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第五节
其他优势

一、良好的畜禽饲料

(一)猪饲料

美国佛罗里达大学动物科学与农学系的Myer等(1993)研究了不同饲料对猪胴体脂肪酸成分、胴体品质和肉质特性的影响。结果表明,从平均体重33kg开始至102kg,喂食含有高油酸花生(油酸含量75%)、普通花生(油酸含量53%)或菜籽油(油酸含量60%)(以上各处理相当于添加10%油脂)的玉米-豆粕型日粮,与不添加油脂的对照相比,均极显著提升了背部脂肪中的单不饱和脂肪酸含量。高油酸花生处理提升率最高,比对照高32%。普通花生和菜籽油处理极显著提高了多不饱和脂肪酸含量(提高近2倍),高油酸花生处理略有下降。3个处理总不饱和脂肪酸含量极显著高于对照,其中高油酸花生和普通花生处理均提高了24%,菜籽油提高了27%。菜籽油和普通花生处理胴体脂肪松软油腻度显著高于高油酸花生处理和对照。日粮油脂来源对其他胴体成分性状和各种肉质特性无显著影响。日粮油脂来源对烤里脊(broiled loin chops)和炸培根(fried bacon)口味评价结果影响未达显著水平,但注意到菜籽油处理炸培根异味(off-flavor)发生率高,普通花生处理较轻,高油酸花生处理和对照则无。高油酸花生处理提高了猪肉脂肪中的不饱和脂肪酸含量,对胴体和肉质特性无不良影响。

(二)鸡饲料

1.蛋鸡 美国Toomer等(2019a)发现与常规豆粕+玉米饲料对照相比,用添加高油酸花生的饲料(高油酸花生+玉米)饲喂蛋鸡,USDA等级质量(USDA grade quality)、鸡蛋蛋白高度[egg albumen height,或称“哈夫单位”(Haugh unit)]等蛋鸡性能和鸡蛋质量指标无显著差异,但蛋重减轻。饲喂高油酸饲料所产鸡蛋为60%中等大小、35%大、3%超大、2%小,饲喂常规饲料所产鸡蛋为24%中等大小、66%大、10%超大、0.3%小,可见饲喂高油酸饲料减少了过大鸡蛋的比例,对鸡蛋产业有潜在价值。另外,饲喂高油酸饲料的蛋黄颜色打分更高,β胡萝卜素和油酸含量更高,而对照组则棕榈酸、硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪(trans fat)高。研究期间未发现鸡蛋蛋白提取物与兔抗花生凝集素抗体有反应。以上研究认为,高油酸花生可改善鸡蛋营养,从而为消费者提供潜在的健康益处。

Redhead等(2021)采用对照日粮(添加7.8%家禽脂肪的玉米-豆粕型常规日粮)、高油酸花生日粮(约含20%粗磨全高油酸花生的日粮)、油酸日粮(补充有2.6%油酸脂肪酸油的对照日粮)3种等氮和等热量日粮配方,以确定用高油酸花生日粮饲喂产蛋鸡对蛋品质、消化率和饲料转化率的影响。与喂食高油酸花生和对照日粮的蛋鸡相比,喂食油酸日粮的蛋鸡产蛋数量更多( p <0.05);喂食高油酸花生日粮的母鸡所产鸡蛋的罗氏蛋黄色值(Roche yolk color value)更高( p <0.001);各处理组的蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋壳弹性和蛋清高度、回肠脂肪消化率或绒毛表面没有差异。然而,相对于对照日粮,饲喂高油酸花生日粮的蛋鸡表观代谢能( p <0.01)和回肠蛋白质消化率( p =0.02)更高。这项研究提示,未脱除种皮的高油酸花生仁或许是蛋鸡可接受的替代饲料成分。

2.肉鸡 Toomer等(2019b)研究了肉鸡饲喂等热量、等氮高油酸花生日粮(10%~12%高油酸花生+玉米)、油酸日粮(对照日粮+约6%的油酸油)和普通对照日粮(豆粕+玉米)的效果。结果表明,饲喂高油酸花生和对照日粮的肉鸡体重相似;饲喂高油酸花生日粮的肉鸡饲料转化率在第2周、第4周和第6周显著高于其他处理;喂食高油酸花生日粮的肉鸡胴体和胸大肌重量则小于其他处理;喂食高油酸花生日粮的肉鸡鸡胸肉饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸含量极显著低于对照组。以上研究结果表明,给肉鸡喂食完整的不脱皮高油酸花生仁可作为一种丰富鸡肉不饱和脂肪酸的有效途径。

Toomer等(2019c)研究了雄性肉鸡饲喂3种等热量、等氮日粮(普通豆粕+玉米对照日粮、10%~12%高油酸花生+玉米日粮、约添加6.0%油酸脂肪酸油的对照玉米日粮)对肉质和鸡肉感官属性的影响。与其他组相比,喂食高油酸花生的肉鸡胴体重和鸡胸肉产量降低,而喂食高油酸花生的肉鸡腿胴体(leg carcass)产量更高。与其他处理相比,喂食高油酸花生的肉鸡鸡胸肉pH下降、L*色值降低、煮熟损失增加。尽管如此,熟鸡肉感官属性打分在3个处理组间是相似的,说明饲喂高油酸花生对鸡肉感官品质指标无不良影响。

Toomer等(2020)研究了饲喂高油酸花生日粮对肉鸡生产性能、养分消化率和肠道形态的影响。3种等热量、等氮日粮配方:①日粮中包含约10%粗磨全高油酸花生仁;②添加5.5%家禽脂肪的玉米-豆粕对照日粮;③补充有5.5%油酸脂肪酸油的对照日粮。将300只Ross 708肉鸡随机放置在每个处理10个重复的围栏中,每围栏10只小鸡,饲养至42d。每周测定体重和采食量,并计算饲料转化率。在第42d收集空肠样本用于组织形态学分析。在第14d和第42d,饲喂高油酸花生组的肉鸡比其他处理组具有更低的体重( p <0.05)和更高的饲料转化率。处理组之间的空肠绒毛表面积没有显著差异。然而,与其他处理组相比,喂食高油酸花生日粮的肉鸡具有更高的表观代谢能( p =0.019),表明高油酸花生处理组改善了日粮脂肪和/或碳水化合物的营养吸收,但仍需进一步的研究来确定高油酸花生作为替代家禽饲料成分的营养价值。

二、生物柴油的原料

在化石燃料日益紧缺、环境问题压力加剧的今天,生物柴油作为可再生清洁能源的来源日益受到重视(吴谋成等,2009)。

花生单位面积产油量高于作为生物柴油原料的大豆。从价格上看,用花生生产生物柴油目前暂时还不具备竞争优势。在美国农业部和佐治亚大学的研究者看来,花生种植者利用自产花生榨取非精炼油(unrefined oil)制造生物柴油,可满足其自身需要(Davis等,2009)。花生生物柴油与化石柴油按20%:80%的比例混用,可有效降低单独使用花生生物柴油时较高的黏度,并利于改进化石柴油的润滑性(Davis等,2009)。

从生物质能源的角度看,高油酸花生油比普通花生油更适合生产生物柴油。与普通花生生物柴油相比,以高油酸花生油为原料生产的生物柴油具有更好的贮藏稳定性。Moser等(2012)报道,高油酸花生油甲酯(high oleic peanut methyl ester)氧化稳定性(诱导期为21.1h)优于榛子油甲酯(诱导期为7.6h)和胡桃油甲酯(诱导期为2.9h);但因超长链脂肪酸酯含量高,其低温流动性能差,云点 (cloud point,CP)为17.8℃。

生物柴油在低于环境温度下结晶倾向的重要性高于燃料液体黏度。在低温结晶过程中,以前处于液态的分子开始堆积在一起,形成有序的晶体。这些晶体会堵塞燃料系统,在低温下导致机械故障,势必限制低温下纯的和高度混合的生物柴油燃料的使用(Davis等,2009)。Davis等(2009)发现,以10℃ /min冷却花生生物柴油样品时典型的DSC热特征曲线(DSC thermograms,又称DSC热谱图)显示,在所用全部花生生物柴油样品中可检测到两个放热峰(exothermic peak),第1个为结晶峰(crystallization peak)1(CP1),起始温度为12.6~14.7℃。第2个是一个较大的峰,在-55.6~-43.1℃附近起始,称为结晶峰2(CP2)。CP1被认为是样品中微晶开始形成的点,该峰的出现应与云点数据相关。从生物柴油的角度看,了解影响CP1的因素至关重要,因为运行中的发动机中存在此类微晶会导致发动机损坏。花生生物柴油经-10℃低温处理(winterization,冬化)1周,随后收集该温度下的可溶部分并分析FAME(fatty acid methyl esters,脂肪酸甲酯)成分变化,发现其中花生酸(C20:0)、山嵛酸(C22:0)、木蜡酸(C24:0)含量均明显下降,且平均下降量C24:0>C22:0>C20:0。回归分析表明,C24:0与CP1起始密切相关(R 2 =0.88)。这表明低温处理可能具有改善低温下花生生物柴油产品的实际应用价值。Pérez等(2010)研究表明,使用甲醇的结晶过滤技术(crystallization filtration using methanol)效果较好。Davis等(2009)认为,生物柴油专用型花生品种需减少长链饱和脂肪酸(long chain fatty acid,LCFA)含量,高含油量也是极其重要的。美国佐治亚大学试图研发专门用于生产生物柴油的非食用高油花生(Azad,2019)。

Wang等(2011)采用152份花生材料研究表明,花生中的油酸含量与亚油酸、花生酸和山嵛酸含量呈显著负相关。Zhang等(2015)采用9份花生材料研究发现,花生油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸含量与花生酸、花生一烯酸、山嵛酸含量相关不显著。Wilson等(2013)研究了两个杂交组合F 2 及其与双亲回交BC 1 世代脂肪酸含量的遗传规律,发现花生酸、山嵛酸、木蜡酸含量与油亚比分别呈非显著负相关或不相关、显著或不显著负相关、不显著负相关关系。从脂肪酸生物合成途径也可以看出(图1-15),通过诱变或基因工程技术切断18碳脂肪酸(硬脂酸)碳链延长途径,可望降低长链脂肪酸(long-chain fatty acid,LCFA)含量。因此认为,可以在提高花生油酸含量的同时,降低长链脂肪酸含量,提高其抗凝性,从而生产出质量更好的生物柴油。

图1-15 植物种子中常见脂肪酸链延长和去饱和,示脂肪酸间的关系

三、烘烤后烟酸和烟酰胺含量增加

烟酸(也称维生素B 3 ,尼克酸)和烟酰胺(nicotinamide)总称为维生素PP或抗癞皮病维生素,是人体必需的13种维生素之一(韩奕奕等,2020)。

有报道发现,高油酸花生烘烤前后烟酸与烟酰胺含量变化与普通花生不同。2个高油酸花生品种(K-Ol、Milyang#14)烘烤后烟酸与烟酰胺含量之和均显著高于生花生,而2个普通花生品种(Daekwang、Poongan)烘烤后烟酸与烟酰胺含量之和则显著下降或无显著差异(Kim等,2018)。

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