I.Grammar Points

Sentences can be classified according to their structure,that is,the number and kind(s) of clauses they have.

There are 3 kinds of sentences:1) the simple sentence,2) the compound sentence,3) the complex sentence.

1.The Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is a complete unit of meaning which contains a subject and a verb followed,if necessary,by other words which make up the meaning.A simple sentence normally has one finite verb.It has a subject and a predicate.For example:

● The door opened.

● The speeding car careened around the corner.

● In the morning the executives jog around the track.

There are 5 patterns of simple sentences:

(1) Pattern One:subject+verb (SV)

The simplest type of sentence consists of a subject followed by a verb.

● Time flies.

● The war has ended.

● The new millennium is beginning.

● His words will be remembered.

(2) Pattern Two:subject+verb+complement (SVC)

● The economy became very bad.[adjective phrase]

● The book is on the table.[prepositional phrase]

● He became a stockbroker.

(3) Pattern Three:subject+verb+direct object (SVDO)

● My sister enjoyed the play.

● We parked the car in the car park.

● We fetched her from the station.

● I want to go home now.

(4) Pattern Four:subject+verb+indirect object/direct object (SVIO/DO)

● The firm gave Sam a watch.

● The firm gave a watch with a beautiful inscription on it to Sam.

● They bought a beautiful gold watch for Sam.

● He bought Jane a present.

● He bought a present for Jane.

● He showed me the photo.

● He showed the photo to me.

● Barbara made a beautiful dress for her daughter.

● I'll tell you the truth soon.

(5) Pattern Five:subject+verb+object+complement (SVOC)

● They made Sam redundant chairman.

● They appointed him chairman.

● They called him foolish/a fool.

● Loud music drives me crazy.

2.The Compound Sentence

A sentence that is made up of two or more sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction (most commonly and,or,and but) is called a compound sentence.

● The door opened,and our guests entered.

● The clock struck eight,the door opened,and our guests entered.

● Our guests arrived at eight;dinner was to be served at nine.

This linking is achieved by any of the following:

—a semi-colon:We fished all day;we didn't catch a thing.

—a semi-colon,followed by a connecting adverb:We fished all day;however,we didn't catch a thing.

—a coordinating conjunction (e.g.and,but,so,yet) often preceded by a comma:We fished all day,but (we) didn't catch a thing.

In a compound sentence,there is no single main clause with subordinate clauses depending on it:all the clauses are of equal importance and can stand on their own,though of course they follow a logical order as required by the context.

(1) Word order and coordinating conjunctions

The word order of the simple sentence is generally retained in the compound sentence:

Subject　Verb　Object　Conjunction　Subject　Verb　Complement

Jimmy　fell off　his bike,　but　(he)　was　unhurt.

The coordinating conjunctions which can be used to form compound sentences are:and,and then,but,for,nor,or so,yet,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but (also/as well/too)....These can be used for the purposes of addition (and),contrast (but,yet),choice (or),reason (for),continuation (and then) and consequence or result (so).However,a single conjunction like and can serve a variety of purposes to express:

—addition:We were talking and laughing.(=in addition to)

—result:He fell heavily and broke his arm.(=so)

—condition:Weed the garden and I'll pay you £5.(=If...then)

—sequence:He finished lunch and went shopping.(=then)

—contrast:Tom's 15 and still sucks his thumb.(=despite this)

(2) Joining sentence patterns to make compound sentences

The five simple sentence patterns can be joined by means of coordinating conjunctions.

(3) The use of coordinating conjunctions

When the subject is the same in all parts of the sentence,it is usual not to repeat it.We do not usually put a comma in front of and,but we generally use one in front of other conjunctions:

A.Addition/sequence:and;both...and;not only...but...(too/as well);not only...but (also)...;and then

● He washed the car.He polished it.

● He washed the car and polished it.

● He not only washed the car,but polished it.(too/as well)

● He washed the car and then polished it.

When the subjects are different,they must both be used:

● You can wait here and I'II get the car.

● Jim speaks Spanish,but his wife speaks French.

B.Contrast:but;yet

● He washed the car.He didn't polish it.

● He washed the car but didn't polish it.

● She sold her house.She can't help regretting it.

● She sold her house,but/yet (she) can't help regretting it.

C.Alternatives:either...or...;neither...nor...

● He speaks French.Or perhaps he understands it.

● He either speaks French,or understands it.(I'm not sure which).

● He doesn't speak French.He doesn't understand it.

● He neither speaks French,nor understands it.

D.Result:so

● He couldn't find his pen.He wrote in pencil.

● He couldn't find his pen so he wrote in pencil.(The subject is usually repeated after so.)

E.Cause:for

● We rarely stay in hotels.We can't afford them.

● We rarely stay in hotels for we can't afford them.

F.Linking simple sentences by commas

More than two simple sentences can be joined by commas with only one conjunction which is used before the final

clause.The use of a comma before and is optional here.

● I found a bucket,put it in the back and turned the tap on.

● I took off my coat,searched all my pockets but couldn't find my key.

3.The Complex Sentence

A complex sentence consists of at least two sentences (clauses):a main clause and a dependent clause.The dependent clause is a subpart of the main clause and adds information to it.For example:

● Sally visited her before she moved.

Many sentences,especially in written language,are complex.They can be formed by linking simple sentences together,but the elements in a complex sentence (unlike those of a compound sentence) are not of equal importance.There is always one independent (or"main") clause and one or more dependent (or"subordinate") elements.If removed from a sentence,a main clause can often stand on its own.For example:

● As the clock struck eight,the door opened.

● My heart jumped when the speeding car careened around the corner.

● After the executives jog around the track,they go to work refreshed.

Complex sentences can be formed in two ways:

(1) by joining subordinate clauses to the main clause with conjunctions

● The alarm was raised (main clause) as soon as the fire was discovered (subordinate clause).

● If you're not good at figures (subordinate clause),it is pointless to apply for a job in a bank (main clause).

(2) by using infinitive or participle constructions

These are non-finites and are phrases rather than clauses,but they form part of complex (not simple) sentences because they can be re-expressed as clauses which are subordinate to the main clause.

● To get into university you have to pass a number of examinations.(=If you want to get into university)

● Seeing the door open,the stranger entered the house.(=When he saw the door open)

Many different constructions can be presented in a complex sentence.

a.Free trade agreements are always threatened.(main clause)

b.when individual countries protect their own markets.(subordinate clause dependent on (a))

c.by imposing duties on imported goods.(participle construction dependent on (b))

d.to encourage their own industries.(infinitive construction dependent on (c))

The subject of the main clause must be replaced by a pronoun in a subordinate clause if a reference is made to it.

● The racing car went out of control before it hit the barrier.

A pronoun can occur in a subordinate clause before the subject is mentioned.This is not possible with coordinate clauses.

● When she got on the tram Mrs Tomkins realized she had made a dreadful mistake.

Coordinate and subordinate clauses can combine in one sentence.

● The racing car went out of control and hit the barrier several times before it came to a stop on a grassy bank.

The five simple sentence patterns can be combined in an endless variety of ways.Subordinate clauses can be classified under three headings:

A.—noun clauses:

● He told me that the match had been cancelled.

B.—relative (or adjectival) clauses:

● Holiday resorts which are very crowded are not very pleasant.

C.—adverbial clauses:

● However hard I try I can't remember people's names.

II.Grammar Exercises

1.Decide if each item below is a simple sentence or just a phrase.

Sample:walking nearby　phrase

(1) I have never eaten caviar.

(2) The department stores are having a sale this weekend.

(3) Expensive antique jewelry.

(4) Our home on the ranch.

(5) Fresh-cut flowers on the table.

(6) Sailing around the world.

(7) Sang my favorite song.

(8) She is paying for her own tuition.

(9) Exercising can leave you exhausted.

(10) The bus is approaching.

2.Each sentence below is either a simple or compound sentence.Identify the number of clauses in each sentence.

If there is more than one clause in the sentence,underline each clause.

Sample:The bear watched his movements closely.simple sentence

(1) Vicki was always looking at herself in the mirror,but Mary Ann was extremely self-confident,and she never gave herself a second glance.

(2) Her father was devoted to her.

(3) Our firm's CEO will be flying to Chicago next week,but he'll be returning the same day.

(4) The lady in the elegant blue dress entered the well-lighted room with her perky little dog in her arms.

(5) Our boat was hit with strong winds,and we had to return to our cabins.

(6) We don't have much time left in the zoo,but we should visit the bird cage,and we must see the monkeys,or we should at least feed the goats in the petting area,but I definitely want to take a look at the elephants.

(7) We can catch a movie,or we can visit a museum,but we won't be seeing a Broadway show.

(8) Many people walk in the woods in autumn.

(9) The economy is getting worse,and many people are worried about their jobs.

(10) My car is getting old,and it's pretty banged up,but I hope to get another year out of it.

3.For each sentence below,indicate if it is a simple sentence,a compound sentence,or a complex sentence.

Sample:We were always polite to one another although we were never close.complex sentence

(1) She pursued her goals relentlessly but she didn't always achieve them.

(2) I have made numerous mistakes over the years.

(3) I won't tell you unless you agree to help because I can't take the risk.

(4) Jason and Ilene had to renew their passports before they could leave the country.

(5) Baby boomers were born before this century.

(6) He insisted,but I still did not believe him.

(7) You can watch TV all night long,or you can study for your exam.

(8) While Mr.Kagan was at work,the air conditioning stopped working at his house.

(9) I have known him since we moved to this town.

(10) Ashley and Brian wanted to shop at that store.

III.TEM-4 Exercises

1.____,he is always modest.

A.With all his profound knowledge　B.Because of all his profound knowledge

C.With his all profound knowledge　D.For his profound knowledge

2.____he was aware of the real meaning of life.

A.That was from that book　B.It was that book which

C.It was from that book that　D.It was that book that

3.____in an atmosphere of simple living was what his parents wished for.

A.He was educated　B.He educated

C.His being educated　D.He to be educated

4.Even when stranded in an isolated village by snow,____.

A.it seemed my journey was still exciting　B.my journey still seemed exciting

C.I still thought my journey exciting　D.my journey was still thought to be exciting

5.Which of the following sentences is a compound sentence?

A.The rich soil of river-made favoured the growth of a thickly settled fanning population and this farming population had been united into a highly civilized kingdom.

B.Of course,they could not see with their eyes,but they thought that by touching him they could learn just what kind of animal he was.

C.The idea of Harry's getting a job as a travelling salesman doesn't appeal to his wife.

D.The bird which the fox was looking at hungrily was a cock.

IV.Key Words of TEM-4

Group 1 dismiss discharge expel resign

dismiss v.

(1) to decide not to think about or consider

We can't completely dismiss the possibility that she's right.

I don't think we should dismiss the matter lightly.

His idea was dismissed as impractical.

(2) to cause or allow (somebody) to leave;to fire

The students were dismissed early because of the snowstorm.

Head nurses,in addition to their medical duties,do all their own hiring and dismissing,employee advising,and salary recommendations.

discharge v.

(1) to allow somebody to leave a hospital,prison,etc.

She's due to be discharged from the prison on Wednesday.

(2) to end the employment of (someone),to fire

The company illegally discharged several union organizers.

(3) to send out (a liquid,gas,or waste material);to emit

Smokestacks from the factory discharge chemicals into the air.

expel v.to officially force (someone) to leave a place or an organization

The club may expel members who do not follow the rules.

resign v.

(1) to give up (a job or position) in a formal or an official way

The senator was forced to resign his position.

(2) to make yourself accept something that is bad

We resigned ourselves to the fact that we were going to lose the game.

TEM-4 Question 1

Mary hopes to be____from the hospital next week.

A.dismissed B.discharged C.expelled D.resigned

Group 2 alike similar relevant resemble

alike a.similar in appearance,nature,or form

He and his brother are alike in their beliefs.

similar a.almost the same as someone or something else

Her name was similar to a terrorist's.

Our cats are similar in size.

similarity n.the quality of being alike of like something alse

Have you noticed a similarity between these movies?

relevant a.relating to the subject or problem

Relevant documents were presented in court.

We received all the relevant information.

What experience do you have that is relevant to this position?

resemble v.to look like or be similar to

It's amazing how closely Brian and Steve resemble each other.

resemblance n.similaring in appearance

People often use the phrase"like father,like son"to refer to family resemblance.

TEM-4 Question 2

Consequently,there has grown up,in communication between Eskimos and whites,a jargon____to the pidgin English used in Old China.

A.alike　B.similar　C.related　D.relevant

Group 3 distinct distinctive distinguished distinction

distinct a.

(1) noticeably different

The two plants are quite distinct from one another.

(2) noticeable

He speaks with a distinct Southern accent.

indistinct a.not distinct or clear

I have only an indistinct memory of my father.

distinctive a.having a characteristic that makes things different from others

This wine has a more distinctive flavor than that one.

distinguished a.known by many people because of some quality or achievement

She is distinguished for her achievements in genetic research.

distinction n.

(1) a noticeable difference

There are no obvious distinctions between the two designs.

(2) a special honor,recognition,or award

They should give him the distinction he deserves.

TEM-4 Question 3

The____taste of McDonald's French fries was long praised by customers,competitors,and even food critics.

A.distinctive B.distinct C.distinguished D.distinction

Group 4 illustrate illustrative reveal revealing

illustrate v.

(1) to explain with pictures

The book is illustrated with many diagrams and charts.

(2) to demonstrate

These recent events illustrate the need for change in the country.

illustration n.

In one illustration,he showed Union soldiers on horses advancing heroically.

illustrative a.used to illustrate or explain something

Her struggle is illustrative of the difficulties facing women in her culture.

reveal v.to make (something) known,to reveal someone as

She would not reveal the secret.

She revealed the reporter as a liar.

revelation n.

(1) a surprising fact that is made known

The book includes many shocking revelations about the mayor's personal life.

(2) an act of making something known

The revelation of her gambling problem followed her bankruptcy.

revealing a.

(1) giving information about...

The book is a revealing account of being part of a gang.

(2) showing parts of the body that are usually hidden from view

She wore a very revealing shirt.

TEM-4 Question 4

That outburst at the meeting was

____of his bad temper.

A.expository　B.explanatory　C.illustrative　D.revealing

Group 5 bring down bring forth bring off bring in

bring down (1) to cause (somebody or something) to fall down onto the ground or become lower

The plane was brought down by enemy fire.

Will anything ever bring house prices down?

(2) to cause (somebody) to become sad or depressed

All this rainy weather is really bringing me down.

bring forth to produce;to cause (something) to occur or exist

He was able to bring forth persuasive arguments in support of his position.

Her controversial comments brought forth strong reactions from the public.

bring off to achieve or accomplish

It's a challenging role.She's the only actress I know with enough talent to bring it off.

bring in (1) to cause (someone or something) to come to a place

The company has decided to bring in outside experts to help on the project.

(2) to produce or earn (an amount of money)

He works at a large company and brings in a good salary.

TEM-4 Question 5

Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and____a different response from every man who hears these words.

A.bring down B.bring forth C.bring off D.bring in

V.Working with Words and Expressions

Complete the following sentences with a word or an expression from the box.Change the form if necessary.

dismiss　discharge　expel　resign　distinct　distinctive　distinguished

distinction　revelation　reveal　alike　similar　relevant　resemble

illustrate　illustration　revealing　bring down bring forth　bring off　bring in

1.The newspaper's editor　after the scandal.

2.Young people generally tend to share very　tastes in music and clothes.

3.The　among cocktails,regular meals,and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks,those who are invited to dinner,and those who come to a family meal.

4.The expression on his face　how he felt.

5.The famous politician was　by scandal.

6.The human brain contains 10 thousand million cells and each of these may have a thousand connections.Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to　the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability.

7.It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater;and it would be discourteous to visit some　scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club.

8.She was　from school for bad behavior.

9.By 2005,nearly all college texts and many high school and junior high books will be tied to Internet sites that provide source material,study exercises,and　news articles to aid in learning.

10.Where traditional books had to make do with photographs and　,an e-book can provide readers with an unlimited number of links to texts,pictures,and videos.

11.The store is having a special sale in order to____new customers.

12.In the future,the way people write novels,history,and philosophy will____nothing seen in the past.

13.They are trying to exploit the waste____by the factory for profit.

14.As a result of this and also of the fact that workers'jobs were generally much less secure,____differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence.

15.Many search engines profit by____people's identities. F7uTpaMmB18D4G4AGBUu+sTwlRx1GbH85MXnTQh3sNgF+SMaYDDSxJHiwsOp2TI2