大多数动词都有四种主要形式:
也可称为动词原形,其他形式多数是由它派生而来。
① 一类为“规则动词”(regular verbs),由现在式加-ed词尾构成,如:
I work in the post office.
I worked in a bank last year.
② 另一类则有独特的过去式,称为“不规则动词”(irregular verbs),如:
We go there every day.
We went there last week.
① 规则动词的过去分词由现在式加 -ed 词尾构成,如:
I live near the park.
I have lived here for many years.
② 不规则动词则有独特的过去分词,如:
I do my homework at home.我在家做作业。 (do 为现在式)
I have already done my homework.我的作业已经做好了。 (done为过去分词)
现在分词都由现在式加 -ing 词尾构成,因此也称作动词的 -ing形式。许多时态都由现在分词构成,例如现在进行时即由“be+现在分词”构成:
She is telling us a story.
因此可以看出,这四种形式是各种时态的基础,而几乎每句话都离不开时态。因此必须正确掌握这四种形式。
英语中大部分动词都是规则动词。规则动词都以加 -ed 词尾的方式构成过去式及过去分词,又以加-ing词尾的方式构成现在分词。
① 第三人称单数动词变化:
在一般现在时中,如果主语是第三人称单数,则动词一般需加-s 词尾。
a.一般情况下都直接加-s:
comes lives plays listens
b.在以 ch、sh、s、x 或 o 结尾的词后要加 -es:
teach → teaches catch → catches
wish → wishes wash → washes
miss → misses guess →guesses
mix → mixes fix → fixes
go → goes do → does
c.以“辅音+y”结尾的词,先变 y 为 i 再加 es:
try → tries study → studies
reply → replies ly → flies
② 现在分词的构成法:
a.现在分词一般由动词原形加 -ing 构成,如:
go → going stand → standing
b.但在下列情况下,拼写应做相应变化:
以不发音的 -e 结尾的动词,须去掉 e 再加 -ing,如:
come → coming write → writing
但当将-e去掉会引起发音变化时,最后的 -e 就应保留,如:
agree → agreeing singe → singeing
另外,-e 前为元音时,-e 也应保留,如:
canoe → canoeing
c.动词是闭音节的单音节词,或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,这个辅音字母须双写,然后再加 -ing,如:
sit → sitting begin → beginning
run → running admit → admitting
d.少数几个以 -ie 结尾的单音节动词,须变 ie 为 y,再加 -ing,如:
die → dying tie → tying lie → lying
③ 分词形式的变化:但在加 -ed 及 -ing 词尾时要注意几点:
a.若以字母e结尾,过去式及过去分词只需加-d;而现在分词则要除去e,加上 -ing(双 e 结尾的除外):
love → loved → loving
acknowledge → acknowledged → acknowledging
live → lived → living
please → pleased → pleasing
b.以“辅音+ y”结尾,过去式及过去分词应先变 y 为 i,再加 -ed;现在分词只加 -ing:
study → studied/studying try → tried/trying
fry → fried/frying
c.以“元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾,该音节又重读者,末尾辅音字母要双写,再加 -ed 或 -ing:
plan → planned/planning beg → begged/begging
prefer → preferred/preferring permit → permitted/permitting
在其他情况下都直接加 -ed 或 -ing:
play → played/playing (虽以y结尾,但前面是元音字母a)
pack → packed/packing (末尾是两个辅音字母,因此无须双写)
repeat → repeated/repeating (辅音字母前是两个元音字母,因此辅音字母无须双写)
open → opened/opening (后面音节不重读,因此末尾辅音字母也 无须 双写)
d.“一个元音字母+l”结尾的词,英国人双写,美国人却不双写:
travel → travelled/travelling (英)
traveled/traveling (美)
cancel → cancelled/cancelling (英)
canceled/canceling (美)
e.若“l”前面有两个元音字母,l则一概不双写:
reveal → revealed/revealing (英,美)
appeal → appealed/appealing (英,美)
f.另有少数特殊的词,尽管末尾音节不重读,末尾辅音字母在英国仍然双写:
worship → worshipped/worshipping (英)
worshiped/worshiping (美)
program → programmed (英,美)
programed (美国有时用此拼法)
g.以“x”结尾的词,x 不双写:
tax→ taxed/taxing mix→ mixed/mixing
h.词尾字母双写:在英语中,有些词在加 -ed/-ing 时,其末尾字母需要双写。常见的有下面这些:
另外,下面的词在加 -ed 和 -ing 时,在英国英语中末尾的字母要双写,而在美国英语中却不一定双写:
不规则动词数目虽然有限,但大多是常用动词,例如:
从这些词可以看出,这些动词都是最常用的,不熟练掌握这些词,学时态就会困难重重。因为要表示时态是需要利用各种复杂的动词形式的,如果对这些形式不能了如指掌,就很容易混淆各种形式。此外,这里面有些词有两种拼法,Ⅰ是英国拼法,Ⅱ是美国拼法(直接加-ed),例如:
I'm going home (= I am going home).
He's gone to town (= He has gone to town).
动词在用作谓语时,它要受主语的制约,受时态、语态和语气的限制。这些形式都称为限定形式(finite forms),也有人称为谓语形式,即作谓语时用的形式。有少数动词,如情态动词,不受主语的影响,在任何人称后形式都不变。 因此它们也被称为无变化动词(defective verbs)。如:
人称一致:
I know that. (第一人称)
She knows that. (第三人称)
它和主语要在数上一致:
She is a doctor. (第三人称单数)
They are doctors. ( 第三人称复数)
时态(tense):
We had an English lesson yesterday. (过去时)
We will have another English lesson tomorrow. (将来时)
We're having an English lesson now. (现在进行时)
语态(voice):
Everybody respects him. (主动语态)
He is respected by everybody. (被动语态)
语气(mood):
He is rather careless. (陈述语气)
Be careful. (祈使语气)
I wish he were more careful. (虚拟语气)
英语中不同时间发生的动作要用不同的形式表示,称为时态(tense)。英语中一共有十六个时态,它们是:
① 一般现在时用动词原形,但在第三人称单数的主语后,一般动词要加-s:
② 一般过去时用动词的过去式,不分人称,全用一种形式(但动词 be 除外,第一、 三人称单数后用 was,其他情况都用 were):
I (He) was excited.We (They) were excited.
③ 一般将来时,一般用“will+动词原形”构成,在问句中若主语是第一人称,可用“shall+动词原形”:
You (He, She, It, They) will try.
Shall I try?
Will you try?
④ 一般过去将来时,一般用“would+动词原形”构成,在个别情况下第一人称可用 should:
We knew we should win.
⑤ 各种进行时态都用“be+现在分词”构成,时间由 be 表现出来:
(现在)We are (I am/He is) learning a new tense.
(过去)She was (They were) playing bridge.
(将来)I will be thinking of you.
(过去所指的将来)I told him we would be thinking of him.
⑥ 各种完成时态都用“have (has)+过去分词”构成,时间由 have 表现出来:
(现在)He has written a poem.
(过在)He showed me the poem he had written.
(将来)You will have got the letter by tomorrow.
(过去所指的将来)I told him that he would have got an answer by that night.
⑦ 各种完成进行时态都由“have+been+现在分词”构成,时间由 have 表现出来:
(现在)He has been teaching for eight years.
(过去)He told me that he had been teaching for eight years.
(将来)By July, I'll have been teaching here for ten years.
(过去所指的将来)I heard by July you'd have been teaching here for ten years.
⑧ 把这些时态形式归纳起来可以形成下表:
a.这些时态并不都是同样活跃的。最基础的是下面五种时态:
一般现在时
现在进行时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在完成时
b.其次比较常用的是下面五种时态:
过去进行时
过去完成时
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
将来进行时
其他时态只是偶然用到。
⑨ 在学习时态的过程中要注意两类形式:
a.否定式,通常都由系动词be、助动词或情态动词后加 not 构成:
She is not at home.
She has not done her homework.
She can not answer this question.
b.疑问式,一般疑问句和特殊疑问句一般按下面方式构成:
Is (Was) he working now (then)?
Where are you from?
英语中有两种语态(voice),一种是主动语态(active voice),一种是被动语态(passive voice)。
① 主动语态,大部分句子都是主动语态,这时动词表示主语的动作:
He wrote many plays. (“写”是“他”的动作)
She broke a cup. (“打破”是“她”的动作)
② 被动语态,但有时主语和动词是被动关系,动词要用于被动语态,也可说句子是被动结构:
The play was written by Cao Yu. (“剧本”是“写”的对象)
The cup was broken by Mary. (杯子被打破了)
被动语态通常由“be+过去分词”构成,时间由 be 表现出来:
She is respected by everyone. (一般现在时)
She was born in a small town. (一般过去时)
Who will be invited ? (一般将来时)
He has been sent abroad. (现在完成时)
The question is being discussed . (现在进行时)
按说话的意图,动词需用不同形式,称为语气(mood)。英语中主要有四种语气:
① 陈述语气(indicative mood)——陈述事实或提出看法。英语中的句子绝大部分都是陈述语气。谈时态、语态都主要指陈述语气的动词。动词形式按时态、语态而变动:
She was very nervous.她非常紧张。
② 疑问语气(interrogative mood)——提出问题:
Why are you so nervous?
③ 祈使语气(imperative mood)——提出请求、命令、要求等祈使语气都用动词原形表示。
a.肯定形式通常不出现主语:
Have a cigarette. (提议)
Fasten your seat belt. (指示)
Be sure to get there before nine. (命令/要求)
Take care not to catch a cold. (劝告)
Have a pleasant trip! (祝愿)
b.也可用 let 引起:
Let's put it to the vote.咱们投票表决。
Let's not argue about it any more.咱们别再争论了。
c.主语通常是不说出来的,但有时也可说出来,也可加呼语:
Somebody fetch a pail of water.
Come in, Mrs.Brown.
d.否定形式用 do not(通常紧缩为don't)或 never 引起:
Don't worry.I'll be all right.
Never trouble till trouble troubles you.不要无事惹事。 (谚语)
④ 虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)——表示一种假想的情况或主观愿望。使用范围比较有限,主要用于条件从句或某些特定的句型:
If only I weren't so nervous.
Long live peace!
动词除了在句子中充当谓语,还可充当许多其他成分。由于它们不需要和主语在人称和数上保持一致,又不按照时间变换词形,所以它们被称作动词的非限定形式(nonfinite forms),也有人称为非谓语形式。非限定形式有三个:
① 一般是在动词原形前面加 to,在句中可构成各种成分:
To talk with him is a great pleasure. (作主语)
Who is going to be his assistant? (作谓语)
I went to France to learn French. (作状语)
I have a question to ask you. (作定语)
I want you to read the sentence clearly. (作复合宾语)
The house is to let . (作表语)
② 在一些词语后面,不定式不带to,如let、help、would rather、had better 等。这时也可构成某些成分:
We had better do it ourselves. (构成谓语)
Mother helped me (to) do my homework. (构成复合宾语)
① 有些动词的“-ing 形式”起名词的作用,称为动名词,在句中也可担任不同成分:
His job is looking after sheep. (作表语)
Dancing is fun.I love it. (作主语)
She loves swimming . (作宾语)
Thank you for calling . (作介词的宾语)
② 还可构成合成词:
waiting-room 候车室 swimming-pool 游泳池
sleeping-car 卧车 sight-seeing 观光游览
分词又分现在分词(present participle)和过去分词(past participle)。
① 现在分词是另一种-ing形式,主要起形容词的作用,可以作表语、定语、状语等,有时单独一个词构成一个成分,有时跟宾语或状语等构成短语,作为句中的一个成分:
We were worrying about you. (作谓语)
The theory is quite convincing. (作表语)
His essay lacks convincing argument. (作定语)
Laughing and shrieking , the crowd rushed out of the park. (作状语)
I heard someone knocking at the door. (作补语)
② 过去分词也同样可以作这类成分:
She has been transferred to another unit. (作谓语)
They were delighted with the result. (作表语)
This was a record set by a Chinese girl. (作定语)
Guided by these principles, they achieved remarkable success. (作状语)
He hated to see any bird killed . (作补语)
1.It is hard _____ (get) a job interview opportunity in today's market.
2.According to the time table, the train for Beijing _____ (leave) at 7:00 in the evening.
3.While _____ (read), you can skim over unimportant information.
4.His pale face suggests that he _____(be) ill.
5.I regret _____(tell) you that the book you want is sold out.
6.Look, the set of keys _____ on the teacher's desk.
A.are
B.were
C.is
D.was
7.What do you think is the best way _____ the wild animals?
A.protecting
B.to protect
C.protected
D.protect
8.The entertainment building _____ will be completed next year.
A.being built
B.built
C.be built
D.to build
9.He is _____ old, so his hair is _____ grey.
A.getting, turning
B.gets, turns
C.got, turned
D.getting, turned
10.He is said to _____ in China for ten years.
A.work
B.working
C.have been working
D.worked
11.She kept wave to her husband until he was out of sight.
12.Tom suggested that she went to see a doctor.
13.No one can tell of right from wrong about that matter.
14.Young people struggles to keep thin have a false image of their body size.
15.Soft skills reflects in our personality, attitudes and behavior.
1.to get
2.leaves
3.reading
4.is
5.to tell
6.C
7.B
8.A
9.A 10.C
11.wave→waving
12.went→go
13.tell of→tell
14.struggle→struggling
15.reflects→are reflected