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一、四种语气

1.语气

和时态、语态一样,语气(mood)也是谓语动词的一种形式,它表明说话目的和意图。英语中有四种语气,即:

陈述语气(Indicative Mood,或称 Declarative Mood)

疑问语气(Interrogative Mood)

祈使语气(Imperative Mood)

虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)

2.陈述语气和疑问语气

(1)陈述语气:

用来陈述一个事实,或提出一个看法,如:

China is a great country. (陈述事实)

It's probably going to rain. (提出看法)

(2)疑问语气:

用来提出问题,如:

Where are you from?

Are you from the south?

3.祈使语气

祈使句的谓语动词都用动词原形(主语省略),称为祈使语气。这种句子可以提出请求,发出邀请,给予指示、忠告或警告,也可发出命令等:

(1)常见形式:

Come in and take a seat. (邀请)

Go there right away. (命令)

Stay in bed for a couple of days. (叮嘱)

Try to talk this over with your sister. (建议)

Stay away from these people. (劝告)

(2)有必要时也可带主语:

Someone fetch a pail of water.

You girls stand in the front row.

(3)使用呼语(vocative),表示这话是对谁说的:

Fasten your seat belt, Tom.

Come this way, madam.

(4)否定形式用 don't开始(书面材料中可用 do not):

Don't lose the key.

Don't be silly!

4.虚拟语气

在表示一种假想的情况或主观愿望时,动词有时需用特殊形式,称为虚拟语气。涉及的动词形式包括动词原形、情态动词、过去式及过去完成式。在形式上它大致分为三类:

(1)现在虚拟语气:

主要是用情态动词或省略后的动词原形,用意是表达需要做或发生的事情,其可能性一般:

They propose(d) that Dr.Wood be elected.

Our decision is that the school remain closed.

(2)过去虚拟语气:

主要是 were和过去式,用于各种人称,表示一种估计或期望,其可能性更低一些:

I wish the bus went to the university.

If he found a patient listener, he would pour out his trouble.

(3)过去完成形式:

① 和过去完成时形式相同,表示已完成,已过去,现在无可能:

If only I had listened to my parents!

I wish I hadn't wasted so much money.

② 有些情态动词也常用在虚拟语气中:

If only she would go with me! qXg0nKmqqmQwKqRk1xEyJ8iz5+lPojccqTMALzeQw+/xDRb3cH0ZwJRGBZzeeYHi

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