I.Grammar Points

There are four sentence types:statement,question,imperative and exclamation.

Sentences can be positive or negative.Statements are primarily used to convey information (You took a photo.).Questions are primarily used to seek information on a specific point (Did you take a photo?).Imperatives are primarily used to instruct somebody to do something (Take a photo.).Exclamations are primarily used for expressing the extent to which the speaker is impressed by something (What a nice photo!).Besides the basic use,each sentence type has other uses.For example,we can use a statement to ask for information (I'd like to know all the details.);a question form can be an order or a request (Can you post this letter,please?);an imperative can express good wishes (Have a nice time.).

1.Statements

The basic use of a statement is to give information:

● There's a program about wildlife on TV tonight.

But some statements do more than giving information.There are many different uses of statements.Here are some examples:

Expressing approval:You're doing the right thing.

Expressing sympathy:It was bad luck you didn't pass the exam.

Thanking someone:I'm very grateful.

Asking for information:I need to know your plans.

Giving orders:I want you to try harder.

2.Questions

The most basic use of a question is to ask for information:

● Where does it hurt?

But questions can have other uses such as making a request:

● Could you come over here,please?

There are"wh-"questions and yes/no questions."Wh-"questions begin with a question word,where,what.In most questions there is inversion of subject and auxiliary.

Questions can be main clauses (Will she leave?) or embedded clauses (I wonder if she'll leave.).They can also be classified according to whether the entire sentence is questioned,in which case a Yes or No answer is expected,or whether another element is questioned using a"wh-"word (also called an interrogative pronoun) such as who,what,why,etc.,in which case a full answer is expected.In yes/no questions,the only appropriate answer is Yes or No (or Perhaps/Maybe).

To make a question,the auxiliary has is placed in front.For example:

● She has gone.

● Has she gone?

If there is no auxiliary present,a substitute do is used.

● Did you see Santa?

A main clause"wh-"question starts with a"wh-"word (who,what,why,when,where and how) or"wh-"phrase (which book,etc.).The auxiliary follows.There are empty positions in the sentence,indicated by copies (crossed out because we do not say them out loud).For example:

● Who will you (will) see (who) in the Highlands?

● How heavy is that box of chocolates (is) (how heavy)?

● How much wood would a wood chuck (would) chuck (how much wood),if a wood chuck could chuck wood?

3.Tag question

A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence.Speakers use tag questions chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek agreement.

● Jack can come,can't he?

● Fred can't come,can he?

● Mary is here,isn't she?Yes,she is.

● You like tea,don't you?Yes,I do.

● They haven't left,have they?Yes,they have.

● Mary isn't here,is she?No,she isn't

● You don't like tea,do you?No,I don't.

● They haven't left,have they?No,they haven't.

The tag pronoun for this/that=it.

● This/That is your book,isn't it?

The tag pronoun for these/those=they.

● These/Those are yours,aren't they?

In sentences with there+be,there is used in the tag.

● There is a meeting tonight,isn't there?

Personal pronouns are used to refer to indefinite pronouns.They is usually used in a tag to refer to everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,no one,nobody.

● Everything is okay,isn't it?

● Everyone took the test,didn't they?

Sentences with negative words take affirmative tags.

● Nothing is wrong,is it?

● Nobody called on the phone,did they?

● You've never been there,have you?

Am I not?is formal English.

● I am supposed to be here,am I not?

Aren't I?is common in spoken English.

● I am supposed to be here,aren't I?

A tag question may be spoken:

With a rising intonation if the speaker is truly seeking to ascertain that his/her information,idea,belief is correct

● Ann lives in an apartment,doesn't she?;or

With a falling intonation if the speaker is expressing an idea with which she/he is almost certain the listener will agree

● It's a nice day today,isn't it?

4.The imperative

The imperative form is the base form of the verb.It is a second-person form.The basic use of the imperative is to give orders,to get someone to do something.The speaker expects that the hearer will obey.

● Teacher (to pupils):Get out your books,please.

● Doctor (to patient):Just keep still a moment.

● Boss (to employee):Don't tell anyone about this.

● Traffic sign:Stop.

But an imperative can sound abrupt.There are other ways of expressing orders.

● I want you to just keep still a moment.

● You must hand the work in by the weekend.

● You mustn't tell anyone about this.

We often make an order less abrupt by expressing it as a request in question form.

● Can you get out your books,please?

● Could you just keep still a moment?

It is generally safer to use a request form,but the imperative can be used informally between equals.

● Give me a hand with these bags.

● Hurry up,or we're going to be late.

If a number of actions are involved,the request form need not be repeated for every action.

● Can you get out your books,please?Open them at page sixty and look at the photo.Then think about your reaction to it.

5.Exclamations

An exclamation is a sentence spoken with emphasis and feeling.We often use a pattern with how or what.For example:

● Question:How warm is the water?

● Exclamation:How warm the water is!

The exclamation means that the water is very warm.It expresses the speaker's feeling about the degree of warmth.

After how there can be an adjective or adverb.

● How lucky you are!How quickly the time passed!

● How can also modify a verb.

● How we laughed!

After what there can be a noun phrase with a/an or without an article.

● What a journey we had!What idiots we've been!

The noun phrase often has an adjective.

● What a stupid mistake you made!What lovely flowers these are!

An exclamation can also be just a phrase with how or what.

● How lucky!What a journey!What lovely flowers!

Any phrase or short sentence can be an exclamation.

● Oh no!Lovely!You idiot!Stop!Look out!Oh,my God!

There is usually a greater rise or fall of the voice than in other types of sentences.

In writing we use an exclamation mark (!).

Some exclamations have the form of a negative question.The voice rises then falls.

● Aren't you lucky!(=How lucky you are!) Didn't we laugh!(=How we laughed!)

II.Grammar Exercises

1.Read the following conversation.Decide how many statements it contains.

Stella:There's a program about wildlife on the TV tonight.

Adrian:Uh-huh.Well,I might watch it.

Stella:I've got to go out tonight.It's my evening class.

Adrian:Well,I'll video the program for you.

Stella:Oh,thanks.It's at eight o'clock.BBC2.

Adrian:We can watch it together when you get back.

Stella:OK,I should be back around ten.

2.Find out the negative statements in the following passage.

In 1818 Mary Shelley wrote a famous book called"Frankenstein".But there was no monster called Frankenstein,as is popularly believed.Frankenstein was not the name of the monster but the name of the person who created the monster.The word"Frankenstein"is often used to mean"monster"by people who have not read the book.

Another mistake is to talk of"Doctor Frankenstein".Frankenstein was never a doctor.Mary Shelley's hero did not study medicine—he studied science and mathematics at the University of Ingolstadt in Bavaria.There really is a place called Ingolstadt.There is also a place called Frankenstein,which might or might not have given the author the idea for the name.

3.Turn these sentences into imperatives.

(1) I apologize for my remarks.

(2) Your presence at the meeting is requested.

(3) I promise you a bicycle for your birthday.

(4) Smoking in this compartment is forbidden.

(5) I think you'd better leave at once.

(6) Could you please make less noise?

(7) Do you happen to have a pencil?

(8) I'd like to know the name of your last employer.

(9) Why don't you take an aspirin?

(10) I'd sell your car if I were you.

III.TEM-4 Exercises

1.She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit,____?

A.hadn't she　B.hasn't she　C.wouldn't she　D.didn't she

2.She seldom goes to the theatre,____?

A.doesn't she　B.does she　C.would she　D.wouldn't she

3.When you have finished with that book,don't forget to put it back on my desk,____?

A.do you　B.don't you　C.will you　D.won't you

4.There used to be a petrol station near the park,____?

A.didn't it　B.doesn't there　C.usedn't it　D.didn't there

IV.Key Words of TEM-4

Group 1 stress pressure crisis nervousness

stress n.a state of mental tension caused by problems in life;under stress

She uses meditation as a way of relieving stress.

stress v.

(1) to give special attention to

The union stressed the need for stricter safety standards.

(2) to feel stress;stress out

Work is stressing him out.

pressure n.

(1) the force that is produced when something presses against something else

Apply pressure to the wound to stop the bleeding.

(2) the force that you feel when people are trying to force you to do something

He felt pressure from his father to become a doctor.

The mayor is under pressure to resign.

(3) a feeling of stress because you have too much to do;under pressure

She's been experiencing a lot of pressure at work lately.

While pressure can be a good thing,stress is not.Too much pressure may lead to stress.

crisis n.difficult or dangerous situation that needs serious attention

In times of national crisis,we need strong leaders we can trust.

She was dealing with a family crisis at the time.

nervousness n.feelings of being worried and afraid about what might happen

The student showed no sign of nervousness.

TEM-4 Question 1

We realized that he was under great____,so we took no notice of his bad temper.

A.excitement　B.stress　C.crisis　D.nervousness

Group 2 detect disclose depart deprive

detect v.to discover the presence of (something that is hidden or hard to see)

The test is used to detect the presence of alcohol in the blood.

detective n.a person whose job is to find information about something

The professionals do not pose much of a problem for the store detectives.

disclose v.to make (something) known to the public

He refused to disclose the source of his information.

The identity of the victim has not yet been disclosed.

depart v.

(1) to leave a place especially to start a journey

The group is scheduled to depart tomorrow at 8:00 a.m.

(2) to do something in a different way;to depart from

The company's managers don't want to depart from an approach that has worked well in the past.

(3) to die

My aunt departed this life at the age of 92.

departure n.the act of departing

They hoped this would lead to the departure of all foreign forces from the country.

deprive v.to take something away from...;to deprive sb.of something

The new environmental law will deprive some fishermen of their livelihood.

The children are being deprived of a good education.

TEM-4 Question 2

SARS—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome—was____for the first time in February 2003 in Hanoi.

A.detected　B.departed　C.disclosed　D.revealed

Group 3 gravity extent amount intensity

gravity n.

(1) a very serious condition;the condition of being grave or serious

They didn't seem to understand the gravity of the situation.

(2) the force that causes things to fall towards the Earth

A measure of the force of gravity would be the product of mass and the acceleration.

extent n.the degree to which something exists,happens,or is true;to...extent

She tried to determine the extent of the damage.

Some critics claim that the government is at fault,and,to a certain extent,that's true.

amount n.a quantity of something

Be sure to add the right amount of salt.

There's a certain amount of truth in what you say.

amount v.

(1) to produce (a total) when added together,amount to

The number of people taking part amounted to no more than a few hundred.

(2) to turn out to be (something or someone important,impressive,etc.)

I don't think he'll ever amount to anything.

(3) to be the same in meaning or effect as...

Anything less than total victory would amount to failure.

intensity n.the degree of strength or force that something has,in intensity

The noise grew intensity.

The sun shone with great intensity.

intense a.

(1) very great in degree,very strong

She has an intense dislike for her husband's friend.

(2) done with or showing great energy,enthusiasm,or effort

After many years of intense study,he received his medical degree.

The work requires intense concentration.

He was an intense young man who was very determined to do well in school.

intensive a.

(1) involving a lot of effort,or careful attention in a short period of time

We are going to have a one-week intensive course in English.

They had a day of intensive negotiations.

(2) involving a lot of energy,knowledge etc.

IT industry is a knowledge-intensive industry.

intensify v.to increase in degree or strength,or to make something do this

His mother's death intensified his loneliness.

TEM-4 Question 3

In spite of the treatment,the pain in his leg grew in

____.

A.gravity　B.extent　C.intensity　D.amount

Group 4 apply application bid proposal

apply v.

(1) to ask formally for something usually in writing

We applied to the bank for a loan.

I applied in writing to several different companies.

(2) to put or spread (something) on a surface,a part of the body,etc.

I washed my face and applied fresh makeup.

(3) to use/can be used in a particular situation

We can handle these problems effectively if we apply the lessons learned from past experiences.

These rules apply to everyone in the school.

apply oneself work hard in order to complete something successfully

If you apply yourself,you might be able to finish the project on time.

She applied herself to learning the language.

application n.

(1) a formal and usually written request for something

If you'd like to be considered for the job,please send us a letter of application that gives your

experience and qualifications.

(2) the use of an idea,method,law,etc.;in a particular situation

Strict application of the rules is necessary in this case.

The technology of cell phone service has been working well for me at the office,but there are

infinite applications.

bid v.to offer a price for

He plans to stop bidding if the bids go over$500.

Several local companies are bidding for the same job.

His company bid on the snow removal contract.

bid up to raise the price

Several antique dealers bid up the best lots to shut out less experienced bidders.

proposal n.

(1) a plan or suggestion presented to people to consider

They put forth a proposal to sell the company.

(2) the act of asking someone to marry you

She accepted his proposal of marriage.

TEM-4 Question 4

The multi-national corporation was making a take-over　for a property company.

A.application　B.bid　C.proposal　D.suggestion

Group 5 fall apart fall for fall into fall out

fall apart to break into parts usually in a sudden and an unexpected way

The pie was falling apart as I tried to serve it.

I feel as if my family is falling apart.

fall for (1) to feel a strong attraction for (someone),to fall in love with (someone)

He fell for her the moment he saw her.

(2) fall for (something):to be fooled by (something,such as a trick)

She fell for his business meeting excuse.

fall into to begin to experience something or to be affected by something without wanting to

He fell deeply into debt.

She fell into her career almost accidentally.

I've fallen into the habits of the solitary;my meals are snatched at random.

fall out (1) to stop being attached to the body

The cancer treatments made her hair fall out.

(2) to have an argument

They fell out over money.

He had fallen out with his neighbor.

TEM-4 Question 5

Everyone is surprised that she has fallen out with her boy friend.The underlined part means_________.

A.left　B.quarreled　C.attacked　D.defeated

V.Working with Words and Expressions

Complete the following sentences with a word or an expression from the box.Change the form if necessary.

stress　pressure　crisis　nervousness　intensify　departure

intense　fall apart　fall out　fall into　fall for　apply

application　disclose　bid　proposal　gravity　extent

amount　intensity　detect　deprive

1.Exercise can also lower blood____,reducing your risk of heart disease.

2.Some people complain of symptoms of____,for instance,loss of appetite,a complete sense of exhaustion,insomnia and low morale.

3.Sound is the raw material of music.It makes up the body and substance of all musical activity.It is the point of____in the musical experience.

4.It was suggested that all government ministers should____information on their financial interests.

5.They have debts____to thousands of dollars.

6.The heat in summer is no less____here in this mountain region.

7.Our flight____at 6:15 a.m.

8.The new law limits the____of money a candidate can spend.

9.He was fearful to the____that he refused to leave his house.

10.Everyone is surprised that she has____with her boy friend.

11.Most people blame the government for the country's worsening financial____.

12.The rule doesn't____to you,so don't worry about it.

13.This type of cancer is difficult to____in its early stages.

14.In June the civil war____.

15.The change in her status____her of access to classified information. gbglqdd8TctGcF/RqkkkpUlN9bEkvgUmvjZGatq5pmRPaesecKEt78+pV/kVKsAG