Illustrations

1 . Aerial view of the Temple Mount (Albatross/Topfoto)

2 . Tel Dan stele, c. 850 BC (Zev Radovan)

3 . Section of Hezekiah’s wall (AKG)

4 . The Siloam inscription, c. 700 BC , Istanbul Archaeological Museum (AKG)

5 . Detail of relief from the palace of Sennacherib in Nineveh (AKG)

6 . Detail of relief from the Treasury of the Palace of Persepolis (Bridgeman Art Library)

7 . Coin discovered near Jericho, c. 333 BC (Zev Radovan)

8 . Silver tetradrachm of Ptolemy I Soter, c. 300 BC , Israel Museum (AKG)

9 . Silver tetradrachm of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, c. 175 BC , Israel Museum (AKG)

10 . Judah the Maccabee (author’s collection)

11 . Silver denarius of Mark Antony and of Cleopatra VII (The Trustees of the British Museum)

12 . Reconstruction of the Second Temple, Israel Museum (AKG)

13 . Ossuary of “Simon the builder of the Sanctuary” (AKG)

14 . Greek inscription from the Temple, c. 50 BC , Istanbul Archaeological Museum (AKG)

15 . South-eastern corner of Herodian wall encircling the Temple Mount (Zev Radovan)

16 . The Crucifixion, Hubert van Eyck, Ca’ d’Oro, Venice (Bridgeman Art Library)

17 . Coin of Herod Antipas, c. AD 4–39, Israel Museum (AKG)

18 . Coin of Herod Agrippa I, c. AD 43–39, Israel Museum (AKG)

19 . Head of Titus, first century AD , Louvre Museum, Paris (Bridgeman Art Library)

20 . Skeletal arm of young woman, AD 67 (Zev Radovan)

21 . Rocks at the foot of the Wall, Jerusalem (author’s photograph)

22 . Detail from the Arch of Titus, Rome (AKG)

23 . Coin minted to commemorate victory over Judaea, AD 81 (Zev Radovan)

24 . Bronze bust of Hadrian, c. 135, Israel Museum (Bridgeman Art Library)

25 . Silver coin issued by Simon bar Kochba, c. 132–5, Israel Museum (AKG)

26 . Fourth-century pilgrim graffiti, Church of the Holy Sepulchre (AKG)

27 . Colossal head of Constantine the Great, Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome (AKG)

28 . Marble statue of Julian the Apostate, 362, Louvre Museum, Paris (AKG)

29 . Justinian I and his retinue, c. 550, San Vitale, Ravenna (Bridgeman Art Library)

30 . Theodora and her retinue, c. 550, San Vitale, Ravenna (Bridgeman Art Library)

31 . Mosaic map of Palestine, Madaba (AKG)

32 . The Golden Gate (author’s photograph)

33 . Ascension of Muhammad, from a manuscript of Nizami’s poem “Khamza,” 1539–43, British Library (AKG)

34 . Umayyad dynasty gold dinar showing Abd al-Malik (The Trustees of the British Museum)

35 . The Dome of the Rock (AKG)

36 . Interior of the Dome of the Rock (Garo Nalbandian)

37 . The looting of Jerusalem in 1099, illuminated miniature from a universal chronicle, Jean de Courcy, Bibliotéque Nationale, Paris (Bridgeman Art Library)

38 . Baldwin I crosses the Jordan, illumination from Roman de Godefroi de Bouillon, Bibliotéque Nationale, Paris (AKG)

39 . Medieval map of Jerusalem from Robert the Monk’s Chronicle of the Crusades (Corbis)

40 . Melisende marrying Fulk of Anjou from the Histoire de la conquete de Jerusalem by William of Tyre, Bibliotéque Nationale, Paris (Bridgeman Art Library)

41 . Melisende’s Psalter, c. 1131–43, British Library (AKG)

42 . Baldwin IV and William of Tyre, illumination from Histoire de Outremer by William of Tyre, British Library (AKG)

43 . Portrait of Saladin, British Library (Bridgeman Art Library)

44 . Frederick II entering Jerusalem, 1227, Vatican Library (AKG)

45 . The Dome of Ascension (AKG)

46 . Entrance to the Market of the Cotton Merchants (author’s collection) Qaitbay fountain (AKG)

47 . Suleiman I, portrait attributed to school of Titian, c. 1530, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (AKG)

48 . Fountain of the Gate of the Chain (AKG)

49 . Detail from the exterior mosaics of the Dome of the Rock (Corbis)

50 . Engraving of Sabbatai Zevi (AKG)

51 . Ibrahim Pasha, Charles-Philippe Larivière, Museum of French History at the Palace of Versailles (RMN)

52 . Greek Church of the Holy Sepulchre, David Roberts, 1839 (AKG)

53 . Sir Moses Montefiore (author’s collection)

54 . Montefiore windmill and cottages (Mishkenot Sha’ananim)

55 . Photograph of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Patriarch Yessayi, 1861 (Armenian Partriarchate)

56 . A group of Yemenite Jews (American Colony)

57 . A group of Ashkenazi Jews, 1885, Hulton Archive (Getty)

58 . Crowd of Russian pilgrims at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (American Colony)

59 . King David Street, Granger Collection (Topfoto)

60 . Theodor Herzl and his family, Hulton Archive (Getty)

61 . Kaiser Wilhelm II in Jerusalem, 1889, Hulton Archive (Getty)

62 . The kaiser at the Tomb of Kings (American Colony)

63 . Bertha Spafford and other members of the American Colony with Bedouin friends, 1902 (American Colony)

64 . Hussein Selim al-Husseini (American Colony)

65 . Montagu Parker (Morley family archives)

66 . Wasif Jawhariyyeh (Institute for Palestine Studies)

67 . Jemal Pasha, 1915 (American Colony)

68 . Turkish executions in Jerusalem (Mary Evans Picture Library)

69 . Chaim Weizmann, 1918

70 . David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, 1910 (Getty)

71 . T. E. Lawrence on the governor’s balcony, 1920 (Getty)

72 . The mayor of Jerusalem surrenders the city, 1917 (Getty)

73 . Fourth of July reception at the American Colony (American Colony)

74 . Winston Churchill, T. E. Lawrence and Amir Abdullah in the gardens of Government House, 1921, Matson Photograph Collection (Library of Congress, Washington, DC)

75 . Investiture by the Duke of Connaught in Barracks Square (American Colony)

76 . Group outside Government House, 1924 (Israel State Archive)

77 . King Hussein and Musa Kazem al Husseini in Jerusalem, 1923 (Library of Congress, Washington, DC)

78 . King Faisal and Amir Abdullah surrounded by students, 1931, Matson Photograph Collection (Library of Congress, Washington, DC)

79 . David Ben-Gurion, 1924 (Mary Evans Picture Library)

80 . Mufti Amin al-Husseini at the Nabi Musa festival, 1937 (Keystone Press, France)

81 . Holy Fire ceremony, 1941, Matson Photograph Collection (Library of Congress, Washington, DC)

82 . Prayers at the Western Wall, 1944 (Central Zionist Archives)

83 . Asmahan (Getty)

84 . Mufti Amin al-Husseini meets Adolf Hitler, 1941 (AKG)

85 . Abd al-Kadir al-Husseini, 1940s (Associated Press)

86 . Abd al-Kadir al-Husseini’s funeral procession, 1948 (Government Press Office, State of Israel)

87 . Bombing of the King David Hotel (author’s collection)

88 . Katy Antonius (Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs)

89 . Jerusalem in smoke during the Arab–Israeli War, 28 May 1948 (Mary Evans Picture Library)

90 . Arab soldiers escorting a Jewish prisoner, 1 June 1948, Time and Life Pictures (Getty)

91 . Jewish girl fleeing from burning buildings, 28 May 1948, Time and Life Pictures (Getty)

92 . Arab troops behind sandbag barricades, 1 June 1948 (AKG)

93 . King Abdullah with crowds in Jerusalem, 1 July 1948 (Getty)

94 . The scene in al-Aqsa mosque after King Abdullah’s assassination, 20 July 1951 (Associated Press)

95 . King Hussein of Jordan, 29 July 1967 (Associated Press)

96 . Yitzhak Rabin and Moshe Dayan during an Israeli cabinet meeting, 1967 (Micha Bar Am/Magnum Photos)

97 . Israeli paratroopers and tanks advancing to Lions’ Gate, 7 June 1967 (Avner Offer)

98 . Israeli soldiers praying at the Western Wall, 7 June 1967 (Cornell Capa/Magnum Photos)

99 . The sheikh in charge of the mosques on the Temple Mount, 7 June 1967 (Micha Bar Am/Magnum Photos)

100 . Israeli troops making their way towards al-Aqsa (Micha Bar Am/Magnum Photos)

101 . Israeli paratroopers at the Dome of the Rock (Avner Offer)