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Unit6

Verbs I Forms

I.Grammar Points

Verbs are words that usually express an action.Here are two easy ways to identify a verb,you can use either one.If a word can have should in front of it and the phrase sounds complete,the word is a verb.Examples:should leave,should sail,should discover,should complain.Leave,sail,discover,and complain are all verbs.

If a word can have to in front of it and the phrase sounds complete,it's a verb.Examples:to leave,to sail,to discover,to complain.Leave,sail,discover,and complain are all verbs.

Verbs have a number of different inflectional forms that are required or permitted in various grammatical contexts.For example,the lexeme fly has a form flown that is required in a context like (1),where it follows the verb have,and a form flew that is permitted in a context like (2),where it is the only verb in a sentence:

(1) Kim has flown home.

(2) Kim flew home.

1.Verb forms

Verbs have the following forms:a base form (e.g.look),an s-form (looks),a past form (looked),a gerund form (looking) and a past/passive participle (looked).

Some of the verb forms have more than one use.

2.Finite and non-finite verbs

A finite verb phrase is one that can be the main verb of a sentence.A non-finite verb phrase is an infinitive,gerund or participle.

A finite verb phrase can come in a main clause or a sub-clause.

● The police took action.

● We were pleased when the police took action.

A non-finite verb comes only in a sub-clause.

● We wanted the police to take action.

● We approved of the police taking action.

● We approved of the action taken by the police.

Sometimes there are two verb phrases together,a finite one and then a non-finite one.

● The police wanted to take action.

● Things kept disappearing from the changing room.

3.The structure of the verb phrase

In a finite verb phrase there are a number of choices.

Tense:Past or present?It showed or It shows

Modal:Modal or not?They could find or They found

Aspect:Perfect or not?It has gone or It goes Continuous or not?It was happening or It happened

Voice:Passive or active?They were informed or He informed them

In the verb phrase there is always an ordinary verb.There may be one or more auxiliaries in front of it.

If there is no auxiliary,the verb is in a simple tense:leave (present simple),arrived (past simple).

Auxiliary verbs come in this order:

modal verb-have-be (continuous)-be (passive)

The auxiliary verb affects the form of the next word,whether the next word is another auxiliary or an ordinary verb.

Modal verb+base form:will steal,should have worked

have+past participle:has gone,has been taking,have worked

be+active participle:was looking,has been taking

be+passive participle:were informed,had been stolen

The first word of the verb phrase is present or past,e.g.leave (present),arrived (past),has (present),was (past).

The exception is modal verbs,which do not usually have a tense.Sometimes the first word agrees with the subject:

you leave/he leaves.

II.Grammar Exercises

1.In the following sentences,identify the verbs and their subjects as shown in these examples.Examples:We dug for many hours and found nothing.

Verb dug,found

Subject We

Efforts in his behalf have proven useless.

Verb have proven

Subject efforts

Both gladiators remained on their feet for an hour.

Verb remained

Subject gladiators

The paint was scraped from the building.

Verb was scraped

Subject paint

(1) Richard boarded the boat an hour before it sailed.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(2) Despite the attorney's arguments,the defendant found himself alone in his cell,unhappy and without hope.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(3) The door closed behind her as she left the dining room.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(4) As the clock in the tower rang out,the people gathered quickly for prayer.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(5) Eileen decided that a trip to the college was worth her time.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(6) The unread books remained on their shelves year after year.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(7) Philosophy was his first love,but knowledge of accountancy earned bread and shelter for him.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(8) Butter your bread now,or you will have no dinner.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(9) That train never leaves on time.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

(10) The children played at their games until they were called home.

Verb__________________________________

Subject__________________________________

2.Read this paragraph and then write the first three verbs under"Verbs",and so on.Do not write the same word more than once.

Henry thinks Claire is wonderful.He loves her madly,and he dreams of marrying her,but unfortunately he is rather old for her.Today they are at a cafe with their friends Sarah and Mark,so Henry can't get romantic with Claire.But he might buy her some flowers later.

Verbs:

3.Is the underlined word a verb,a noun or an adjective?

Example:Shall we go for a walk?noun

Shall we walk into the town?verb

(1) Laura wanted to talk to Rita.

(2) Laura wanted a talk with Rita.

(3) The windows aren't very clean.

(4) Doesn't anyone clean the windows?

(5) We went to a fabulous show in New York.

(6) Laura wanted to show Rita her photos.

(7) Henry thought Claire looked beautiful.

(8) A strange thought came into Emma's head.

(9) Sarah is feeling quite tired now.

(10) Studying all night had tired Andrew out.

III.TEM-4 Exercises

1.____at in this way,the present economic situation doesn't seem so gloomy.

A.Looking B.Looked C.Having looked D.To look

2.____enough time and money,the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field.

A.Giving B.To give C.Given D.Being given

3.____time,he'll make a first-class tennis player.

A.Having B.Given C.Giving D.Had

4.____,he was chosen and trained as a professional swimmer.

A.He was born and raised in a fishing village

B.Born and raised in a fishing village

C.That he was born and raised in a fishing village

D.In addition to he was born and raised in a fishing village

5.He resented____to wait.He expected the minister____him at once.

A.to be asked,to see B.being asked,to see

C.to be asked,seeing D.being asked,seeing

6.Mr.Brown had the report____as soon as he finished____it.

A.to be typed,to write B.typed,to write

C.being typed,writing D.typed,writing

7.The mother was afraid to let the boy____the tree.

A.to risk climbing B.risk climbing C.to risk to climb

D.risk to climb

8.____no cause for alarm,the old man went back to his bedroom.

A.There was B.Since C.Being D.There being

9.The tape recorder____out of order,the students did not know what to do.

A.was B.being C.has been D.was being

10.The country's chief exports are coal,cars and cotton goods,cars____the most important of these.

A.have been B.are C.being D.are being

IV.Key Words of TEM-4

Group 1 considerable considerate numerous conspicuous considerable a.large in size,amount,or quantity

We received a considerable number of complaints.

We have already wasted a considerable amount of time and money.

considerate a.thinking about the rights and feelings of other people;showing kindness toward other people

She is one of the most considerate people I know.

He was considerate and turned down the stereo when we asked him to.

He is always considerate of other people's feelings.

numerous a.existing in large numbers

Although numerous books have been written about mothers,only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.

She decided to leave for numerous reasons.

The people I'd like to thank are too numerous to list.

conspicuous a.very easy to see or notice

The sign was placed in a very conspicuous position.

The business was a conspicuous success.

conspicuously ad.

He was conspicuously absent from the meeting.

TEM-4 Question 1

On the road motorists should be aware of cyclists and be____towards them.

A.considerable B.considering C.considerate D.considered

Group 2 achieve approach attain acquire

achieve v.to get or reach (something) by working hard

This year,our company was able to achieve all of its production goals.

They achieved high scores on their math tests.

approach v.

(1) to move or become near or nearer to something or someone

We are approaching our destination.

Your birthday is fast approaching.

(2) to be almost the same as (something or someone)

When it comes to cooking Italian food,no one can approach her.

(3) to start talking to (someone) for some purpose (such as to ask a question or make a request)

The supervisor is quite easy to approach,so don't hesitate to bring up any problems you have.

After two hours in detention,I was approached by one of the officers."You're free to go,"he said.

(4) to begin to deal with or think about (something)

She approached the problem from a different angle.

I will approach the idea with an open mind.

attain v.

(1) to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time

More women are attaining positions of power.

(2) to reach a particular level,age,size etc.

Share prices attained a high of$3.27.

After a year she had attained her ideal weight.

acquire v.

(1) to come to own (something)

They're planning to acquire a new home in the country.

He acquired a small fortune after the death of her parents.

(2) to gain (a new skill,ability,etc.) usually by your own effort

She quickly acquired fluency in French.

He has acquired a reputation as a careful worker.

acquisition n.

Too many Americans have been expressing the American Dream through the acquisition of material items.

TEM-4 Question 2

After working for the firm for ten years,he finally____the rank of deputy director.

A.achieved B.approached C.attained D.acquired

Group 3 eloquent effective emotional emphatic

eloquent a.

(1) having the ability to use language clearly and effectively

His eloquent speech called out a response in the heart of every man.

(2) clearly showing feeling or meaning

That's a wise and eloquent answer,and one that reinforces the importance of all we've been discussing.

effective a.

(1) producing a result that is wanted;having an intended effect

The government should take effective measures to live through this economical crisis.

Soap should therefore be effective against all flu viruses.

(2) of a law,rule,etc.in use

The law will become effective next year.

emotional a.

(1) relating to emotions

All of us have feelings and emotional reactions to certain things in life.

(2) likely to show emotion;easily upset,excited,etc.

He's a very emotional person.

emphatic a.

(1) said or done in a forceful or definite way

Her answer was an emphatic"Yes!"

(2) speaking or acting in a forceful way

They were emphatic about their political differences.

emphasize v.give special attention to (something)) to place emphasis on (something)

In all of these areas,"we will emphasize the rights of women and girls throughout,"she said.

TEM-4 Question 3

She answered with an____"No"to the request that she attend the public hearing.

A.eloquent B.effective C.emotional D.emphatic

Group 4 casual casualty chronic chronological

casual a.

(1) happening by chance;done without much thought,effort,or concern

We are the casual acquaintance of a long railway journey.

(2) designed for ordinary dress,behavior,etc.;not formal

The atmosphere at the meeting was quite casual.

Casual days are days when a company allows workers to dress in casual clothes.

(3) not so interested,not serious

He's a casual sports fan.

casualty n.

(1) a person who is hurt or killed during an accident,war,etc.

Casualty figures in Wednesday's quake were too preliminary to draw any conclusions about the ratio of student deaths.

(2) a person or thing that is harmed,lost,or destroyed;a victim

The tree was a casualty of the high winds.

The factory was a casualty of the depression.

chronic a.continuing or occurring again and again for a long time

For those with chronic depression,she said,"keep at it".

Inflation has become a chronic condition in the economy.

chronological a.arranged in the order of time that things happened

I like to have the newest books on top,so I sort them in reverse chronological order.

His art is displayed in roughly chronological order.

chronologically ad.

The events were discussed chronologically.

TEM-4 Question 4

When Linda heard the good news she tried to sound casual,but her excitement was obvious.The underlined part means____.

A.uncaring B.disinterested C.without plan D.without warning

Group 5 catch on catch in catch out catch up

catch on (1) to become popular

This trend is catching on with college students.

(2) to learn or understand something

Once you start playing the game,the kids will catch on pretty quickly.

It took her a while to catch on,but she eventually got the joke.

catch in to get stuck in

He caught his thumb in the door.

He was caught in a dilemma.

catch out to show that (someone) does not know something or is not telling the truth

She loved catching teachers out by asking tough questions.

The police tried to catch him out in a lie.

catch up (1) to move fast enough to join someone or something that is in front

She missed several months of school and may never catch up with the other children in her class.

As my exams are coming next week,I'll take advantage of the weekend to catch up on some reading.

(2) get involved in (a difficult or confusing situation)

Several members of Congress were caught up in the scandal.

TEM-4 Question 5

Mini-skirts first____in the 1960s.

A.caught on B.caught in C.caught out D.caught up

V.Working with Words and Expressions

Complete the following sentences with a word or an expression from the box.Change the form if necessary.

considerable considerate numerous conspicuous conspicuously achieve

approach attain acquire acquisition eloquent effective

emotional emphatic emphasize casual casualty chronic

chronological chronologically catch on catch in catch out catch up

1.The author begins with an episode from The Graduate in order to____the sharp contrast between now and then.

2.You may____knowledge by reading,but there are so many kinds of books and we have limited time.How should we do some reading?

3.In order to____with its competitors in the industry,the company will need to start using more advanced technologies.

4.Of the well-known European languages,for a single noun can be spoken or written in several hundred different forms,the forms of the verbs are even more

____.

5.He was uncomfortable about his____weight gain.

6.Each and every civilian____is a tragedy and makes the job over there much,much harder.

7.We were advised to never be too aggressive when____a potential client.

8.If you're not feeling____enough to explain your decision to others,let us say it for you.

9.Many researchers also believe there is something in Asian Culture that breeds success,such ideals that stress family values and____education.

10.It sounds as if you are already ignoring his tears,as his problem is____.

11.Going off alone to cool down is also an____way to refuse anger,especially if you can't think clearly.

12.Usually these articles are very____,reporting things as they happen.

13.The couple has donated a not____amount of money to the foundation.

14.Soccer is finally starting to____in America.

15.What's more,a high rate of suicide may warn people of their____well-being. ymiutMaAQen7+K92moy+d2xvnSaFzyznFm23jlPIc9OzwTx00yXWh4Q+vdBr+Dhz



Unit7

Verbs II Tenses

I.Grammar Points

A tense system is a system associated with the verb where the basic contrasts in meaning have to do with the location in time of the situation,or the part of it under consideration.This clearly applies to the system illustrated in [1].The clauses are interpreted imperfectively,and the was in [1a] indicates that the state in question obtained at a time in the past,while the present tense in [1b] indicates that it obtains in the present.Past and present time are relational concepts.Usually past time is understood as time preceding the time of speaking,and present time is time simultaneous with the time of speaking.The examples in [1] illustrate the most central use of the two primary tenses,but both have a range of other uses too:the relation between tense and time in English is not at all straightforward.

[1] a.She was in Bonn.b.She is in Bonn.

1.The present tense

(a) Present time

The most basic use of the present tense is to indicate present time more specifically,time that coincides with the time of utterance,as in [2b].

But the time of utterance is of course very short.It often takes only a second or two to utter a sentence.So naturally there are severe restrictions on the use of the present tense in clauses with perfective interpretations.Compare these two examples:

[2] a.I promise to be back for lunch.b.Sue mows the lawn.

The salient interpretation of [2a] is perfective:there is a single act of promising which is performed by uttering the sentence.The act of promising and the uttering of the sentence thus occupy the same brief period of time (two or three seconds).

But [2b] cannot under any normal circumstances be interpreted in terms of a single act of mowing the lawn at the time of speaking.It takes much longer to mow a lawn than to utter a sentence,so the present time cannot be the time of the situation considered as a totality.The natural interpretation,then,is an imperfective one:we take the sentence to describe a state of affairs where Sue regularly or habitually mows the lawn.This state—like that in [1b]—holds at the time of speaking,but began before then and will (presumably) continue after it.

(b) Future time

The present tense is often used for situations located in future time.In main clauses this is restricted to cases where it can be assumed that we have present knowledge of a future event,as in:

[3] a.The next high tide is at 4 o'clock.The sun rises tomorrow at 6:10.

b.Exams start next week.We arrive home two days before Easter.

(c) Past time

In certain types of narrative,especially in informal style,the present tense is used instead of the past time events,even in discourses that have begun in the past:

[4] I was waiting at the bus-stop when this guy drives up and offers me a lift in his BMW so I say"Well,I don't know,"and he says"You can trust me,I'm a grammarian,"so I get in,and we go.

2.The past tense

(a) Past time

The central use of the past tense is to locate the situation,or the part of it under consideration,in past time.Compare the present tense examples in [3a] with their past counterparts:

[5] a.I promised to be back for lunch.b.Sue mowed the lawn.

Here [5a] again has a perfective interpretation:it reports a promise made in the past.Example [5b],however,can be interpreted either imperfectively or perfectively.In the former case it is the past time analogue of [2b],with Sue habitually or regularly mowing the lawn.This state of affairs held at the time that's being referred to.

Perfective interpretations of present tense clauses with present time reference are restricted to situations of very short duration,since they have to be co-extensive with the act of utterance.No comparable constraint applies with the past,however,and thus [5b],unlike [2b],can readily be used perfectively to denote a single act of mowing the lawn located as a whole in past time.

(b) Modal past

There is a second important use of the past where the meaning has to do not with time but with modality.We call this the modal past use.Modality is a type of meaning that is characteristically associated with mood rather than tense.At this point it's enough to say that it covers various kinds of cases where the situation described in a clause is not presented as factual.The modal past is used to present the situation as,in varying degrees,modally remote.What this means can best be understood by comparing the modal past with the present tense in such examples as those in [6],where in each pair the time is the same in [b] as in [a].

Because of the contrasting meanings of glad and wish,we understand from [(1) a] that they do in fact live nearby,and from [(1) b] that they don't.In [(1) b] they lived nearby is thus interpreted counterfactually,i.e.as contrary to fact,or false:this is the highest degree of modal remoteness.

A lesser degree of modal remoteness is seen in [(2) b]:this doesn't imply that she definitely won't arrive tomorrow,but it suggests that it may well be that she won't (perhaps I'm proposing a change to current arrangements where she's arriving at some other time).In these two examples the modal past is grammatically obligatory,for wish requires a past form of the verb in a finite complement,and so does the idiom would rather.

In [(3)-(4)],we find something different again:here there is a choice between present tense and past.These examples illustrate an important distinction between two kinds of conditional constructions,open,as in [(3) a/(4) a],vs.remote,as in [(3) b/(4) b].

The open type characteristically leaves it open as to whether the condition is or will be fulfilled:he may love her or he may not;you may leave now or you may not.

The remote type,by contrast,generally presents the fulfillment of the condition as a more remote possibility.So [(3) b] suggests a readiness to believe that he doesn't love her;this is the version I'd use,for example,in a context where he's not planning to change his job and I'm arguing from this that he doesn't love her.Similarly,[(4) b] presents your leaving now as somewhat less likely than in the case of [(4) a]:it would generally be preferred,for example,in a context where your current plans or inclinations are to leave later.

(c) Reporting

A third use of the past shows up in indirect reported speech.Notice the contrast between has and had in this pair:[7] a.Kim has blue eyes.b.I told Stacy that Kim had blue eyes.

If I say [7a] to Stacy,I can use [7b] as an indirect report to tell you what I said to Stacy.I'm repeating the content of what I said to Stacy,but not the exact wording.My utterance to Stacy contained the present tense form has,but my report of it contains past had.Nonetheless,my report is entirely accurate.This kind of change in tense is referred to as reporting.

The most obvious verbs of reporting are in the past,like told or said.It would not occur with present tense verbs of saying;in the present tense,my report would have been I tell Stacy that Kim has blue eyes.In fact,even with past reporting verbs backshift is often optional:you can keep the original present tense instead of reporting it.Instead of [7b],therefore,we can have:

[8] I told Stacy that Kim has blue eyes.

Although indirect reported speech represents the most obvious case,backshift also happens quite generally in constructions where one clause is embedded within a larger one containing a past verb:

[9] a.Stacy didn't know that Kim had blue eyes.

b.I wondered at the time whether they were genuine.

c.I wish I knew if these paintings were genuine.

All the underlined verbs have reported tense.Notice in particular that the knew of [9c] is actually a modal past,and doesn't refer to past time at all;but it still provides a context in which backshift can take place.So reporting can't be understood at all on the basis of some simple ideas about past tenses referring to past time;it's a special grammatical principle about the use of the past tense infection.

3.Verb Groups

Quite often,verbs in English occur in groups rather than singly.Each group consists of a main verb,which is always at the end of the group,preceded by one or more auxiliary verbs ("helping verbs"),as in He could have been crying.Look at the sentences below [10-20].Each of them contains a verb group:

[10] He is washing his dog.

[11] He was washing his dog at that time.

[12] He has taken his dog for a walk.

[13] He had taken his dog for a walk when I called.

[14] He can jump over this fence easily.

[15] He could jump over this fence when he was slimmer.

[16] He should have taken his job more seriously.

[17] He has been arrested many times.

[18] He had been waiting for two hours when she finally arrived.

[19] He did not say that he was unhappy.

[20] Did he say that he was unhappy?

II.Grammar Exercises

1.A number of verbs with all their different forms are given below.In each of the following sentences,fill in the blanks with the correct forms of any of the verbs given.NB:In some cases more than one answer is possible.

VERBS:

eat,eats,eating,ate,eaten,to eat

see,sees,seeing,saw,seen,to see

live,lives,living,lived,to live

write,writes,writing,wrote,written,to write

break,breaks,breaking,broke,broken,to break

hear,hears,hearing,heard,to hear

(1) He____the new James Bond movie last week.

(2) She____letters to her parents very often.

(3) He____the door with his hands.

(4) Tom____the news on the radio.

(5) He____nothing but boiled vegetables.

(6) He____in Repulse Bay,but his wife____in Ma On Shan.

2.Correct the errors in the tense of the verbs.

(1) Half of the respondents being neutral with that question.

____________________________________________________________________

(2) Millions of years ago,some of the lands become seas,and some becomes rivers.

____________________________________________________________________

(3) The vegetation was covered by a layer of mud which consist of sand and small rocks.

____________________________________________________________________

(4) I went to the park and watch the kids play football.

____________________________________________________________________

3.Fill in the blank in each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

(1) Though I asked him many times,he would not (tell) me the answer.

(2) When the bill came,he suddenly realized that he did not (have) enough money.

(3) Do you think he should (apologize) for what he said?

(4) How could he possibly (know) what we were planning?

(5) I did not deliberately (step) on your toes.

(6) Whenever it rains,the temperature always (drop).

(7) When the enemy advanced,they (retreat),and when the enemy retreated,they (advance).

(8) His wife told him to (buy) a watermelon,but he (buy) a durian instead.

(9) Though he is very rich,he never (show) it.

(10) Though he was poor,he (pretend) to be rich.

4.Underline all the verbs in the following text,and say whether it is in the present or past tense.

There is something about lying on your back in a hospital bed with half a dozen needles poking out of your skin that makes you really ponder your health,and how to maintain it.

The sound of the old man in the next bed snoring loudly is testament to just how relaxing acupuncture really can be.But being the youngest patient in the clinic by at least two generations did make me wonder whether acupuncture and its associated traditional therapies are strictly for the old.

III.TEM-4 Exercises

1.Look at these clouds.____.

A.It will rain B.It's going to rain C.It will be raining D.It is to rain

2.Our boss,Mr.Thompson,____a raise in salary for ages,but nothing has happened yet.

A.was promising B.has been promising

C.has promised D.is promising

3.By the end of next month we____this assignment.

A.will finish B.will be finishing C.will have finished D.have finished

4.We will be losing money this year unless that new economic plan of yours____miracle.

A.is working B.works C.will be working D.worked

5.The last half of the nineteenth century____the steady improvement in the means of travel.

A.is witnessed B.was witnessed C.witnessed D.has witnessed

6.It's quite late now and Mr.White____hasn't left his office.

A.still B.already

C.since

D.yet

7.I still remember the day I first met her,she____.

A.had long hair B.has long hairs C.had long hairs D.has long hair

8.It is said that his father____for several years.

A.had died B.has been dead C.died D.has dead

9.The government____to approve the use of wide-spread surveillance when the Justice Department took

objections.A.is going B.had been

C.was about

D.is coming

10.You should have put the milk into the ice-box;I expect it____undrinkable.

A.became B.had become C.has become D.becomes

IV.Key Words of TEM-4

Group 1 service scope charge maintenance

service n.work done by people that does not involve producing goods

The supermarket provides free delivery service.

The lawyers offer their services for free to those who cannot afford to pay.

serve v.

(1) to give (food or drink) to someone at a meal,in a restaurant,etc.

The restaurant serves excellent Italian food.

The waiter served our meals quickly.

(2) to provide service to

What can we do to serve our customers better?

serve as to be used or seen in a particular way

The trees can serve as shelter from the rain.

scope n.

(1) the area that is included in or dealt with by something

The essay is comprehensive in scope.

The law is of limited scope.

That problem is somewhat beyond the scope of this discussion.

(2) space or opportunity for action,thought,etc.

A bigger budget will allow more scope for innovation.

The work has been good,but there's still some scope for improvement.

charge v.

(1) to put electricity into a battery so that a machine or device will run

My cell phone needs to be charged.

(2) to give a job or responsibility to

The board was charged with deciding where to build a new school.

(3) to formally accuse (someone) of a crime

He's been charged with possessing guns and attempting to attack the police.

(4) to ask for money in return for providing or doing something

Agencies are allowed to charge a fee,usually the equivalent of the first week's rent,if you take accommodation they have found for you.

(5) to rush toward (a person,place,etc.)

Fans charged the stage but were stopped by the security guards.

charge n.

(1) the responsibility of managing or watching over something

He wanted to take charge of the organization.

(2) an amount of money that someone asks for in return for doing something

There is a charge for the use of the locker.

(3) a formal accusation that someone committed a crime

They dropped the charges against him.

He decided not to bring charges.

in charge having control of or responsibility for something

She is in charge of hiring new employees.

I am not sure who is in charge at the restaurant.

maintenance n.

(1) the act of keeping things in good condition

The building has suffered from years of poor maintenance.

(2) the act of providing support for someone or something

He had to work hard for the maintenance of his family.

maintain v.keep things in good condition,provide support

The idea is to maintain the regularity of the heartbeat.

He has to maintain a large family on a small salary.

TEM-4 Question 1

The food is good at this hotel,But the____is poor;The waiters don't seem to be well trained.

A.service B.repair C.charge D.maintenance

Group 2 accommodate defeat reduce indulge

accommodate v.

(1) to provide a place to stay and sleep for (someone)

Students are accommodated in homes nearby.

(2) to have room for (someone or something)

Are there enough shelves to accommodate all our books?

(3) to provide what is needed or wanted for (someone or something)

New facilities are being added to accommodate the special needs of elderly residents.

(4) to get used to or become comfortable with something

Some animal and plant species cannot accommodate to the rapidly changing conditions.

accommodation n.

When traveling with family or friends,make sure that the accommodation you select allows you

to spend quality time together.

defeat v.to win a victory over (someone or something) in a war,contest,game,etc.

We lost to their team last year,but this year we're going to defeat them.

Our candidate defeated him in the last election.

n.failure to succeed or to win

We weren't prepared for defeat.

One small error could make the difference between success and defeat.

reduce v.

(1) to make (something) smaller in size,amount,number,etc.

Exercise can also lower blood pressure,and reduce your risk of heart disease.

Countries such as India have made joint efforts to reduce birth rates.

(2) to cause (someone) to be in a specified state or condition

The movie's ending reduced them to tears.

The city was reduced to ruins by the bombing.

(3) to force (someone) to do something that causes shame,embarrassment,etc.

The museum has been reduced to begging for funding.

(4) to describe (something) in a way that includes only some of the facts and details

Her argument can be reduced to a few essential points.

reduced circumstances a situation in which you have less money

We will have to adjust to our reduced circumstances.

indulge v.

(1) to yield to the desires,especially to an excessive degree

It's my birthday.I'm going to indulge myself and eat whatever I want to eat.

For our anniversary,we indulged in an expensive dinner.

(2) to patiently allow (someone) to do or say something

Please indulge me while I review the topics we covered yesterday.

indulge in to become involved in (something,especially something that is considered wrong or improper)

Both candidates have promised not to indulge in further personal attacks for the remainder of the campaign.

indulgence n.

They treated their grandchildren with fond indulgence.

Ladies and gentlemen,I ask your indulgence for a moment while my assistant prepares the next act.

TEM-4 Question 2

His____in gambling has eventually brought about his ruin.

A.indulgence B.accommodation C.reduction D.engagement

Group 3 audience participant spectator observer

audience n.people who gather together to listen to or watch something

His speech failed to arouse the audience's interest.

But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to identify with his audiences.

participant n.a person who participates in an activity or event

The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions,information,and opinions.

participate v.to take part in

On average,American kids did household work and participated in such organized activities as soccer and ballet.

participation n.

I think I'm going to try to count five percent for class participation.

spectator n.a person who watches (an event,show,etc.) often as part of an audience

Now she can leave her house and be a participant in life rather than a spectator.

In the Dragon boat racing all of the noise creates an atmosphere of delight and excitement for the participants and spectators alike.

spectator sport n.a sport that attracts a large number of spectators

Although professional football is the nation's favorite spectator sport,professional baseball is also very popular.

observer n.a person who sees and notices something

He is a good observer,accurate,patient and objective and applies logical thought to the observations he makes.

observe v.see and notice something

He utilizes the facts he observes to the fullest extent.

observation n.the act or faculty of observing

Accurate identification of birds is usually the first goal.But observations that an amateur bird-watcher can make are really limitless.

TEM-4 Question 3

Thousands of____at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance.

A.audience B.participants C.spectators D.observers

Group 4 determine defensive demanding decisive

determine v.

(1) to decide or settle (a dispute,etc.) conclusively and authoritatively

The new policy will be determined by a special committee.

The taste of a French fry is largely determined by the cooking oil.

(2) to learn or find out (something) by getting information

Scholars have determined that the book was written in the late 16 th century.

a determining factor a reason to make a particular choice or decision

Price was the determining factor in their decision.

determination n.the quality that you show when you have decided to do something and you will not let anything stop you

His cooking reflects a determination to acknowledge his northern roots.

defensive a.

(1) protecting something from attack;helping to keep something safe

China's sharp increases in military spending in recent years are defensive in nature,and still leave its spending and military capability far behind the United States.

We have taken many defensive measures against terrorist attacks.

(2) behaving in a way that shows that you feel people are criticizing you

When we asked her about the mistakes,she became defensive.

demanding a.

(1) requiring much time,attention,or effort

Even dinner parties have gone casual.In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules,busy hosts insist that it's better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for a"real"dinner party.

Factory work can be physically demanding.

I have heard it is one of the most demanding courses at the university.(2) hard to satisfy

Their boss was really demanding,often expecting them to work long into the night.

decisive a.

(1) able to make choices quickly and confidently

Staff like a boss who is decisive above all things,so they understand the direction of travel.

Roosevelt's ambitious legislative program aimed at reviving the economy and his decisive leadership style remain the gold standard for how a new president takes charge in the first 100 days in office.

(2) characterized by decision and firmness;resolute

We won't rule out any measures and will take decisive action when necessary.We see this as a decisive shift in policy stance from China.

TEM-4 Question 4

In the face of unexpected difficulties,he demonstrated a talent for quick,____action.

A.determining B.defensive C.demanding D.decisive

Group 5 rather than instead of other than in line with

rather than and not

Complaining is usually most effective when the consumer presents specific information as to what is wrong,rather than make general statements.

Music is important to us,but most of us can be considered consumers rather than producers of music.

instead of in the place of something

These young people focus their attention on other forms of celebration instead of immersing themselves in TV.

Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad.

other than not including,except

It is said that in no country other than Britain can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

We missed the last bus,so there was no choice other than to walk home.

in line with in agreement with

I think it's broadly in line with what we expected.

The new policy is in line with the plans that were discussed last year.

TEM-4 Question 5

Iron,in lumps,bars or rings,is still used in many countries____paper money.

A.rather than B.instead of C.other than D.in line with

V.Working with Words and Expressions

Complete the following sentences with a word or an expression from the box.Change the form if necessary.

service scope charge maintenance serve maintain

accommodate defeat reduce indulge indulgence accommodation

audience participant spectator observer participate participation

observation determine defensive demanding decisive determination

rather than instead of other than in line with

1.The West German scientist is in____of the Community's solar energy program.

2.Scientists from around the world are working to____the disease.

3.There were 150____at the international conference this summer.

4.It makes sense for people to sing____say these words,because the emotions are so huge,the conflicts are so large and so real.

5.Psychologists agree that I.Q.contributes only about 20 percent of the factors that____success.

6.Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term____of body weight.

7.The discovery of the black box marked a huge step toward____the cause of a tragedy in which 152passengers were killed.

8.The chairman strictly prelimited the____of the committee's function.

____9.Yet the loss of formality has its down side.The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by____or instruction from parents and grandparents must be picked up elsewhere.

10.This restaurant can____two hundred people at a time.

11.The organization____as a model of social responsibility.

12.The mother's role seems to require a complete transformation in daily routine and highly innovative adaptation,on the other hand,the father's role is less____and immediate.

13.Some regard it as an effective way to control the number of cars and____pollution in the city.

14.His shield,in addition to being a____thing,is also potentially an offensive weapon.

15.The museum is an excellent place to let children____their curiosity about dinosaurs. AjYHd7M648HVjaWCY01AUfUyOpXzFG4+NJODe1NKowb/nwNXtxehTXKZeEynRoQo

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