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马克龙将关闭法国国家行政学院

在明年春天即将举行大选之际，马克龙希望借此提振自己因应对新冠疫情不力而下降的支持率。

全文共 617 个词，by Leila Abboud

President Emmanuel Macron is moving ahead with a plan to close Ecole Nationale d’Administration （Ena）— the elite postgraduate school that has trained the politicians and chief executives who dominate French public life.

法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙（Emmanuel Macron）正在推进关闭国家行政学院（Ecole Nationaled'Administration）的计划。国家行政学院是一家精英研究生院，培养了主导法国公共生活的政治人士和企业高管。

The Elysée announced on Thursday that Ena, long dominated by students from privileged backgrounds, will be replaced by a new “public management school” that will draw from a more diverse pool of candidates and teach a broader curriculum including the environment and poverty.

爱丽舍宫（Elysée Palace）周四宣布，长期以来主要由出身优越背景的学生就读的国家行政学院将被一所新的“公共管理学院”取代，这所新学院将从更多样化的候选人中选拔学生，教授更广泛的课程，包括环境和贫困问题方面的课程。

To reform the senior civil service, the government will also abolish the system by which people are initially assigned to the most prestigious government jobs based on their ranking at Ena graduation,and instead give them roles based on needs and skills.

为改革高级公务员体系，政府还将废除最初根据学生在国家行政学院的毕业排名分配最显赫政府职位的制度，改为根据需求和技能分配职位。

Macron first promised to abolish Ena, which has produced four of France's seven presidents since 1958 and is his own alma mater, in 2019 in response to the anti-establishment gilets jaunes protests.

2019 年，马克龙首次承诺废除国家行政学院，以回应反建制“黄背心”（gilets jaunes）抗议活动。自 1958 年以来，7 位法国总统中有 4 位出身国家行政学院，该学院也是马克龙的母校。

The decision shocked the French elite and divided public opinion — some saw it as a long overdue move to help fix an unequal society while others decried it as a cynical gesture pandering to populists.

这一决定震惊了法国精英阶层，也引起了公众舆论的分歧——一些人认为早就该采取这一行动，帮助修复不平等的社会，另一些人则谴责这是一种迎合民粹主义者的犬儒姿态。

Last year the government appeared to soften its stance and floated the idea of replacing Ena with a new institution while retaining the brand for international purposes such as the training of EU staff.That approach has now been adopted as Macron prepares for presidential elections next spring with his popularity dented by his handling of the coronavirus pandemic.

去年，政府似乎软化了立场，并提出了一个新想法：用一所新学院替代国家行政学院，但保留其品牌用于国际目的，例如为欧盟（EU）培训人才。在采纳这一方式之际，马克龙正在为明年春天的总统大选做准备，而他对新冠疫情的应对削弱了自己的支持率。

Ena was founded in 1945 under Charles de Gaulle with the aim of training civil servants drawn from all social classes through entrance exams and assigning jobs based on performance rather than wealth or connections.

国家行政学院创办于 1945 年戴高乐（Charles de Gaulle）任内，旨在通过入学考试筛选并培养来自社会各阶层的公务员，并根据在校表现而不是财富或关系分配工作。

But in recent decades critics have called it a failed meritocracy given that students increasingly came from the upper classes — 70 per cent at the latest count, compared to about 45 per cent in the 1950s.

但近几十年来，由于越来越多的学生出身上层阶级——最新统计数据为 70%，而 1950 年代则为约 45%——批评人士称其是一种失败的贤能统治。

The close-knit group of graduates known as énarques then often help each other to the top jobs in business and politics. For example, the current chief executives of telecoms operator Orange, bank Société Générale, and food retailer Carrefour are all Ena graduates, as were five of the last ten prime ministers.

国家行政学院的毕业生关系亲密，被称为“énarque”，他们常常帮助彼此获得商业和政治上的高级职位。例如，法国电信运营商Orange、法国兴业银行（Société Générale）和食品零售商家乐福（Carrefour）的现任首席执行官均毕业于国家行政学院，过去 10 位法国总理中有 5 位也出自该校。

Only about 100 people, 80 of them French, emerge from the two-year programme each year.

每年只有大约 100 人——其中 80 人是法国人——从其两年制课程毕业。

Whether the new approach proposed by Macron's government will prove to be fairer is difficult to predict, said Luc Rouban, a political scientist who has researched Ena and its history. It will depend on the details of how competitive entrance exams are conducted and how graduates of the new school are then placed in the civil service.

研究国家行政学院及其历史的政治科学家吕克·罗班（Luc Rouban）表示，很难预测马克龙政府提出的新方法是否会更公平。这取决于具体如何进行竞争性入学考试，以及新学院的毕业生将如何进入公务员体系。

Nevertheless, in targeting Ena Macron is sending a political message, said Rouban. “He wants to show that he is enacting a reform to make France more meritocratic just as he promised he would when he was elected in 2017,” said Rouban.

罗班表示，无论如何，马克龙把矛头指向国家行政学院都是在传递一个政治信息。罗班说：“他想表明他正在实施一项令法国更加走向贤能统治的改革，就像他 2017 年当选总统时承诺的那样。”

“In a sense, Macron is trying to go back to Ena's original mission in 1945 to attract talent from all walks of life to help run France, and stop it being the finishing school for elites it is today,” said Rouban. “The risk is that they just put a new name of the school on some business cards, but little else changes.”

“从某种意义上说，马克龙是在试图重回国家行政学院 1945 年成立之初的使命，吸引各种背景的人才帮助管理法国，而不是像现在这样成为精英阶层的精修学校。”罗班说，“风险在于，他们只是在一些名片上给学校印个新名字，而其他的几乎没有变化。”

Damien Abad, the leader of the centre-right Les Républicains group in the National Assembly, said he supported abolishing Ena because it produced leaders who were “disconnected” from the population.“We must open up access to the senior civil service and encourage upwards social mobility,” said the politician, who himself failed the Ena entrance exam. “This is a first step.”

法国国民议会（National Assembly）中右翼共和党（Les Républicains）领导人达米安·阿巴德（Damien Abad）表示，他支持废除国家行政学院，因为出身该学院的领导人与民众“脱节”。“我们必须开放成为高级公务员的渠道，并鼓励社会向上流动。”这位未能通过国家行政学院入学考试的政治人士说，“这是第一步。”

Benjamin Cauchy, a former gilets jaunes activist who has gone into politics, was more sceptical. “The problem is not Ena. It is the groupthink and the inability of political leaders to direct the civil service and reform the state.”

现已进入政坛的前黄背心活动人士邦雅曼·柯西（Benjamin Cauchy）则持更为怀疑的态度。“问题不在于国家行政学院。问题在于群体思维和政治领导人在引导公务员体系和改革国家方面的无能。” 4jN7wCSnTF3kioLNeVFjZHi5rhgqQ2pQcIap+QuUxvir70fOGnWKMIBUsUhcDH4A