购买
下载掌阅APP,畅读海量书库
立即打开
畅读海量书库
扫码下载掌阅APP

第三节
颈椎分析法评价生长发育

牙颌发育与全身发育是一致的。对于需要正畸治疗的儿童和青少年患者来说,判断患者的生长发育周期,有助于医生在最佳治疗时机给予患者及时的正畸治疗,这对于那些存在骨骼不调的患者尤为重要。而且了解患者的生长发育阶段也有助于正畸医生做出诊断,制订治疗计划,获得良好的正畸效果和稳定性。通常可以通过两种途径来评价生物学年龄:①临床评估,包括第二性征、身高、女孩的初次月经和男孩声音的改变;②用手腕部或颈椎X线片评估 [15-19]

一般来说,手腕部X线片是评价骨龄的金标准 [20] 。主要是通过手腕骨骼的钙化情况,了解生长发育阶段,评估生长发育潜能以及是否处于生长发育高峰期等。1972 年,Lamparski首次提出用颈椎来评价骨龄的标准,他发现在生长发育阶段,男性和女性颈椎的改变是相同的,但女性的颈椎会早于男性发生改变,通过颈椎来评价骨龄具有很高的临床可信度 [21] 。之后的很多研究也显示,颈椎的成熟度与个体骨骼的成熟度密切相关,通过颈椎来评价生长发育具有很高的有效性 [16-18,22-31] 。此外,由于正畸治疗需要常规拍摄头颅侧位片,而头颅侧位片上就有颈椎的显示,若是通过颈椎来评价生长发育,就能避免患者因为拍摄手腕部X线片而接受额外的放射线,所以越来越多的正畸医生开始接受颈椎分析法评价生长发育。

颈椎分析法主要是通过第二颈椎(C2)、第三颈椎(C3)和第四颈椎(C4)(图 1-9)的椎底和椎体的变化来评价生长发育。随着生长发育的不断进行,椎底会由平依次逐渐变凹,C3 和C4 椎体的高度会依次逐渐增加,由最初的梯形依次变为水平矩形、正方形和垂直矩形 [32] (图 1-10)。

图 1-9 头颅侧位片中第二、第三、第四颈椎的显示

通常使用Baccetti法 [33] 来评价颈椎的发育阶段,该方法将颈椎的变化分为了 6 个阶段(图 1-11)。

第一阶段(CS1):C2、C3、C4 的椎底均为平的,C3 和C4 的椎体为梯形。说明离生长发育高峰期还有 2 年左右。

第二阶段(CS2):C2的椎底变凹,C3和C4的椎体为梯形。说明离生长发育高峰期还有 1 年左右。

第三阶段(CS3):C2 和C3 的椎底变凹,C3 和C4 的椎体为梯形或水平矩形。说明生长发育高峰期即将到来。

第四阶段(CS4):C2、C3、C4 的椎底变凹,C3 和C4的椎体为水平矩形。说明在此阶段之前的 1~2 年为生长发育高峰期。

第五阶段(CS5):C2、C3、C4 的椎底仍然是凹的,C3和C4 的椎体至少有一个为正方形;如果不是正方形,剩余的其他椎体均为水平矩形。说明生长发育高峰期至少结束了1 年。

图 1-10 以第三颈椎为例,随着生长发育的进行,其椎底和椎体的变化(摘自Brent Hassel and Allan G. Farman [22]

图 1-11 颈椎变化的 6 个阶段示意图(摘自Tiziano Baccetti,Lorenzo Franchi and James A. McNamara [33]

第六阶段(CS6):C2、C3、C4 的椎底仍然是凹的,C3和C4 的椎体至少有一个为垂直矩形;如果不是垂直矩形,剩余的其他椎体均为正方形。说明生长发育高峰期至少结束了 2 年。

从以上 6 个阶段可以看出,生长发育高峰期处于第三和第四阶段之间,通过观察颈椎底和颈椎体的变化,我们能很好地预测生长发育。近年来的一些研究也显示,对于颈椎的一些轻微变化较难辨别,所以无法准确判断出生长发育高峰期 [19,34] 。但无论怎样,颈椎分析法作为一种评价生长发育的方法,在帮助正畸医生了解青少年患者的生长潜力方面,仍然具有一定的临床意义和参考价值。

总而言之,颌面部的生长发育在胎儿时期即开始,只有当颌面部的骨骼、软组织及牙齿协调生长和发育,才能出现“正常的面型”及“理想的咬合”。一旦这一生长过程出现不调,则会导致错 畸形的发生。因此,对颌面部正常生长发育过程的了解,有助于正畸医生对于错 畸形的诊断分析和最佳矫治计划的制订,有助于理解上、下颌骨矫治后的骨改建和最终形态变化,有助于预测患者矫治结束后的 面形态变化,从而在临床上更好地控制颌面部生长。

参考文献

[1]Som P.M.,Naidich T.P.,Illustrated review of the embryology and development of the facial region,part 1:Early face and lateral nasal cavities[J]. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology,2013,34(12):2233-2240.

[2]于世凤,孙宏晨,何志秀,等.口腔组织病理学(第 6版)[M]. 人民卫生出版社,2007:1-9.

[3]Som P.M.,Naidich T.P.,Illustrated review of the embryology and development of the facial region,part 2:Late development of the fetal face and changes in the face from the newborn to adulthood[J]. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology,2014,35(1):10-18.

[4]Graber L.W.,Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr.,Vig K.W.L.,Orthodontics:Current Principles and Techniques(5th edition)[M]. Mosby,2011:199-226.

[5]Afrand M.,Ling C.P.,Khosrotehrani S.,et al.,Anterior cranial-base time-related changes:A systematic review[J]. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,2014,146(1):21-32 e26.

[6]Bastir M.,Rosas A.,O'Higgins P.,Craniofacial levels and the morphological maturation of the human skull[J]. Journal of Anatomy,2006,209(5):637-654.

[7]Proffit W.R.,Fields H.W.,Sarver D.M.,Contemporary Orthodontics (5th edition)[M]. Mosby,2012:20-65.

[8]Enlow D.H.,Bang S.,Growth and Remodeling of the Human Maxilla[J]. American Journal of Orthodontics,1965,51:446-464.

[9]Hinton R.J.,Carlson D.S.,Regulation of growth in mandibular condylar cartilage[J]. Seminars in Orthodontics,2005,11:209-218.

[10]Chen S.,Chen Y.X.,The skeletal regulating mechanisms and concepts in growth and development of cranial-facial bones and orthodontic treatment[J]. West China Journal of Stomatology,2009,27(5):577-581.

[11]Vig P.S.,Cohen A.M.,Vertical growth of the lips:a serial cephalometric study[J]. American Journal of Orthodontics,1979,75(4):405-415.

[12]Subtelny J.D.,A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics,defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures[J]. The American Journal of Orthodontics,1959,45(7):481-507.

[13]Sharma P.,Arora A.,Valiathan A.,Age changes of jaws and soft tissue profile[J]. The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:301.

[14]Chaconas S.J.,A statistical evaluation of nasal growth[J].American Journal of Orthodontics,1969,56(4):403-414.

[15]Rainey B.J.,Burnside G.,Harrison J.E.,Reliability of cervical vertebral maturation staging[J]. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,2016,150(1):98-104.

[16]Pasciuti E.,Franchi L.,Baccetti T.,et al.,Comparison of three methods to assess individual skeletal maturity[J].Journal of orofacial orthopedics,2013,74(5):397-408.

[17]Mito T.,Sato K.,Mitani H.,Cervical vertebral bone age in girls[J]. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics,2002,122(4):380-385.

[18]Uysal T.,Ramoglu S.I.,Basciftci F.A.,et al.,Chronologic age and skeletal maturation of the cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist:is there a relationship?[J]. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics,2006,130(5):622-628.

[19]Ball G.,Woodside D.,Tompson B.,et al.,Relationship between cervical vertebral maturation and mandibular growth[J]. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics,2011,139(5):e455-461.

[20]Beit P.,Peltomaki T.,Schatzle M.,et al.,Evaluating the agreement of skeletal age assessment based on hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae radiography[J]. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics,2013,144(6):838-847.

[21]Lamparski DG,Skeletal age assessment utilizing cervical vertebrae[master's thesis]. Pittsburgh,Penn:Department of Orthodontics,The University of Pittsburgh;1972.

[22]Hassel B.,Farman A.G.,Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae[J]. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics,1995,107(1):58-66.

[23]Franchi L.,Baccetti T.,McNamara J.A.,Jr.,Mandibular growth as related to cervical vertebral maturation and body height[J]. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics,2000,118(3):335-340.

[24]Garcia-Fernandez P.,Torre H.,Flores L.,et al.,The cervical vertebrae as maturational indicators[J]. Journal of clinical orthodontics,1998,32(4):221-225.

[25]Cericato G.O.,Bittencourt M.A.,Paranhos L.R.,Validity of the assessment method of skeletal maturation by cervical vertebrae:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Dento maxillo facial radiology,2015,44(4):270.

[26]Gu Y.,McNamara J.A.,Mandibular growth changes and cervical vertebral maturation. a cephalometric implant study[J]. The Angle orthodontist,2007,77(6):947-953.

[27]Perinetti G.,Contardo L.,Castaldo A.,et al.,Diagnostic reliability of the cervical vertebral maturation method and standing height in the identification of the mandibular growth spurt[J]. The Angle orthodontist,2016,86(4):599-609.

[28]Kuc-Michalska M.,Baccetti T.,Duration of the pubertalpeak in skeletal Class I and Class III subjects[J]. TheAngle orthodontist,2010,80(1):54-57.

[29]Garc í a-Drago A.G.,Arriola-Guill é n L.E.,Durationof the peak of growth in Class I and III subjects using theBaccetti's cervical vertebrae maturation analysis on lateralcephalometric radiographs[J]. Oral Health Dent Manag,2014,13(4):963-966.

[30]Salazar-Lazo R.,Arriola-Guillen L.E.,Flores-Mir C.,Duration of the peak of adolescent growth spurt in class i andii malocclusion subjects using a cervical vertebrae maturationanalysis[J]. Acta odontologica latinoamericana :AOL,2014,27(2):96-101.

[31]Moshfeghi M.,Rahimi H.,Rahimi H.,et al.,Predictingmandibular growth increment on the basis of cervical vertebral dimensions in Iranian girls[J]. Progress in orthodontics,2013,14(3).

[32]Baccetti T.,Franchi L.,McNamara J.A.,An improved version of the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of mandibular growth[J]. The Angle orthodontist,2002,72(4):316-323.

[33]Baccetti T.,Franchi L.,McNamara J.A.,The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics[J].Seminars in Orthodontics,2005,11(3):119-129.

[34]Gray S.,Bennani H.,Kieser J.A.,et al.,Morphometric analysis of cervical vertebrae in relation to mandibular growth [J]. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics :official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists,its constituent societies,and the American Board of Orthodontics,2016,149(1):92-98. zFGS+WUZrGnH8D0FWh8Wfxo97IFsny4FjKuZ/sl/DF4zAA/S2UKKg6wEu89kFSIA

点击中间区域
呼出菜单
上一章
目录
下一章
×