五、现在完成时和现在完成进行时

1.现在完成时的基本用法

（1）现在完成时是一个把过去和现在联系起来的时态。谈的都是已经发生的事，但和现在都有某种关系，就是指从过去某时到现时，某事已完成或已经发生：

I' ve lost my passport.

We' ve bought a new house.

这个时态常和 just、already、yet 这类词连用，表示刚发生的事：

I've just had my lunch.

She hasn't received your letter yet .

（2）有时表示从过去到现在这一段时间内发生的事：

I' ve been there twice this year.

That's the most interesting book I' ve ever read .

（3）有时还表示持续到现在的状态：

The storm has lasted for three hours.

She' s always felt that films should be educational.

2.和现在完成时连用的时间状语

（1）在日常口语中，使用现在完成时常不需要时间状语：

George has won !

Have you heard from her?

（2）但在不少情况下也可使用状语。最常见的有下面几类：

① 表示时间程度的状语：

I've often heard her sing this song.

I've always wondered why they were so cruel to animals.

② 表示由过去到现在这段时间的状语：

In the past two years I've seen him little.

For some time past I've suffered from high blood pressure.

③ just、already、yet 这类状语：

I've just sent a fax to them.

Have you passed the driving test yet ?

④ 由 for、since引起的状语：

They have been married for ten years.

Tom hasn't been home since he was a boy.

3.现在完成时和一般过去时的比较

（1）这两个时态虽然都表示过去发生的事，但说话的目的不一样：

用现在完成时往往是为说明现在情况，过去与现在的关系，表示从过去开始，至今已完成，而用过去时只是单纯谈论过去的动作或状况本身。

I' ve chosen some CDs for the party.

I chose some novels and bought them.

I' ve got no news from him.

I got the news from Jim.

（2）yesterday、last year、at that time、in 1989、when等表示较确切的某点时间一概不能用现在完成时。反之，有表示前一段时间的则可用现在完成时：

Tom has been busy recently.

Tom was busy last week.

I' ve just been here for ten minutes.

I was there a minute ago.

（3）有时并没有时间状语，但具体情况也会影响时态的使用：

Somebody has spilt coffee on the carpet.

Well, it wasn't me.I didn't do it

Your hair looks nice. Have you had a haircut?

Who cut it? Did you go to the hairdresser?

No, a friend of mine did it for me.

（4）有时一句话表明了总的情况，其后面句子的时态都受它制约：

I' ve had a bad day.So far, I' ve brought several customers the wrong food.I' ve broken a lot of dishes, and no one has left me tips! 我今天很不顺利，到现在为止，我已给几位顾客上错了菜，我打破了好些盘子，没人给过我小费！

（5）有时同样一句话随着说话的意图不同，可以用不同时态：

I' ve lost my key.(I'm still looking for it.)

I lost my key.(Later I found it.)

（6）有关现在完成时的几个问题：

① have gone (to) 与 have been (to) 的差别：

have gone (to) 表示“到某地去了”，因此人还在那里：

He has gone abroad to continue his studies.

而 have been (to) 表示“到过某处”，人并不在那里：

She has been to Europe twice.

② 在 since 引起的从句中的时态：

a.在 since 引起的从句中通常用一般过去时，而主句中的动词一般都用现在完成时：

We have lived in England since I was a child.

I have had a baby since I saw you last.

b.当主句表示“有多少时间”时，动词可用一般现在时：

It's just a week since we arrived here.

c.在从句中有时可用现在完成时，特别是当动词为 be 时：

It's some time since I have spoken to you about this matter.

③ 在时间或条件从句中可用现在完成时代替将来完成时：

I'll write him when I have finished the book.

After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass.

④ 在使用 this morning、this afternoon、this season (summer)这类状语时的情况：

在使用上述时间状语时要注意，如果说话时间仍在这个范围，则可用现在完成时，否则要用一般过去时：

We have visited a lot of places this summer.

We visited a lot of places this summer.

⑤ 和 time 连用的情况：在表示“第……次做某事”时常使用现在完成时：

It's the first time she has driven a car.

It's the second time this has happened .

⑥ have got 的特殊用法：

a.have got 在形式上是现在完成时，有时却和 have 意思相同，表示“有”：

How many brothers have you got ?

I haven't got a thermometer.

have got to 表示“不得不”，意思和 have to 相同：

I' ve got to be off now.

The child has got to have an operation.

b.在口语中 have 有时省略：

We got to make ends meet.

4.现在完成进行时的用法

（1）现在完成进行时表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作，这动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在进行：

The ground is wet.It has been raining .

You're out of breath. Have you been running ?

（2）用这个时态时常常有一个表示现在之前这一段时间的状语：

She' s been playing tennis since she was eight.

He' s been smoking too much recently.

（3）这个时态常和 how long 或 long、all 一起用：

How long has it been raining?

All night long this has been going on.

（4）有时表示在持续的一段时间中动作的多次重复（而动作不一定在持续）：

We' ve all along been making mistakes like this.

They have been meeting together weekly now for two years.

在不少情况下这动作和现在的状况有联系：

The room stinks.Someone' s been smoking in here.

She's very tired.She' s been typing letters all day.

5．现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较

（1）这两个时态总的说来是不同的。现在完成时常常表示动作业已完成，而现在完成进行时却并不如此：

I' ve read a book. （动作已完成。）

I' ve been reading a book. （书不一定看完。）

She has painted her room. （已漆完。）

She has been painting her room. （可能还没漆完。）

（2）另外，有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时，一般不能用于完成进行时，例如下面句子就不宜改用进行时：

I' ve known him for many years.

The war has lasted for a long time.

（3）在强调动作持续时间的长度时，特别是有long、how long这类状语时，常用完成进行时：

We've long been making preparations for it.

All these years we've been trying to get in touch with you. 3PslPwGEwfC6laBhP3g7E7/0pp0EOaQ7D5aSGf0VexmNuSZx4S6hNLUtG5LBw67J