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摘要： 20世纪80年代，甘肃省天水放马滩发掘M14秦墓中出土一块木板（原系放置于亡者胸腹部），正面绘制一虎系于树下，背面是六博局图式。对于这块绘画木板的含义及功用，学界甚少有人涉及。我们结合先秦、两汉文献史料及有关出土实物，对系虎图所包含的象征含义进行了解读，认为：板画正面绘制猛虎图像的用意是防止方良前来偷吃肝脑，而画中猛虎被绳系于树下乃系表达一种意愿：欲将此虎牢牢地拴住、永远镇守棺室，从而为亡者尽职尽责地履行护卫使命。
关键词： 天水放马滩秦墓（M14）；老虎；板画
Abstract: In the 1980s, a wooden board (originally placed on the chest and abdomen of the deceased) was unearthed from Qin tomb excavated in Fangmatan M14, Tianshui City, Gansu Province. On the front, a tiger was tied under a tree, and on the back, six chess chart were shown. The meaning and function of this painting board are rarely involved in academic circles. Based on the historical documents and unearthed objects of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, this paper interprets the symbolic meaning of the tied tiger , and holds that the purpose of drawing the tiger image on the front of the board painting was to prevent Fang Liang from eating the liver and brain, while the tiger tied under the tree in the painting was to express a will: to tie the tiger firmly and guard the coffin room forever, so as to fulfill his duty on guard for the dead.
Key Words: the Qin Tomb in Fangmatan M14, Tiger, Board painting
1986年6—9月，甘肃省文物考古研究所在天水放马滩发掘了14座秦汉墓葬（秦墓13座、西汉墓1座），出土一批珍贵的竹简和器物，引起学界的广泛关注。其中，编号M14秦墓中出土一块木板，其两面均绘有图案，正面绘制一虎系于树下、背面是六博局图式（为了行文便利，笔者将其拟名为“系虎及博局板画”）。放马滩秦简面世以来，学界更多围绕竹简《日书》（甲、乙种）展开讨论，对此板画似未给予足够重视，迄今尚未见到专文讨论。笔者不揣浅陋，针对这幅系虎及博局板画在当时葬俗中的作用及其象征含义提出一些个人看法，以就教于方家。