六、过去完成时和过去完成进行时

1.过去完成时的用法

（1）过去完成时表示过去某时之前业已发生的动作：

When I got to the station the train had left .

We cleaned up as soon as our guest had left .

（2）过去时间有时由时间状语表示：

By this time he had already made some friends.

By dusk the news had spread through the city.

在 after 引起的状语从句中，常可用过去完成时（有时也可用一般过去时）： After we had finished tea we all sat on the grass.

I found the letter after he had gone away.

（3）在很多情况下，过去时间由上下文表示出来，不需要用表示过去时间的状语：

We were not hungry.We' d just had lunch.

The room was dirty.I hadn't cleaned it for weeks.

（4）有时可用在宾语从句、状语从句或定语从句中：

We found that somebody had broken our window.

I thought you had already got my letter.

She was very excited as she had never been to a dance.

2.过去完成时的一些特殊用法

（1）和 time 这个词连用：

This was the first time he had ever been late.

It was the second time he had been out with her.

（2）用于 hope、intend、mean、think 等词的过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望：

I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.

I had meant to go on Monday but have stayed on.

（3）用于expect、hope、want、think等词的过去完成时，表示“比……”：

We arrived earlier than we had expected .

Things didn't go so smoothly as we had hoped .

（4）有时可以和过去进行时一道来描绘一种景象：

Dusk had fallen .The moon was shining faintly on the winding road.Silence reigned in the village.

（5）可以用来追叙已发生的情况：

When we returned from our holidays, we found our house in a mess.What had happened when we had been away? A burglar had broken into the house and had stolen a lot of things.

3.过去完成进行时的用法

（1）过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作：

The ground was wet.It had been raining .

He gave up smoking last year.He' d been smoking for twenty years.

（2）过去时间可用一个时间状语表示：

When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years .

Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter.

（3）但在更多情况下过去时间由另一个句子表示出来，无须加上时间状语：

Her eyes were red.It was obvious she had been crying .

She couldn't understand him.She hadn't been learning English long.

（4）有时上下文可说明是谈过去的事，因此不需要时间状语：

We had been travelling in many countries.

The rain had been pouring all night.

（5）这个时态也可用在某些从句中，这时从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前并对其有影响：

They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years.

The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling .

（6）这个时态和现在完成进行时很相似，只不过是把着眼点移到过去罢了：

（7）过去完成时和现在完成时一样，表示动作已经完成，而过去完成进行时表示一个一直持续的动作，而这动作未必已经完成：

（8）有许多静态动词虽然也有延续意味，但不能用于进行时态，只可用于完成时态：

We had known each other for many years.

They had loved me like their own child. BREzmXpXul8vwpBJ+Hndp8AXDVcZkpHs+CvBisGhv1YTEbPLWrS6dY9EYgsPLxcu