
B）它减少了团队成员之间的冲突。
C）它激发人们做出牺牲的意愿。
D）它鼓励创造力和创新精神。
解析 ：题目问的内容和新成立的公司的企业文化有关。录音中提到，企业文化通常是“团队各个成员之间共有的、极具感染力的积极乐观情绪的集中体现”。而题目问的科学界证实的观点是在其之后的一句，这类题目难度较大，考生在答题时一定要记得联系上下文进行判断。科学研究证实了“更合理的流程、更强的团队凝聚力、更少的冲突和更敏锐的警觉性”，其中“更少的冲突”与选项B的说法一致，该项是同义替换，故为正确答案。选项A、C、D中的内容录音中均没有提及，故均可排除。
18． What does the speaker say about entrepreneurs at the initial stage of a new venture? 关于新成立的公司处于起步阶段的创业者，讲话者说了什么？
A）很多都是理想主义的梦想家。
B）很少有人能发现有意愿的投资者。
C）他们通常不拿工资。
D）他们的期望不切实际。
解析 ：录音中提到，大多数创业者最初为了支付员工的工资以及负担开支，自己一分钱工资都没有。这与选项C的说法一致，故为正确答案。选项A、D录音中均未提及，故排除。选项B属于张冠李戴，录音中提到willing处，是说企业想要确保团队表现卓越，就得愿意招募可以将团队激情引向企业化的第三个阶段的人，与创业者在创业初期的状态无关，故排除。
Ageing is a curious thing in people's desire to beat it, and death has become an industry worth hundreds of billions of dollars. Despite the huge investment into research, ageing remains somewhat obscure, although there are certain things researchers do understand: they know that women tend to have longer life spans, living on average six years longer than men. [19] No one is really certain of the reason for this, although the speculation centers around the idea that women are more capable of surviving or handling disease than men. For virtually every disease, the effects are greater on men than they are on women. Some suggest that women's immune systems benefit from their tendency to prioritize and nurture social connections. But for me, this explanation is hardly convincing.
Researchers also know to an extent what causes ageing. For 60 years, it was believed that cells would continue to divide forever. It was only uncovered in relatively recent times that older people's cells divide a smaller number of times than younger people's. Only cancer cells, in fact, are capable of dividing forever. [20] Human cells have a limited reproductive ability. To an extent, we can postpone the eventual stop of cells' dividing through nutrition, exercise, good sleep and even relaxation techniques, but we cannot stop the ageing process. And researchers are yet to answer the ultimate question of ageing: why does the body ultimately fall to pieces? In the opinion of some of the world's best scientific minds on the subject, part of the reason we don't yet have an answer is because many researchers are looking in the wrong direction.
[21] Many public health policymakers believe that the resolution of age-associated disease will tell us something fundamental about the ageing process, but, say some top scientists, that's completely erroneous. They point to when the diseases of childhood were eliminated, but this did not provide any insight into childhood development. In the same way, the idea that the resolution of age-associated disease like heart disease and stroke will inform us about ageing is not based on sound science or logic. At best, if the major causes of death in developed countries were eliminated, this would only add a decade to average life expectancy. But while there is money available to be spent on it, the search to understand the secrets of ageing will be ongoing.
19． What do we learn about the possible reason why women tend to live longer? 关于可能造成女性寿命更长的原因，我们了解到什么？
A）她们天生就有更强的社交能力。
B）她们有更强的生存和应对疾病的能力。
C）她们的饮食习惯更好。
D）她们承担的社会责任更少。
解析 ：关于女性寿命，讲话者提及女性的平均寿命比男性多六年，虽然原因暂未有任何定论，但是主要猜测都围绕“女性比男性更有生存能力或更能应对疾病”展开。选项B的描述与此一致，故为正确答案。选项A属于关键词拼凑，混淆视听，故排除。选项C、D录音中并未提及相关内容，故排除。
20． What is the recent discovery about human cells? 关于人类细胞，近来的研究有何发现？
A）它们会在人的一生里持续进行分裂。
B）它们的蓬勃发展依赖于充足的睡眠。
C）它们的再生能力有限。
D）它们会因为经常锻炼而变得强健。
解析 ：讲话者提到，一直到不久前，科学研究才显示老年人的细胞分裂次数比年轻人少，而且人类细胞的再生能力是有限的，只有癌细胞的分裂能够永远持续下去。这与选项C的说法一致，have a limited reproductive ability是讲话中的原词，故为正确答案。选项A属于偷换概念，只有癌细胞的分裂能够永远持续下去，故排除。选项B、D是延迟细胞最终停止分裂的时间的做法，属于张冠李戴，也排除。
21． What do many public health policymakers believe? 很多公共卫生政策的制定者坚信什么？
A）老龄化相关疾病得到治愈将解开衰老的谜团。
B）预防心脏病和中风会延长预期寿命。
C）老年人的医疗保健得到改善将有助于其长寿。
D）衰老的过程最终可以得到遏制。
解析 ：录音中提到，很多公共卫生政策的制定者坚信，治愈老龄化相关疾病可以揭示一些关于衰老过程的根本原因。选项A正是对这句话的概括总结，故为正确答案。选项B中的心脏病和中风虽然录音中有提及，但这是作为老龄化相关疾病的例子出现的，和延长预期寿命无关，故排除。选项C录音中并未提及，故排除。根据录音内容可知，我们在某种程度上可以通过摄取营养、勤加锻炼、保证良好的睡眠等方式来延迟细胞最终停止分裂的时间，但是我们无法阻止衰老这个过程。选项D与之矛盾，故排除。
Good afternoon. In today's talk, we'll discuss how managers can get their staff to do what they are asked. [22] Much to their frustration, managers often struggle to get their staff to comply with even simple instructions. Often they blame their employees:“They don't read emails; they don't listen; they don't care.”—that kind of thing. But according to a recent research conducted in Australia, it looks like it's not the employees' fault but the managers’.
[23] It's easy to understand why people sometimes disobey procedures intentionally. Occasionally, it's because they're pressured to finish in a short time. At other times, they may disagree with the spirit of the procedure—the effort demanded, the time consumed, the lack of potential effectiveness. And every now and then, they just don't want to, maybe deliberately or out of stubbornness.
So apart from that, what else gets in the way of procedural compliance? The research scholars surveyed 152 blue-collar workers from two separate sites in the mining industry. They asked the workers a range of procedure-related questions, such as whether they found the procedures useful, how confident they felt in their job, how comfortable they were to speak up in the workplace, and how closely they followed any new procedures set by their managers. They were also asked to rate the extent to which they perceived their supervisors to be helpful. [24] That last statement was the most instructive because, as the researchers found, there was a remarkably strong correlation between how helpful supervisors were perceived to be and how likely their employees were to follow their directives. Supervisors' helping behavior was found to be motivational in nature. It increased employees' perception of the likelihood of success in the attainment of job goals, and therefore fostered a willingness to dedicate their effort and ability to their work.
In short, managers should be ongoing role models for the change, as the saying goes:“Do as I do, not as I say.”To affect behavioral change, what's most required is interaction and involvement—the human touch—and, naturally, processes that add value. Although procedures are designed to guide and support employees' work, employees, it seems, can't always be expected to comply with procedures that are not seen as useful. [25] And of course, managers shouldn't keep resending emails. They're an effective tool for the sharing of data or reports, but they're a hopeless tool if what a manager is desiring is a change in behavior.
22． Why are managers often frustrated with their employees? 管理者为何对他们的员工感到沮丧？
A）他们没有表现出应有的尊重。
B）他们不能理解指示。
C）他们不即时回复邮件。
D）他们不愿意听从指示。
解析 ：讲话者在讲话开头提到，令管理者非常沮丧的是，哪怕是简单的指示，他们往往也很难让员工遵从。选项D的说法与讲话内容一致，故为正确答案。讲话中提到，管理者抱怨员工不看电子邮件，而不是抱怨员工不立即回复邮件，选项C的说法与讲话内容不符，故排除。其余两项讲话中都未提及，可排除。
23． Why do employees sometimes disobey procedures intentionally? 员工为何有时候故意不遵守程序？
A）他们认为自己的呼声没有得到关注。
B）他们想避免不必要的损失。
C）他们对管理制度不满意。
D）他们没有接受过遵守规定的培训。
解析 ：讲话者在讲话中提到，很容易理解为什么人们有时会故意不遵守程序。有时候是因为他们迫于压力要在短时间内完成任务。也有时候因为他们不认同程序精神——所需的工作、所耗费的时间、缺乏潜在的效力。也就是说，员工有时故意不遵守程序是因为对管理层下达的指令和程序不满意，选项C的说法与讲话内容一致，故为正确答案。讲话中提到，研究者调查了152名蓝领工人，提出了一系列问题，其中一个是询问工人在工作场所发言是否自在，选项A属于过度推断，故排除。其余两项讲话中都未提及，可排除。
24． When are employees more likely to follow instructions according to the researchers? 根据研究者的说法，员工什么时候更有可能听从指令？
A）当他们在经济方面受到激励时。
B）当他们认为自己的主管（对其）有帮助时。
C）当他们认为自己的职业目标很容易实现时。
D）当他们与经理相处和谐时。
解析 ：讲话者在讲话中提到研究者所做的一项调查，要求采矿业的工人就主管的有帮助程度打分。管理者的有帮助程度与员工遵守其指示的可能性之间存在着很强的关联性。研究发现，管理者的帮助行为在本质上具有激励作用。也就是说，员工在认为自己的主管有帮助时更有可能遵守其指示。选项B的说法与讲话内容一致，故为正确答案。讲话中提到，管理者的帮助行为具有激励作用，并未提到员工在经济方面受到激励，故排除选项A。讲话者提到管理者的帮助行为增强了员工对成功实现职业目标的期待，并未提到员工的职业目标很容易实现，故排除选项C。选项D讲话中并未提及，可排除。
25． What does the speaker say about emails? 关于电子邮件，讲话者说了什么？
A）它们很少被用来共享机密数据。
B）它们应该被留待紧急沟通时用。
C）事实证明，它们是管理者下达指令的好方法。
D）对于管理者要改变员工行为这件事，它们是无用的工具。
解析 ：讲话者在讲话的末尾提到，经理们也不应该一直重发电子邮件。邮件是共享数据和报告的有效工具，但如果管理者想要的是行为上的改变，那么它们就是一个无用的工具。因此，选项D的说法与讲话内容一致，故为正确答案。讲话中只提到邮件可以用来共享数据，并未提到邮件很少用来共享机密数据，故排除选项A。其余两项讲话并未提及，可排除。