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二、句子

1.句子(sentence)

句子是表达思想的基本单位,句子由单词组成,但组成时必须遵循一定的规则,这就是语法。违反了这些规则,语言就不正确,也就不能正确地表达思想,因此每句话都牵涉到语法。就书面语而言,每句话第一个字母必须大写,句末必须有句号,如果是问句,末尾应加问号,如:

We are learning English.

Who is your teacher?

2.句子的成分

(1)主要成分:

① 句子总的说来由两部分构成,即主语(subject)与谓语(pre­dicate),如:

② 这里讲的谓语是指广义的谓语,通常说谓语是指动词或动词短语,后面常可跟(一个)宾语(object)或状语(adverbial),如:

(2)其他成分:

① 呼语(vocative),指对听话人的称呼,如:

Good morning, Tom .

② 同位语(appositive),加在一个名词后面,说明它指谁或指什么事物,如:

She was born in Berkeley, a small town in California .

③ 插入语(parenthesis),指在一句话中插进去的成分,如:

This, I think , is the best way to help them.

上面三种成分常用逗号把它们和句子的其他部分分开。

3.句子的种类

句子按说话目的可以分为四类:

(1)陈述句(statements),陈述一个事实,表明一个愿望、猜测等:

I wish you success. (愿望)

He may be in bed now. (猜测)

(2)问句(questions),提出问题,请对方回答:

May I ask you a question?

Where should I sit?

(3)祈使句(imperatives),提出命令、请求等:

Get everything ready tomorrow. (命令)

Take care! (叮嘱)

(4)感叹句(exclamations),表示赞美、惊异等情绪:

How beautiful (this is)!

How silly (you are)!

4.问句的种类

问句主要分为四类:

(1)一般疑问句(general questions),也可称为“yes/no” questions(是否型问句),因为它一般是由 yes 或 no 回答的:

Are you from Japan? —Yes, I am.

Do you like horror films? —No, I don't.

(2)特殊疑问句(special questions),也可称为“wh” -questions,因为它们多数都以who、what、where、when、which、whose、why这类词开头:

Who is it on the phone?

Where have you been?

(3)选择问句(alternative questions),一般提出两种可能,看哪一种属实。这类问句都由两部分组成,由or把它们连接起来。通常前面部分用升调,后面部分用降调:

Are you from the South or from the North?

Is he going by train or by plane?

(4)反意问句(disjunctive questions),也可称tag-questions(tag指简短问句):

① 这种问句由两部分组成,前面部分是一个陈述句,后面部分为一简短问句(称为question tag),如:

This is your car, isn't it?

They are your children, aren't they?

② 要注意,如果前面部分是肯定句,后面的简短问句一般要用否定形式(上面例句都是这样的)。反之,如果前面部分为否定句,则后面的简短问句要用肯定形式,如:

You don't like rock music, do you?

Your wife isn't in China now, is she?

③ 在个别情况下,前后两部分可以都是肯定或都是否定。这时有特殊的含义,如:

So he won't pay his bills, won't he? We'll see about that.(=He is too naive to think.) (有威胁的意思。)

You sold that lovely bracelet, did you? (=I'm sorry you did.) (真遗憾。)

5.语序

词在构成句子时有一定的顺序,肯定句通常按下列顺序排列:

(1)自然语序(natural word order):
(2)倒装语序(inverted word order):

谓语有时全部或部分地提到主语前面时,称为倒装语序。问句很多都用倒装语序: FYoAxn4NoqFsXUMZjyth6cnd8WFJ4LBN/Q4SaIHvqZRFVRnM/c83d0sNFamVzPPb

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