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九、糖尿病肾病的预后和危害

未经治疗的白蛋白尿患者5~15年可以发展为临床大量蛋白尿,再经5~7年可以进展至终末期肾衰竭。澳大利亚的流行病学数据表明,1997/1998糖尿病肾病导致的终末期肾病的5年生存率约为28%,2007/2008上升到了37.5%。在所有的终末期肾病患者中,无论是接受血液透析、腹膜透析还是肾移植治疗,糖尿病肾病导致的预后最为不良。糖尿病肾病透析患者的平均生存时间约为5~7年,腹膜透析患者的技术生存率约为2~3年。近年来尸体肾移植的5年存活率提高到79%,活体肾移植为91%,而接受透析者其5年存活率仅43%。活体肾特别是亲属供肾者的存活率明显高于尸体肾移植。但糖尿病肾病患者移植肾存活率仍比非糖尿病患者低10%。单纯肾移植并不能防止糖尿病肾病再发生,也不能改善其他的糖尿病合并症。

在我国接受血液透析的患者每人年均医疗费用约10万元左右,腹膜透析患者的费用稍低,但也需要6万~7万元,这并不包括发生合并症及入院治疗的费用。糖尿病肾病患者的医疗费用要远超过这个估计,尚不包括相关的药物、陪护人员的开销费用。更为关键的是,晚期糖尿病肾病的疗效和预后较非糖尿病肾病患者明显不佳,糖尿病肾病患者的不良预后提示,早期诊断和早期干预仍然是糖尿病肾病防治中的重中之重。

在中国台湾的流行病学数据表明,糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病后,患者的预期寿命平均减少16年,无论男女,不论初诊时发病的年龄。

很多研究表明,糖尿病肾病的预后和多个临床指标有关,如基线蛋白尿、肾小球滤过率、性别、发病年龄,临床因素如血糖控制情况、糖尿病病程、服用抗高血压药的数量、先前的血管事件或者血管并发症等。目前,蛋白尿和肾小球滤过率仍然被认为是预测2型糖尿病患者早期慢性肾脏病发病及进展的最重要因素。 ZwYFlXqn6E+pSTfJC+BqJfYldftehfARms/TXrDi6p8GwdLNYLvigZofKARp/bCE



【本章小结】

糖尿病肾病定义的变迁反映了人类对该病认识的不断深入,对早期全面筛查和适时进行肾脏活组织病理检查的重要性的认识逐渐清晰。糖尿病肾病治疗应早期介入、综合治疗。倡导建立以患者为主体的治疗体系,强化对糖尿病肾病患者科普教育和自我管理的培训。临床上需要相关专业多学科协作治疗,并以死亡、心血管事件和肾脏终点事件为出发点制定合理的综合治疗策略以提高患者的生活治疗和预期寿命。

由于糖尿病肾病发病率高、危害性大,一方面需要加强对糖尿病肾病相关专业人员的普识教育,注重药物治疗中的心、脑血管安全性问题;另一方面进一步深入研究糖尿病肾病的发病机制、早期诊断生物标志物等热点问题,以期改善糖尿病肾病预后,降低不良事件风险。

(王文健 梁田田) ZwYFlXqn6E+pSTfJC+BqJfYldftehfARms/TXrDi6p8GwdLNYLvigZofKARp/bCE



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