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动词主要分为下面几类：不及物动词、及物动词、兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词、短语动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
Her back ached .
Do angels exist ?
下面是一些常用的不及物动词：
He sighed his relief.
Father smiled his approval.
The ship sailed westward.
Come and sit on the sofa.
常见的这类不及物动词有：
We should rely on ourselves.
We must persist in our efforts.
常见的这种结构有：
He needs your help.
Would you mind opening the window?
这类动词为数极多，下面是一些常用的这类动词：
His joke didn't interest me.
I must thank you for telling me this.
常见的这类动词有：
He has brought his luggage with him.
She jotted down the telephone number.
常见的这类动词有：
We gave , they took .
She was anxious to please .
He said that he was ready to help.
I suggest that we leave earlier.
Don't deceive yourself.
She prided herself on being a Chinese.
下面这些动词常可跟一个自身代词：
He hid himself behind the curtain.
Where is he hiding ?
Let me have a try .
I think I could make a guess at it.
这类动词可以和许多名词搭配，如：
① have 可以跟：
② give 可以跟：
③ take 可以跟：
④ make 可以跟：
Go and do your hair .去梳头去。
Can you do the room now? 你现在能打扫房间了吗？
That shopkeeper did me .那家商店老板骗了我。
He has done an excellent article .他写了一篇精彩的文章。
She did some pretty sketches .她画了几张漂亮的素描。
大多数动词实际上都可兼作及物动词和不及物动词，以适应不同场合需要，现举出一些常见的情况：
I ran as quickly as I could.我尽量快跑。 （ vi. ）
Teach me how to run business.教我怎样管理企业。 （ vt. ）
Do you mind if I open the window? 我开窗你不介意吧？ （ vi. ）
I'm staying home to mind the children.我留在家里看孩子。 （vt.）
这类动词很多，常见的如：
I helped her as far as I could.我尽量帮助她。 （vt.）
At any rate they migh t help .不管怎样他们可能有帮助。 （vi.）
I drank some brandy.我喝了一些白兰地。 （vt. ）
He has been drinking again.他又在喝酒了。 （vi.）
这类动词也不少，常见的如：
He aimed at the bird and missed (it).他瞄准那只鸟却没打中。
He rose as she entered (the room).她进来时他站起身来。
这类动词也很多，常见的如：
England fought Germany.英国和德国作战。（vt.）
England fought against Russia in the Crimean War.在克里米亚战争中英国和俄国作战。 （vi.）
The light wind brushed (over) his cheek.清风拂过他的面颊。 （vt./vi.）
Many of them gained (in) weight.他们许多人体重增加了。 （vt./vi.）
常见的这类动词有：
He closed the door softly behind him.他轻轻把门随手关上。 （vt.）
The door closed behind them.他们后面的门关上了。 （vi.）
Empty the garbage can.把垃圾桶倒掉。 （vt.）
The river empties into the sea.河流入大海。 （vi.）
这类动词可称为 ergative verbs（兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词），常见的有：
They wanted to marry (each other).
The two sisters embraced (each other) warmly.
这类动词有时后面跟 each other 或 one another 这种相互代词，这时它就是及物动词，如果不跟，就是不及物动词。常见的这类动词有：
They hadn't communicated with each other for many years.
I asked my sister to communicate my wishes to her.
Mother bought me (O I ) a VCR (O D ).
Can you lend me (O I ) your dictionary (O D )?
① 间接宾语有时可放到后面去，由介词to引起，变成介词短语。如：
He handed his key to the teacher .
She lent some money to her friend .
能跟这类以to引起的（用短语来表示的）间接宾语的动词常见的有：
② 也有间接宾语以 for 引起，放在句后的（for 表示承受者），如：
He bought a gift for his daughter.
She played some ancient Chinese music for us.
常见的这类动词有：
③ 还有一些动词的间接宾语不能以 to 或 for 引起，而只能放在直接宾语前面，如：
They forgive him his crimes.
She wished them a safe journey.
常见的这类动词有：
④ 以上动词，也可以只带直接宾语，如：
How much did it cost ?
The journalists asked a lot of questions.
两三个词在一起构成一个短语，称为短语动词。其作用和动词差不多，也可分及物和不及物，但意义往往与原动词有些差别，如：
I look forward to hearing from you.
The book consists of three parts.
这种动词主要有以下五类：
We are falling behind .
The boys are fooling around .
常用的这类短语动词有：
We must abide by the rules.
There's a gentleman here asking for you.
常见的这类短语动词有：
有些不及物动词后面可以跟副词也可以跟介词，如：
We mustn't lag behind.
She is afraid of lagging behind the others.
下面的短语动词的第二部分既可作介词也可作副词：
这类短语动词大部分有一特色，就是宾语可放在副词之前或之后：
We've decided to put the meeting off .
We've decide to put off the meeting.
Cross out those words.
Cross the words out .
常见的这类短语动词有：
They agreed to let him into their secret.
He's a good friend of mine.He won't hold it against us.
常见的这种短语动词有：
还有一部分短语动词由三个词构成，即“动词+副词+介词”，介词后跟一个宾语，如：
Why do they put up with such treatment?
She soon caught up with us.
常见的这类短语动词有：
系动词（linking verbs）中最常用的是 be，它后面都跟一个表语，或称补语（complement）。主要系动词有：
表示主语的状态、特征及感官的系动词：be、look、seem、appear、feel、smell、taste、sound等。
表示主语从一种状态到另一种状态，侧重于转变后的结果的系动词：turn、become、get、grow、go、fall、come、prove等。
表示主语继续保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词：keep、remain、stay、stand、lie、continue等。
① be 的用法：
a.可以跟各式各样的表语：
What nationality is he? （跟名词）
Money isn't everything. （跟代词）
She was the first to arrive. （跟数词）
Be careful! （跟形容词）
Time is pressing. （跟现在分词）
Are you interested in going? （跟过去分词）
That is to say , he's too young. （跟不定式）
What film is on ? （跟副词）
I'm all for it . （跟介词短语）
That's how I look at it. （跟从句）
b.还可与介词或副词构成各种短语动词：
Lily is through with Max.
I am behind in my work.
c.另外还可加上形容词及介词构成 be fond of、be sure of、be tiredof、be careful of、be mindful of、be keen on、be weary of、be productive of 等短语。
② appear、seem、feel、sound、taste等感官类系动词后可跟：
a.很多与感受有关的形容词：
well、awkward、(un)comfortable、sick、dizzy、lonely、bad、gloomy、sympathetic、weak、fine、ill、chilly、right、guilty、proud、fit、sure、glad、sorry等。
b.还可跟过去分词：
worried、relieved、puzzled、(pained)、hurt、embarrassed、disheartened、 depressed、discouraged、entitled、comforted、bound、refreshed、inclined等。
c.有时和不定式连用：
The patient appeared to be all right after taking the medicine.
d.有时跟介词短语：
Your account almost sounds like science fiction.
You look as if you don't care.
e.有时以 it 作主语，后面跟从句：
It appears (that) the plane did not land at Rome.
It seems to me a marvelous book.
① get 是最常用的系动词之一，表示“变得……”，后面多数跟：
a.形容词：
It's getting chilly.
I think she will get well .
b.“get+过去分词”和被动语态很接近：
He got engaged (=was engaged) to her last winter.
c.有时后面还可跟一个现在分词，名词或介词短语：
Then we got chatting together.
She was getting an old woman .
It's getting near tea-time.
② become、turn、go、grow、fall等作系动词时可以跟：
a.名词：
It's becoming a serious problem .
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer .
b.形容词：
Your hair has gone quite white .
The sea is growing calm .
c.过去分词：
The room soon became crowded.
He grew discouraged.
d.介词短语：
They went out of fashion years ago.
He fell into a doze.
③ run 有时也可用作系动词，表示“变成（什么样子）”，相当于 become，
a.后面只能跟少数形容词：
The well ran dry .
My blood ran cold.
b.偶尔跟副词或介词短语：
My contract runs out in September.
The truck's run out of gas again.
① keep有时也可用作系动词，表示“保持（某种状态）”：
a.后面主要跟形容词：
I hope you'll keep fit .
She knew she must keep calm .
b.有时还可跟副词或介词短语：
Danger! Keep out !
I am keeping in very good health .
② remain有时也用作系动词，表示“继续保持（仍然处于某种状态）”，后面可以跟形容词、分词、名词和介词短语：
She remained relatively calm .
The door remained closed .
We can remain friends .
The Indian people remain in deep poverty .
③ stay只在少数情况下用作系动词，意思是“保持（某种状态）”，后面一般跟形容词，有时跟介词短语：
The temperature has stayed hot this week.
Father hoped we'd stay out of trouble .
④ rest 只在少数情况下用作系动词：
The affair rests a mystery.
You can rest assured that I will do my best.
这三个动词可以用作助动词，和别的动词一道构成时态、语态、问句及否定句，它们本身没有特别的意义：
① be有am、are、is、was、were、been、being等各种形式，可以构成进行时态、被动语态复合谓语（和不定式一道用），表示“一项打算做的或必须做的”：
We are working.
What is the flower called ?
② have有has、have、had三种形式，主要用来构成：
a.完成时态：表示一段时间内已完成的动作或存在的情况：
Where have you been ?
b.完成进行时态表示一段时间内一直进行的动作：
What have you been doing ?
③ do有do、does、did几种形式，可以用来：
a.构成疑问句：
How do you like the weather here?
b.构成否定句：
She does not work here.
c.加强语气：
I do think you are right.
d.代替前面的动词以避免重复：
She got there earlier than I did .
这几个词可以作助动词，构成将来时态，这时它们本身没有意思。有时它们也可有一定的意思，作为情态动词。
① will 主要用来构成将来时态，可用于各种人称（否定式 will not）：
Will you be in tomorrow?
I won't stay here long.
② shall 主要用来构成将来时态第一人称作主语时的问句，用来征求对方的意见：
Shall we stop over in Tokyo?
在英国也有人把它用于肯定句，和第一人称一道用（否定式 shall not）：
I (We) shall be back on Friday.
shall 有时还有一些特殊意义，详见第六章。
③ would 主要用来构成过去将来时态（可用于多种人称）：
I told them I would not go with them.
Did she say when she would be back?
They hoped they (we) would succeed.
④ should 用来构成过去将来时的情况已越来越少了，现在它主要用作情态动词，表示“应当”：
You should be at the office before 9.
这五个是主要的情态动词，它们一般和不带 to 的不定式（也可称为动词原形）构成谓语。它们各有一定的意思，在任何人称后形式都不改变：
① can 主要表示“能够”“会”“可以”（它的否定形式 can not 常紧缩为can't）：
Can you type?
I can't drive a car.
② could 可以用作 can 的过去式，表示同样意思（否定式 could not可紧缩为couldn't）：
He could run very fast when he was in school.
It was so dark that he couldn't see anything.
She said she could speak five languages.她说她能讲五种语言。 也可以用来代替 can，使口气显得婉转一些，意思并无差别。
③ may
a.主要表示“可能”：
Nancy may know his telephone number.
He may not agree.
b.还可用在问句中，问“可否”：
May I speak to the manager?
④ might
a.可用作 may 的过去式，表示同样意思：
I was afraid she might be in bed now.
b.也可用来代替 may，语气更不肯定一些：
He might be in his office now.他现在说不定在办公室里。
c.也可用于问句中：
Might I have a little brandy?
⑤ must
a.主要表示“必须”“一定要”：
You must see the doctor.你一定要看医生。
b.否定式 must not，常紧缩为 mustn't，表示“一定不要”：
We mustn't be late.
You mustn't forget to tell her about it.
c.在回答包含 must 的问句时，若是肯定回答，可用 must，若是否定回答，要用needn't：
Must we leave so soon? —Yes, we must .
Must I come over tonight? —No, you needn't .
① ought to 和 should 的意思差不多，表示“应该”：
We ought to go back now.
Ought we to tell Father about it?—Yes, we ought .
ought not 常可紧缩为 oughtn't：
You oughtn't to go on living this way.
② have to 的意思和 must 很相近，也表示“必须”“不得不”：
We have to reconsider this question.
它的疑问及否定形式，多依靠助动词构成：
Do you have to leave so soon?
也有人不用助动词，而用下面方法表达：
Have you to leave so soon?
③ have got to 的意思和 have to 基本上相同：
I' ve got to be off now.
它的疑问及否定形式和现在完成时相同：
Have you got to go home this summer?
You haven't got to work such long hours.
have to 和 have got to 起着与情态动词相似的作用。
④ used to 表示“过去（常常）……”：
They used to play golf together, didn't they?
它的否定及疑问形式有两种构成方法：
a.借助 did：
She didn't use to like classical music.
Did Jane use to have long hair?
b.不借助did（usedn't）：
You usedn't to make such mistakes.
Used you to play football?
⑤ be able to和can的意思相同，
a.对can是一种补充，因为它可以用于更多时态：
She won't be able to come on January 1.
I haven't been able to get in touch with him.
b.be able to 还可和其他情态动词连用：
I ought to be able to live on my salary.
She might be able to convince him.
这两个动词可以说是半情态动词（semi-modal verbs），因为它们只在一定情况下用作情态动词：
① need
a.主要在否定句中用作情态动词，都紧缩为needn't：
You need not dust all the furniture.
You needn't hurry.There's plenty of time.
b.还可用于疑问句中：
Need she come?—No, she needn't .(Yes, she must.)
So, I needn't pretend, need I? 因此我不必装假，是吧？
② dare
a.也要在否定句中用作情态动词（否定形式都紧缩为 daren't）：
I daren't ask him.
b.还可用在问句中：
How dare she do such a thing?
c.在肯定句中，dare 只能用在下面这类句子中（即和 say 连用）：
I dare say he will come.
d.在其他肯定句中，dare 不能用作情态动词，但可用作及物动词，和不定式连用：
She dared to walk the tightrope.